Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T14:03:33.539Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

II. Some Recent Advance in the History of Medieval Thought1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2011

M. D. Knowles
M. D. Knowles
Affiliation:
Professor of Medieval History in the University
Get access

Extract

In the great and widespread revival of medieval studies by which the nineteenth century was distinguished, no province was so long neglected as that of academic institutions and scholastic thought. The pioneers of the historical revival were, almost without exception, men deeply influenced by the romantic movement, and many of them were antiquaries rather than historians; their successors, especially in England and Germany, were principally concerned to trace in the Middle Ages the origins of national institutions and racial characteristics; to neither party did the speculations of what seemed an outworn religious organization make any appeal. Even those scholars who, in France and elsewhere, were themselves Catholics and ecclesiastics, were also men who had been brought up in an age of transition and adaptation, when traditional religion was on the defensive, and were often more sympathetic towards the various systems of philosophy—idealist or ontological—that flowered and fell in Germany and north Italy in the period after the French Revolution. Meanwhile, in the century before that great cataclysm, the scholastic thought of the thirteenth century, rejuvenated by the Italian and Spanish theologians of the counter-Reformation, had been all but submerged by successive waves of Jansenism, rationalism and the new philosophy of Kant, and had only survived in a few schools as a dry and formal discipline. To all alike, therefore, whether Catholics, Anglicans, Lutherans or free-thinkers, the vast mass of manuscript material which survived from the scholastic period to cumber the libraries appeared destitute of literary or human interest, and daunted the boldest with its bulk and its technical terminology.

Type
Research Article
Information
Cambridge Historical Journal , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , 1947 , pp. 22 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1947

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 Jourdain, Amable, Recherches critiques sur I'âge et l'origine des traductions Latines d'Aristote (Paris, 1819Google Scholar; 2nd ed., by Ch. Jourdain, 1843).

3 Ch. Jourdain, , La philosophie de S. Thomas d'Aquin (2 vols., Paris, 1858)Google Scholar. By the same, Index chronolagicus chartarum… Universitatis Parisiensis (Paris, 1863)Google Scholar.

4 Ch. Thurot, , De l'organisation de l'enseignement dans l'Université de Paris au Moyen-âge (Paris, 1850)Google Scholar.

5 Charles, E., Roger Bacon (Paris, 1861)Google ScholarPubMed.

6 Renan, E., Averroes et l'Averroisme (Paris, 1866)Google Scholar.

7 Haureau, B., Histoire de la philosophie scolastique (Paris, 1st ed. 1872Google Scholar; 2nd ed. 1880). Hauréau was also responsible for several articles in the Histoire littéraire de la France.

8 The Bull was published on 4 August 1879; the policy regarding the Vatican archives and historical study was enunciated in a letter to Cardinals de Luca, Pitra and Hergenroether on 18 August 1883.

9 For Denifle, , v. Grabmann, M., P. Heinrich Denifle, O.P. (Mainz, 1905)Google Scholar, and article in Catholic Encyclopedia. His original appointment was that of sub-archivist of the Secret Archives of the Vatican. There is a bibliography of Ehrle's works to his eightieth year in Miscellanea Ehrle. He was a Suarezian, not a pure Thomist, in outlook.

10 An account of Baeumker's life and work, by Mgr. Grabmann, , is in Beiträge, XXV, i (for this series see below, p. 26, n. 13)Google Scholar, ‘Clemens Baeumker und die Erforschung der Geschichte der mittelalterlicher Philosophic’ (1927).

11 For Mandonnet, v. memoir and bibliography by Vicaire, M. H., O.P., in S. Dominique: I'idée, l'homme, l'œuvre (Paris, 1938)Google Scholar, and Bennett, R. F., ‘Pierre Mandonnet, O.P.’, in History, XXIV, 95 (12 1939)Google Scholar.

12 A[rchiv für] L[itteratur-und] K[irchengeschichte des] M[ittelalters] appeared in 6 vols. 1885-92 (Berlin and Freiburg-im-Breisgau); a seventh volume was added in 1900. Denifle and Ehrle were the only contributors.

13 Beiträge, [zur Geschichte der Philosophic des Mittelalters]. Texte und Untersuchungen (Munster, 1891- )Google Scholar.

14 Les Philosophes Beiges. Textes et fitudes. Collection publiée par l'institut supérieur de Philosophie sous la direction de Maurice de Wulf (Louvain, 1901–).

15 Tomes VI and vn of the series, published respectively in 1911 and 1908.

16 Bibliotheca Franciscana Scholastica medii aevi (Quaracchi, irregularly from 1903)Google Scholar.

17 Archives [d'Histoire Doctrinale et Litteraire du moyen-âge], ed. Gilson, E., Théry, G. and Combes, A. (Paris, 1926- )Google Scholar; a companion series of studies, Études de philosophie médiévale, has appeared under the direction of M. Gilson.

18 Museum Lessianum (Louvain).

19 Institutum Historicum FF. Praedicatorum: Dissertationes Historicae (Rome, S. Sabina).

20 Bibliothèque Thomiste, ed. Mandonnet, P. (Le Saulchoir and Paris, 1921- )Google Scholar.

21 Publications de l'institut d'Études médiévales d'Ottawa. Éudes d'histoire littéraire et doctrinale du XIIIe siécle (Paris, Ottawa and Tournai, 1932- )Google Scholar.

22 There are, for example, such inaccessible publications as the Italian Archivio di filosofia, and the Spanish Analecta sacra Tarraconensia, neither of which are in the British Museum.

23 Rogeri Bacon Opera inedita, in Rolls Series, no. 15 (1859)Google Scholar.

24 Rogeri Bacon Compendium Studii Theologiae, in British Society of Franciscan Studies, III (1911)Google Scholar.

25 Florence (Quaracchi), 1908-. It is henceforth abbreviated as AFH.

26 Edited and published at the Abbaye de Maredsous, Belgium.

27 Quaracchi, 1885-.

28 Rome.

29 St Maximin-Var.

30 Divus Thomas, a continuation of the Jahrbuch für Philosophic und spekulative Theologie, is published at Freiburg (Switzerland). Another periodical of the same name appears at Piacenza (Italy).

31 Madrid.

32 Edited and published at the Abbaye du Mont-César, near Louvain, Belgium. It is henceforth abbreviated as Recherches.

33 Louvain.

34 Louvain.

35 Le Saulchoir, Kain, Belgium.

36 Milan.

37 Freiburg-im-Breisgau.

38 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.

39 Both published at Juvisy (Seine-et-Oise), France.

40 Toulouse.

41 Paris.

42 Paris.

43 Published by the French provinces of Friars Minor.

44 Münster.

45 Published by the Friars Minor of the province of Tuscany.

46 Barcelona.

47 St Bonaventure, U.S.A.

48 Cf. Proceedings of the British Academy, 1928 (A. G. Little on Roger Bacon)Google ScholarPubMed; 1930, 1933 (F. M. Powicke and S. H. Thomson on Grosseteste), 1944 (D. A. Callus on Aristotle at Oxford).

49 For a list of these, v. Ueberweg-Geyer (see below, p. 30, n. 60), 743-4; the Roman volumes, bearing the title Xenia Tomistica (Rome, 1925), wer e also connected with the canonization sexcentenary.

50 Festgabe um 60 (um 70) Geburtstag Clemens Baeumker (Münster-i.-Westf. 1913, 1923)Google Scholar.

51 Miscellanea Francesco Ekrle, 6 vols. (Rome, 1924)Google Scholar.

52 Being vols. xm and xiv of the Bibliothéque Thomiste (Paris, 1930)Google Scholar.

53 Festschrift Georg von Hertling (Kempten-München, 1913)Google Scholar.

54 Hommage…à Maurice de Wulf (Louvain, 1934)Google Scholar.

55 Miscellanea Historica in honorem Alberti de Meyer (Louvain-Brussels, 1946)Google Scholar.

56 Miscellanea Mercati (Città del Vaticano, 1946)Google Scholar; the volume dedicated to Mgr. Pelzer is due to appear in the autumn of 1947.

57 Essays in History presented to R. L. Poole, ed. Davis, H. W. C. (Oxford, 1927)Google Scholar.

58 Anniversary Essays in Medieval History by Students of C. H. Haskins (Boston and New York, 1929)Google Scholar.

59 ‘Master Simon of Faversham’, in Mélanges d'histoire du moyen-âge offerts à F. Lot (Paris, 1925)Google Scholar.

60 Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophic, 2. Teil, ‘Die patristische und scolastische Philosophie’, by Ueberweg, F. and Geyer, B. (11th ed., Berlin, 1928)Google Scholar. No praise is too high for this work; in its fulness, accuracy and sound judgement it is at once indispensable and all but self-sufficient. It will be henceforth cited as Ueberweg-Geyer.

61 Histoire de la philosophie médiévale, by Wulf, Maurice de (6th ed., Paris, 1934, 1936)Google Scholar. This edition carries the bibliography for eight fruitful years beyond that in Ueberweg-Geyer.

62 La philosophie du moyen-âge (2nd ed., Paris, 1944)Google Scholar. This is a revised and greatly enlarged version of the first edition, which it entirely supersedes. It has useful but brief indications of the literature down to 1943.

63 Mittelalterliches Geistesleben: Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Scholastik und Mystik (München, 1926, 1936)Google Scholar. Cf. also the briefer Die Philosophie des Mittelalters (1926).

64 Gilson, E., L'Esprit de la Philosophie Mediévale (2 ed., Paris, 1947)Google Scholar; there is an English translation by A. H. C. Downes, The Spirit of Mediaeval Philosophy.

65 Ghellinck, J. de, S.J., Le Mouvement Théologique du Xlle siécle (Paris, 1914)Google Scholar.

66 Paré, G., Prunet, A. and Tremblay, P., O.P., La renaissance du Xlle siécle (Paris and Ottawa, 1933)Google Scholar.

67 Die Geschichte des scholastisches Methode (2 vols., Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1909, 1911)Google Scholar.

68 Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis (4 vols., Paris, 1889–1897)Google Scholar; Auctuarium Chart. Univ. Paris (2 vols., Paris, 1894, 1897)Google Scholar.

69 The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, by Rashdall, H., 2nd ed. by F. M. Powicke and A. B. Emden (3 vols., Oxford, 1936)Google Scholar.

70 Répertoire des maîtres en théologie de Paris au XIIIe siècle (2 vols., Paris, 1933)Google Scholar. The first volume contains an account of the organization of the university. Many corrections and additions have been made; for the Franciscans v. particularly V. Doucet, ‘Maitres fran-ciscains de Paris’, in AFH. XXVI.

71 Oxford Theology and Theologians, by Little, A. G. and Pelster, F., Oxford Historical Society, XCVI (1934)Google Scholar.

72 Russell, J. C., The Writers of Thirteenth Century England (London, 1936)Google Scholar.

73 D[ictionnaire de] T[héologie] C[atholique], ed. Vacant, A., Mangenot, E. and Amann, E. (Paris, 1903- )Google Scholar.

74 D[ictionnaire d'] H[istoire et de] G[éographie ecclésiastiques], ed. Baudrillart, A., Ch. de and E. van Cawenbergh (Paris, 1909- )Google Scholar.

75 Dictionnaire de Spiritualité, ed. Viller, M. (Paris, 1932- )Google Scholar.

76 The first volume of the Opera Anselmi, edited by Dom F. S. Schmitt, O.S.B., appeared in Germany in 1938; the edition is being continued in England under the auspices of Messrs Nelson of Edinburgh.

77 Gilson, E., in Archives (1934), 5–51Google Scholar; Stolz, Dom A., O.S.B., in various articles, especially ‘Zum Theologie Anselms in Proslogion’, in Catholica, III, i (Paderborn, 1933)Google Scholar.

78 Southern, R. W., ‘St Anselm and his English pupils’, in Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies (Warburg Institute, London), I, i, 3–34 (1941)Google Scholar.

79 E.g. by J. de Ghellinck, Le Mouvement théologique de Xlle siécle.

80 E.g. Sikes, J. G. in Peter Abailard (Cambridge, 1932)Google Scholar, in many ways a notable study.

81 Geyer's, B. edition, Die philosophischen Schriften Peter Abelard's (4 vols., Münster-i.-Westf. 1919–1933)Google Scholar is of the first importance for the study of Abelard's logical method.

82 Schmeidler, B., ‘Der Briefwechsel zwischen Abalard und Heloise eine Falschung?’, in Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, XI (1913)Google Scholar; for the authenticity v. Gilson, E., Héloïse et Abelard (Paris, 1938)Google Scholar.

83 Baeumker, C., ‘De r Platonismus im Mittelalter’, in Beiträge, xxv, i, ii (1928)Google Scholar.

84 Klibansky, R., The continuity of the Platonic tradition during the Middle Ages (London: Warburg Institute, 1939)Google Scholar; ibid.Corpus Platonicum medii aevi (Warburg Institute and Union of Academies, London, 1940).

85 Powicke, F. M., Stephen Langton (Oxford, 1927)Google Scholar; Martin, R. M., Œuvres de Robert de Melun, I Quaestiones de divina pagina, in Spicilegium Sacrum Lovanense 13 (1932)Google Scholar; Warichez, J., Les Disputationes de Simon de Tournai (Louvain, 1932)Google Scholar; Mandonnet, P., ‘S. Thomas d'Aquin createur de la dispute quodlibetique’, in Revue des sciences philosophiques et theologigues, XVI (1926) and xvil (1927)Google Scholar; Glorieux, P., La littérature quodlibétique de 1260 à 1340 (Le Saulchoir and Paris, 1925 )Google Scholar and ‘Aux origines du Quodlibet’, in Divus Thomas (Piacenza, 1935), pp. 502–22Google ScholarPubMed; A. G. Little and F. Pelzer, Oxford Theology and Theologians.

86 For a summary of research to 1936, v. Wulf, M. de, Histoire de la philosophie médiévafe, I, 64–71Google Scholar; 11, 25-88, and Rashdall, , Universities, I, 360–2, nGoogle Scholar.

87 Haskins, C. H., Studies in the History of Medieval Science (Cambridge, Mass. 1924)Google Scholar.

88 Forschungen ttber die lateinischen Aristotelübersetxungen des XIII Jahrhunderts (Münster, 1916)Google Scholar.

89 Especially in Kritische Studien zur Leben und zu der Schriften Alberts des Grossen (Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1920)Google Scholar and in the second (1923 ) Baeumker Festschrift, in Beitrage, Supplement II.

90 ‘Vermischte Untersuchunge n zu r Geschichte des mitellalt. Philosophie,’ in Beitrage, xx, v.

91 Aristoteles Latinus. Codices descripsit Lacombe, G., Birkenmajer, A., Dulong, M., Aet. Franceschini. Union academique internationale (Rome, 1939- )Google Scholar.

92 V. articles by F. M. Powicke and S. H. Thomson cited in Rashdall, , Universities, III, 340, n.Google Scholar; to these should now be added Thomson's, The Writings of Robert Grosseteste (Cambridge, 1940)Google Scholar and Callus, D. A., O.P., ‘The Introduction of Aristotelian Learning to Oxford’, in Proceedings of the British Academy, xxix (1944)Google Scholar. The importance of the introduction of Books I and V of the Ethics has been well indicated by Lottin, Dom O. in Revue Thomiste (07, 1938) and Recherches, VII (1939)Google Scholar.

93 Paradiso, XI-XIII.

94 ‘Der Augustinismus und der Aristotelismus in der Scholastik gegen Ende des 3 Jahrhunderts’, in ALKM. v, 603-35.

95 Cf. his ‘L'Agostinismo e l'Aristotelismo nell a Scolastica del secolo xiii’, in Xenia Tomistica, III, 527–88 (Rome, 1925)Google Scholar.

96 In particular Wulf, M. de, in his introduction to Le Traité ‘de unitate formae’ de Grilles de Lessines, in Les Philosophes Beiges, I (Louvain, 1901)Google Scholar.

97 Siger de Brabant et I'averroisme latin au XIIIe siécle (2nd ed., 2 vols., Louvain, 1908,1911)Google Scholar.

98 Three volumes of Alexander's, Summa have been published at Quaracchi, 1924–1930Google Scholar; the authenticity is discussed, not very satisfactorily, by Gorce, M. in The New Scholasticism, V (1931), 1–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The periodical Franciscan Studies devoted a centenary number (vol. xxvi, no. 4, Dec. 1945) entirely to Alexander of Hales, with a bibliography by I. Hersher, O.F.M.

99 There is no complete estimate of St Albert; for his life and writings Pelster, F., Kritische Studien (see above, p. 33, n. 89)Google Scholar may be consulted and for his influence Grabmann, M., Mittelalterliches Geistesleben, II, 324–412Google Scholar. A good book on St Albert's writings is by Meersseman, G., Introductio in Opera Omnia B. Alberti Magni, O.P. (Bruges, 1932)Google Scholar; cf. also the special number of the Revue Thomiste, ‘Le Bienheureux Albert le Grand’ (1931), pp. 225-469, with a full bibliography, and also ‘Serta Albertina’, Angelicum, XXI (1944), 3–334Google Scholar.

100 Mandonnet, P. and Destrez, J. compiled a Bibliographie thomiste to 1923 (Paris, 1924Google Scholar; in Bibliotheque thomiste, 1). This was kept up t o date by Destrez and others in the Bulletin thomiste, cf. also Bourke, V. J., Thomistic-Bibliography (St Louis, U.S.A., 1945)Google Scholar. Ueberweg -Geyer has a list long enough to satisfy most students.

101 Hitherto fifteen volumes of the Leonine edition (Rome, 1882- ) have appeared. The Dominicans of Ottawa University began to publish a new edition of the Summa Theologica in 1941. For a rehabilitation of the edition as against the criticisms of Baeumker, v. Suermondt, C. in Angelicum, 11 (1926), 418–61Google Scholar, and Melanges Mandonnet, 1, 19-50.

102 ‘Die Werke des hl. Thomas von Aquin’, in Beitrage, XXII (1931)Google Scholar. The main conclusions are in the same writer's Thomas von Aquin (München, 1935)Google Scholar; there is an English translation of this from an earlier edition by V. Michel (New York, 1928). The first serious attempt to establish the canon was by Mandonnet, , Les écrits authentiques de S. Thomas d'Aquin (Fribourg. 1910)Google Scholar. Cf. also art. ‘Thomas d'Aquin’ in DTC.

103 ALKM. v, 603–35. F r a summary of this episode, two articles by the present writer in the E[nglish] H[istorical] R[eviezv], LVII (1942), 1–18, 178-201, may be consultedGoogle Scholar.

104 Lottin, Dom O., ‘La pluralité des formes substantielles avant S. Thomas d'Aquin’, in R[evue] N[éoscolastique de] P[hilosophie], XXXIV (1932), 449–75Google Scholar, and D. A. Callus, ‘Two Early Oxford Masters on the Problem of Plurality of Forms’, ibid, XLII (1939), 411-45.

105 Chenu, M. D., O.P., ‘Les Réponses de S. Thomas et de Kilwardby’, in Mélanges Mandonnet (1930)Google Scholar.

106 Chenu, M. D., ‘La premiére diffusion du Thomisme à Oxford’, in Revue Thomiste, XXXII (1932)Google Scholar; Pelster, F., ‘Die Sâtze der Londoner Verurteilung von 1286 und die Schriften des Mag. Knapwell, Richard von, in Archivium Fratrum Praedicatorum, XVI (1946), 83–106Google Scholar.

107 Ehrle, F., ‘Die Kampf urn die Lehre des hi. Thomas von Aquin’, in Z[eitsckrift für] k[atholische] T[heologie], XXXVII (1913), 266–313Google Scholar; Mandonnet, P., ‘Premiers travaux de polémique thomiste’, in Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques, XII (1913), 46–70, 244-62Google Scholar; Glorieux, P., ‘La litterature des Correctoires’, in Revue Thomiste, XXXIII (1928), 69–96Google Scholar.

108 Opera omnia, ed. Quaracchi, 10 vols., 1882-1902. The critical foundations for this edition were laid by two very able Franciscan scholars, P. Fidelis a Fanna and P. Ignatius Jeiler, O.F.M.

109 Pelster, F., ‘Literargeschichtliche Probleme in Anschluss an die Bonaventuraausgabe’, in ZkT. XLVIII (1924), 500–32Google Scholar; Glorieux, P., ‘Essai sur la chronologie de S. Bonaventure, 1257-74’, in AFH. XIX (1926), 145–68Google Scholar; Gilson, E., La philosophic de S. Bonaventure (Paris, 1924Google Scholar; Eng. trans., F. Sheed and I. Trethowan, London, 1938).

110 Cf. art. by E. Longpré on Bonaventure in the DHG., and Callebaut, A., ‘Jean Pecham, O.F.M., et augustinisme’, in AFH. XVIII (1923), 441–72Google Scholar.

111 Little, A. G., The Grey Friars in Oxford (Oxf. Hist. Soc. xx, 1892)Google Scholar; the latest and fullest revision is in Franciscan Letters, Papers and Documents (Manchester, 1943)Google Scholar.

112 The standard life by F. S. Stevenson (London, 1899) has been antiquated by subsequent research, and the articles in the recent French Dictionnaires are not based on any fresh findings. An article by Callus, D., ‘The Oxford Career of Robert Grosseteste’, is due to appear in vols. x and xi (1945-1946) of OxoniensiaGoogle Scholar.

113 See above, p. 34, n. 92.

114 Baur, L., ‘Das Licht in der Naturphilosbphie des Robert Grosseteste’, in Festschrift Georg von Hertling (1913)Google Scholar; cf. the same writer's ‘Die Philosophie des Robert Grosseteste’, in Beiträge, XVIII (1917)Google Scholar.

115 Sharp, D. E., Franciscan Philosophy at Oxford in the XIIIth Century (Oxford, 1930)Google Scholar.

116 Grabmann, M., ‘Die Metaphysik des Thomas von York’, in Baeumker Festgabe (1913)Google Scholar; Longpre, E. in AFH. (1926)Google Scholar and Callus, D. A. in Proceedings of the British Academy, 1944Google Scholar.

117 By J. S. Brewer, J. H. Bridges, H. Rashdall, A. G. Little, R. Steele and others. For recent work see in particular Sharp, Franciscan Philosophy, 115–71; three essays by Carton, R. in Études de philosophie médiévale, II, III and V (1924)Google Scholar; and Little, A. G. in Franciscan Letters, etc., 72–97Google Scholar.

118 This is especially true of the very full and well-documented article by A. Teetaert, O.S.F.C, in DTC.

119 Sharp, D. E.-, Franciscan Philosophy, 211–76Google Scholar; Hocedez, C., S.J., Richard de Middleton (Paris, 1925)Google Scholar. For the controversy as to his nationality, see Rashdall, , Universities, III, 266, nGoogle Scholar.

120 So Gilson, E., La philosophic du moyen-âge, pp. 459–61Google Scholar, citing P. Duhem, Systéme du monde.

121 Pelster, F. in Scholastik, I (1927)Google Scholar; cf. also his article on Fishacre, Richard in ZkT. LIV (1930). 518–53Google Scholar; Chenu, M. D. in Archives, II (1927)Google Scholar, and Sharp, D. E., ‘The Philosophy of Richard Fishacre’, in The New Scholasticism, VII (1933), 281–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

122 Smalley, B., The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1941)Google Scholar. Cf. also her articles in Recherches, XIII (1946), 57–85Google Scholar, and Miscellanea Mercati, II.

123 Sommer-Seckendorff, E. M. F., Studies in the Life of Robert Kilwardby, O.P. (Rome, 1937)Google Scholar; detailed references to the articles by Chenu and Sharp are in Gilson, , La hilosophic du moyen-âge, p. 491Google Scholar.

124 Ehrle, F., ‘Thomas de Sutton’, in Festschrift Georg von Herding (1913)Google Scholar, and ‘Nicolaus Triveth’, in Festgabe Baeumker (1913)Google Scholar; Pelster, F., ‘Thomas von Sutton’, in ZkT. XLVI (1922)Google Scholar; Sharp, D. E., ‘Thomas of Sutton, O.P.’, in RNP. XXXVI (1934)Google Scholar.

125 So Gilson, E., La philosophie du moyen-âge, pp. 525–48Google Scholar.

126 In particular Grabmann, M., ‘Der lateinische Averroismus des 13 Jahrhunderts’, in Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischer Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1931 iiGoogle Scholar, and Steenberghen, F. van, Les oeuvres et la doctrine de Siger de Brabant (Brussels, 1938)Google Scholar, and Siger de Brabant d'apres ses œuvres inédites (Les Philosophes Beiges, xn, xm; Louvain, 1931, 1942). Cf. also the recent article on Siger by M. M. Gorce in the DTC.

127 The bibliography of even such a small section of Dante study is enormous; v. Ueberweg-Geyer, pp. 775-8. While B. Nardi attributes the ‘Augustinian’ element in Dante to Neo-platonist and Arab influence, M. Baumgartner, more convincingly, traces it to Albert the Great. Both agree in substance with the judgement of Geyer (op. cit. p. 550): ‘Allein als reiner Thomist kann Dante heute nicht mehr angesehen werden.’ Mandonnet, P., in Dante le thtologien (Paris-Bruges, 1935)Google Scholar did his best for the traditional view; for a considered survey, v. Gilson, E., Dante et la philosophie (Paris, 1939)Google Scholar.

128 A. G. Little summarized the work of his predecessors in ‘Chronological Notes on the Life of Duns Scotus’, in EHR. XLVII (1932), 568–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

129 Gilson, E., ‘Les seize premiers Theoremata et la pensée de Duns Scot’, in Archives, XI (1938), 5–86Google Scholar. Cf. Balié, , Ratio criticae editionis operum omnium I. D. Scoti (2 vols., Rome, 1939. 1941)Google Scholar.

130 Longpré, E., La philosophie du B. Duns Scot (Paris, 1926)Google Scholar; Minges, P., Joannis Duns Scoti doctrina philosophica et theologica (2 vols., Berlin, 1930)Google Scholar; D. E. Sharp, Franciscan Philosophy; Gilson, E., La philosophie du moyen-âge, pp. 591–609Google Scholar. The work of Harris, C. R. S., Duns Scotus (2 vols., Oxford, 1927)Google Scholar, in which the doubtfully genuine Theoremata are accepted, is in other respects also to be used with caution.

131 As Gilson, M. finely writes of the two Summae (La philosophie du moyen-âge, p. 590)Google Scholar: ‘Scribantur haec in generatione altera; ce solitaire n'a pas écrit pour son siécle, mais il avait le temps pour lui.’

132 Koch, J., Durandus de S. Porciano, O.P. Forschungen zum Streit um Thomas von Aquin zu Beginn des 14 Jahrhunderts (Münster-i.-Westf. 1927)Google Scholar.

133 A. Teetaert, Pierre Auriol, in DTC.; Vignaux, P., Justification et prédestination au XlVe siécle (Paris, 1934)Google Scholar; Schmucker, R., Propositio per se nota, Gottesbeweis und ihr Verhaltnis nach Petrus Aureoli (Werl.-i.-Westf. 1927)Google Scholar.

134 pelster, F., ‘Heinrich von Harclay, Kanzler von Oxford, und seine Quästionen’, in Miscellanea Ehrle (Rome, 1924)Google Scholar.

135 So, for example, Gilson and Lagarde.

136 P. vignaux, art. Nominalisme, in DTC. Gilson, E., La philosophie du moyen-âge, pp. 638–55Google Scholar.

137 Pelzer, A., ‘Les 51 articles de Guillaume Occam censurés en Avignon en 1326’, in Revue d'Histoire ecclesiastique, XVIII (1922), 240–70Google Scholar; cf. also Koch, J., ‘Neue Aktenstücke zu dem gegen Wilhel m Ockham in Avignon gefuhrte n Prozess’, in Recherches, VIII (04, 1936)Google Scholar.

138 The three last volumes (IV-VI) of La Naissance de l'Esprit laïque au dexlin du moyen-âge are devoted to Ockham, viz. iv, Ockham et son temps (1942); v, Ockham, les bases de départ (1946); vi, Ockham, la morale et le droit (1946). They contain the clearest presentation available of Ockham's system of logic.

139 For a selective bibliography of recent work, v. Lagarde, , L'Esprit Laique, v, 7–8, nGoogle Scholar.

140 Previté-Orton, C. W., The Defensor Pacis of Marsilius of Padua (Cambridge, 1928)Google Scholar; Scholz, R., ed. in Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Hanover, 1932-1933)Google Scholar; Lagarde, G. de, La Naissance de l'Esprit laïque, I and II (1934)Google Scholar.

141 Ehrle, F., Der Sentenzenkommentar Peters von Candia (Munster-i.-Westf. 1925)Google Scholar.

142 A. Vignaux, Nicolas d'Autrecourt, in DTC. For Gregory of Rimini, cf. also Gwynn, A., The English Austin Friars (Oxford, 1940)Google Scholar.

143 Cf. Xiberta, B. M., O.C., ‘Joan Baconthorp Averoista?’, in Criterion (Barcelona), III (1927)Google Scholar, and the same writer's articles in Analecta Ordinis Carmelitarum, VI (1929), 516–26Google Scholar, and subsequent volume, and De scriptoribus scholasticis saeculi XIV ex ordine Carmelitarum (Louvain, 1931)Google Scholar; cf. also Chrysogone, P., Sacrament, du S., ‘Maitre Jean Baconthorpe’, in RNP. XXV (1932), 341–65Google Scholar.

144 For full references to C. Michalski's papers (of which only isolated numbers are in the Libraries of the British Museum and Cambridge University), see Gilson, , La philosophie du moyen-âge, p. 686Google Scholar, and Ueberweg-Geyer (index); a selection is given in Rashdall, , Universities, III, 266, nGoogle Scholar.

145 For th e influence of th e scholastics on modern philosophers from Descartes onward s v. literature noted in Ueberweg-Geyer, p. 679. Recently, MrOakeshott, M. has emphasized the dependence of Hobbes on the Nominalists in his introduction to Leviathan (Oxford, 1946)Google Scholar.

146 Duhem, P., Le systhne du monde (Paris, 1915-1917)Google Scholar; Études sur Leonardo da Vinci (3 vols., Paris, 1906-1913)Google Scholar. V. also the more recent works of Maier, A., Die Impetustheorie der Scholastik (Vienna, 1940)Google Scholar and Chenu, M. D., ‘Aux origines de la “Science Moderne”’, in Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques, XXIX (1940), 206–17Google Scholar.

147 Denifle, H., ‘Meister Eckehart's lateinischen Schriften und die Grundanschauung seine Lehre’, in ALKM. II (1886)Google Scholar; Grabmann, M., ‘Neuaufgefundene Quaestionen Meister Eckharts’, in Abhandlungen der Bayerischer Akademie der Wissenschaften, XXXII, vii (1927)Google Scholar; Volpe, G. della, It misticismo speculativo di maestro Eckhart nei suoi rapporti storici (Bologna, 1930)Google Scholar.

148 Both the anonymous Cloud of Unknowing and Walter Hilton's Scale of Perfection are, radically Thomist in doctrine.