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WHAT'S NIETZSCHE TO EURIPIDES? THE AESTHETICS OF SUFFERING IN NIETZSCHE'S BIRTH OF TRAGEDY AND EURIPIDES’ TROJAN WOMEN

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2021

Zachary Case
Zachary Case*
Affiliation:
King's College, Cambridge, UK
*
*Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

This article reads Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy in dialogue with Euripides’ Trojan Women, synthesising a Nietzschean reading of Euripides’ tragedy with, as it were, a Euripidean reading of Nietzsche's theorisation of the tragic. It focuses on the way in which both texts confront the threat of nihilism in the face of human suffering and attempt to redeem or transfigure it. This is manifested internally and self- consciously in Euripides’ play through the actions of Hecuba and the chorus, who seem both to exhibit what Nietzsche might call a ‘pessimism of strength’, and to express Nietzsche's fundamental claim that ‘only as an aesthetic phenomenon is existence and the world eternally justified’. Yet Trojan Women ultimately resists Nietzschean theorising – a form of critical resistance which, as it will turn out, is already anticipated by Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy. More than a close study of two texts, this dialogic reading also has some big implications for thinking through the relationship between philosophy and tragedy in general.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Cambridge Classical Journal , Volume 67 , December 2021 , pp. 25 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Cambridge Philological Society

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Footnotes

The text of Trojan Women is that of Diggle (1981) and all Greek translations are my own. No translations of Nietzsche are my own and the references are to the page number of the relevant edition. I am grateful above all to Tim Whitmarsh for his continual guidance. My thanks must also go to Jim Porter for his generous feedback; to Richard Hunter and Simon Goldhill for their constructive criticism when this piece began its life; and to Tom Hall, Cecily Manson, Felix Schlichter and the audience at a Cambridge conference on Evil in Ancient Philosophy for helping me in their own ways. The comments of the anonymous referee proved more than helpful as well.

References

References

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Biehl, W. (1989) Euripides: Troades, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
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Lee, K. H. (1976) Euripides: Troades, Basingstoke and London.Google Scholar
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Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von (1906) Griechische Tragödien. Vol. iii, Berlin.Google Scholar
Ansell-Pearson, K. (ed.) (2006) On the genealogy of morality and other writings, trans. Diethe, C., Cambridge.Google Scholar
Breazeale, D. (ed.) (1997) Untimely meditations, trans. Hollingdale, R. J., Cambridge.Google Scholar
Guess, R. and Spiers, R. (eds.) (1999) The birth of tragedy and other writings, trans. Spiers, R., Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hollingdale, R. J. (ed. and trans.) (1990) Twilight of the idols and the Anti-Christ, London.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, W. (ed.) (1968) The will to power, trans. Kaufmann, W. and Hollingdale, R. J., New York.Google Scholar
Battezzato, L. (2005) ‘The new music of the Trojan Women’, Lexis 23, 73–104.Google Scholar
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Bloom, H. (1975) A map of misreading, Oxford.Google Scholar
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Came, D. (2006) ‘The aesthetic justification of existence’, in Pearson, K. A. (ed.), A companion to Nietzsche, Oxford, 41–57.Google Scholar
Carter, D. M. (ed.) (2011) Why Athens? A reappraisal of tragic politics, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Conacher, D. (1967) Euripidean drama: myth, theme and structure, Toronto.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Dué, C. (2006) The captive woman's lament in Greek tragedy, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, F. M. (1993) ‘Beginning at the end in Euripides’ Trojan women’, Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 136, 22–35.Google Scholar
Dyson, M. and Lee, K. H. (2000a) ‘Talthybius in Euripides’ Troades’, GRBS 41, 141–73.Google Scholar
Dyson, M. and Lee, K. H. (2000b) ‘The Funeral of Astyanax in Euripides’ Troades’, JHS 120, 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Easterling, P. E. (ed.) (1997a) The Cambridge companion to Greek tragedy, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easterling, P. E. (1997b) ‘Form and performance’, in Easterling (1997a) 151–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanfani, G. (2018) ‘What melos for Troy? Blending of lyric genres in the first stasimon of Euripides’ Trojan women’, in Andújar, R., Coward, T. R. P. and Hadjimichael, T. A. (eds.), Paths of song: the lyric dimension of Greek tragedy, Berlin and Boston, 239–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Gellrich, M. (1988) Tragedy and theory: the problem of conflict since Aristotle, Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Goldhill, S. (2012) Sophocles and the language of tragedy, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Griffith, M. (1977) The authenticity of Prometheus bound, Cambridge.Google Scholar
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Grube, G. M. A. (1941) The drama of Euripides, London.Google Scholar
Halliwell, S. (2003) ‘Nietzsche's “daimonic force” of tragedy and its ancient traces’, Arion 11, 103–23.Google Scholar
Halliwell, S. (2018) ‘Justifying the world as an aesthetic phenomenon’, CCJ 64, 91–112.Google Scholar
Halpern, R. (2011) ‘Theater and democratic thought: Arendt to Rancière’, Critical Inquiry 37, 545–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harloe, K. (2008) ‘Metaphysical and historical claims in The birth of tragedy’, in Dries, M. (ed.), Nietzsche on time and history, Berlin, 275–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrichs, A. (2004). ‘“Full of gods”: Nietzsche on Greek polytheism and culture’, in Bishop, P. (ed.), Nietzsche and antiquity: his reaction and response to the classical tradition, Rochester, 114–37.Google Scholar
Hunter, R. (2011) ‘Apollo and the Ion of Euripides: nothing to do with Nietzsche?’, Trends in Classics 3, 18–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovacs, D. (1997) ‘Gods and men in Euripides’ Trojan trilogy’, Colby Quarterly 33, 162–76.Google Scholar
Judet de La Combe, P. (2010) Les tragédies grecques sont-elles tragiques? Théâtre et théorie, Montrouge.Google Scholar
Lada-Richards, I. (1993) ‘“Empathic understanding”: emotion and cognition in classical dramatic audience-response’, PCPhS 39, 94–140.Google Scholar
Lecznar, A. (2020) Dionysus after Nietzsche: The birth of tragedy in twentieth-century literature and thought, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, M. (2012) ‘Tragedy and the seductions of philosophy’, CCJ 58, 145–64.Google Scholar
Leonard, M. (2015) Tragic modernities, Cambridge, MA and London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Man, P. de (1979) Allegories of reading: figural language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust, New Haven and London.Google Scholar
Martindale, C. (1993) Redeeming the text: Latin poetry and the hermeneutics of reception, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Meridor, R. (1984) ‘Plot and myth in Euripides’ Heracles and Troades’, Phoenix 38, 205–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Most, G. W. (2000) ‘Generating genres: the idea of the tragic’, in Depew, M. and Obbink, D. (eds.), Matrices of genre: authors, canons, and society, Cambridge, 15–36.Google Scholar
Munteanu, D. L. (2011) ‘The tragic Muse and the anti-epic glory of women in Euripides’ Troades’, CJ 106, 129–47.Google Scholar
Munteanu, D. L. (2012) Tragic pathos: pity and fear in Greek philosophy and tragedy, Cambridge and New York.Google Scholar
Murnaghan, S. (1999) ‘The poetics of loss in Greek epic’, in Beissinger, M., Tylus, J. and Wofford, S. (eds.), Epic traditions and the contemporary world, Berkeley, 203–20.Google Scholar
Murray, G. (1913) Euripides and his age, London and New York.Google Scholar
Murray, G. (1946) Greek studies, Oxford.Google Scholar
Pantelia, M. C. (2002) ‘Helen and the last song for Hector’, TAPhA 132, 21–7.Google Scholar
Poole, A. (1976) ‘Total disaster: Euripides’ The Trojan women’, Arion 3, 257–87.Google Scholar
Poole, A. (1987) Tragedy: Shakespeare and the Greek example, Oxford.Google Scholar
Porter, J. I. (2000a) The invention of Dionysus: an essay on The birth of tragedy, Stanford.Google Scholar
Porter, J. I. (2000b) Nietzsche and the philology of the future, Stanford.Google Scholar
Porter, J. I. (2005) ‘Nietzsche and tragedy’, in Bushnell, R. (ed.), A companion to tragedy, Oxford, 68–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, J. I. (2014) ‘Nietzsche's radical philology’, in Jensen, A. and Heit, H. (eds.), Nietzsche as a scholar of antiquity, Bloomsbury, 27–50.Google Scholar
Porter, J. I. (2019) ‘Nietzsche's untimely antiquity’, in Stern, T. (ed.), The new Cambridge companion to Nietzsche, Cambridge, 49–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, A. (1998) ‘Nietzsche and the paradox of tragedy’, British Journal of Aesthetics 38, 384–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pucci, P. (1977) ‘Euripides: the monument and the sacrifice’, Arethusa 10, 165–95.Google Scholar
Pucci, P. (1980) The violence of pity in Euripides’ Medea, Ithaca and London.Google Scholar
Sansone, D. (2009) ‘Euripides’ new song: the first stasimon of Trojan women’, in Cousland, J. R. C. and Hume, J. R. (eds.), The plays of texts and fragments: essays in honour of Martin Cropp, Leiden and Boston, 193–204.Google Scholar
Schmidt, D. (2001) On Greeks and other Germans: tragedy and ethical life, Bloomington.Google Scholar
Schopenhauer, A. (1969) The world as will and representation. Vol. ii, trans. Payne, E. F. J., New York.Google Scholar
Scodel, R. (1980) The Trojan Trilogy of Euripides, Göttingen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scodel, R. (1998) ‘The captive's dilemma: sexual acquiescence in Euripides Hecuba and Troades’, HSPh 98, 137–54.Google Scholar
Seaford, R. (1994) Reciprocity and ritual: Homer and tragedy in the developing city-state, Oxford.Google Scholar
Segal, C. (1993) Euripides and the poetics of sorrow: art, gender, and commemoration in Alcestis, Hippolytus, and Hecuba, Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Silk, M. S. (ed.) (1996a) Tragedy and the tragic: Greek theatre and beyond, Oxford.Google Scholar
Silk, M. S. (1996b) ‘General introduction’, in Silk (1996a) 1–11.Google Scholar
Silk, M. S. (2015) ‘Epilogue: tragedy and modernity, closing thoughts’, in Billings and Leonard (2015) 306–13.Google Scholar
Silk, M. S. and Stern, J. P. (2016) Nietzsche on tragedy, 2nd edn, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Steiner, G. (1996) ‘Tragedy, pure and simple’, in Silk (1996a) 534–46.Google Scholar
Suter, A. (2003) ‘Lament in Euripides’ Trojan women’, Mnemosyne 56, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szondi, P. (1961) Versuch über das Tragische, Frankfurt am Mein.Google Scholar
Taplin, O. (1986) ‘Fifth-century tragedy and comedy: a synkrisis’, JHS 106 63–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taplin, O. (1996) ‘Comedy and the tragic’, in Silk (1996a), 188–202.Google Scholar
The Postclassicisms Collective (2020) Postclassicisms, Chicago and London.Google Scholar
Torrance, I. (2013) Metapoetry in Euripides, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernant, J. P. and Vidal-Naquet, P. (1988) Myth and tragedy in ancient Greece, trans. Lloyd, J., Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Visvardi, E. (2011) ‘Pity and panhellenic politics: choral emotion in Euripides’ Hecuba and Trojan women’, in Carter (2011) 269–92.Google Scholar
Visvardi, E. (2015) Emotion in action: Thucydides and the tragic chorus, Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, N. A. (2018) The music of tragedy: performance and imagination in Euripidean theatre, Oakland.Google Scholar
Whitmarsh, T. (2017) ‘Quantum Classics: literature, historicism, untimeliness, uncertainty’, in Grethlein, J. and Rengakos, A. (eds.) Griechische Literaturgeschichtsschreibung: Traditionen, Probleme und Konzepte, Berlin and Boston, 30–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von (1968) ‘Zukünftsphilologie! Eine Erwiderung auf Friedrich Nietzsches Ord. Professors der classischen Philologie zu Basel “Geburt der Tragödie”’, in Gründer, K. (ed.), Der Streit um Nietzsches “Geburt der Tragödie”, Hildesheim, 27–55.Google Scholar
Winkler, J. I. and Zeitlin, F. I. (eds.) (1990) Nothing to do with Dionysus? Athenian drama in its social context, Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, V. (2015) Euripides and the politics of form, Princeton and Oxford.Google Scholar
Wohl, V. (2018) ‘Stone into smoke: metaphor and materiality in Euripides’ Troades’, in Telò, M. and Mueller, M. (eds.), The materialities of Greek tragedy: objects and affect in Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, London, 17–33.Google Scholar
Barlow, S. A. (1986) Euripides: Trojan women, Warminster.Google Scholar
Biehl, W. (1989) Euripides: Troades, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Diggle, J. (1981) Euripidis Fabulae. Vol. ii, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kovacs, D. (2018) Euripides: Troades, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K. H. (1976) Euripides: Troades, Basingstoke and London.Google Scholar
Murray, G. (1905) The Trojan women of Euripides, London.Google Scholar
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von (1906) Griechische Tragödien. Vol. iii, Berlin.Google Scholar
Barlow, S. A. (1986) Euripides: Trojan women, Warminster.Google Scholar
Biehl, W. (1989) Euripides: Troades, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Diggle, J. (1981) Euripidis Fabulae. Vol. ii, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kovacs, D. (2018) Euripides: Troades, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K. H. (1976) Euripides: Troades, Basingstoke and London.Google Scholar
Murray, G. (1905) The Trojan women of Euripides, London.Google Scholar
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von (1906) Griechische Tragödien. Vol. iii, Berlin.Google Scholar
Ansell-Pearson, K. (ed.) (2006) On the genealogy of morality and other writings, trans. Diethe, C., Cambridge.Google Scholar
Breazeale, D. (ed.) (1997) Untimely meditations, trans. Hollingdale, R. J., Cambridge.Google Scholar
Guess, R. and Spiers, R. (eds.) (1999) The birth of tragedy and other writings, trans. Spiers, R., Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hollingdale, R. J. (ed. and trans.) (1990) Twilight of the idols and the Anti-Christ, London.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, W. (ed.) (1968) The will to power, trans. Kaufmann, W. and Hollingdale, R. J., New York.Google Scholar
Battezzato, L. (2005) ‘The new music of the Trojan Women’, Lexis 23, 73–104.Google Scholar
Billings, J. (2014) Genealogy of the tragic: Greek tragedy and German philosophy, Princeton.Google Scholar
Billings, J. and Leonard, M. (eds.) (2015) Tragedy and the idea of modernity, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, H. (1975) A map of misreading, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bonelli, G. (1991) ‘Nietzsche e le Baccanti di Euripide’, L'Antiquité Classique 60, 62–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Came, D. (2006) ‘The aesthetic justification of existence’, in Pearson, K. A. (ed.), A companion to Nietzsche, Oxford, 41–57.Google Scholar
Carter, D. M. (ed.) (2011) Why Athens? A reappraisal of tragic politics, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, D. (1978) ‘The imagery of Sophocles: a study of Ajax's suicide’, G&R 25, 24–36.Google Scholar
Conacher, D. (1967) Euripidean drama: myth, theme and structure, Toronto.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croally, N. T. (1994) The Trojan women and the function of tragedy, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Daniels, P. R. (2013) Nietzsche and The birth of tragedy, Durham.Google Scholar
Daniels, P. R. (2019) ‘The birth of tragedy: transfiguration through art’, in Stern, T. (ed.), The new Cambridge companion to Nietzsche, Cambridge, 147–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dué, C. (2006) The captive woman's lament in Greek tragedy, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, F. M. (1993) ‘Beginning at the end in Euripides’ Trojan women’, Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 136, 22–35.Google Scholar
Dyson, M. and Lee, K. H. (2000a) ‘Talthybius in Euripides’ Troades’, GRBS 41, 141–73.Google Scholar
Dyson, M. and Lee, K. H. (2000b) ‘The Funeral of Astyanax in Euripides’ Troades’, JHS 120, 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eagleton, T. (2003) Sweet violence: the idea of the tragic, Oxford.Google Scholar
Easterling, P. E. (ed.) (1997a) The Cambridge companion to Greek tragedy, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easterling, P. E. (1997b) ‘Form and performance’, in Easterling (1997a) 151–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanfani, G. (2018) ‘What melos for Troy? Blending of lyric genres in the first stasimon of Euripides’ Trojan women’, in Andújar, R., Coward, T. R. P. and Hadjimichael, T. A. (eds.), Paths of song: the lyric dimension of Greek tragedy, Berlin and Boston, 239–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, N. (2018) ‘Hope and hopelessness in Euripides’, in Kazantzidis, G. and Spatharas, D. (eds.), Hope in ancient literature, history, and art, Cologne, 53–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellrich, M. (1988) Tragedy and theory: the problem of conflict since Aristotle, Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goff, B. (2009) Euripides: Trojan women, London.Google Scholar
Goldhill, S. (1997) ‘Modern critical approaches to Greek tragedy’, in Easterling (1997a), 324–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldhill, S. (2012) Sophocles and the language of tragedy, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, J. (1991) Euripides and the instruction of the Athenians, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffith, M. (1977) The authenticity of Prometheus bound, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Griffith, M. (1995) ‘Brilliant dynasts: power and politics in the Oresteia’, ClAnt 14, 62–129.Google Scholar
Grube, G. M. A. (1941) The drama of Euripides, London.Google Scholar
Halliwell, S. (2003) ‘Nietzsche's “daimonic force” of tragedy and its ancient traces’, Arion 11, 103–23.Google Scholar
Halliwell, S. (2018) ‘Justifying the world as an aesthetic phenomenon’, CCJ 64, 91–112.Google Scholar
Halpern, R. (2011) ‘Theater and democratic thought: Arendt to Rancière’, Critical Inquiry 37, 545–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harloe, K. (2008) ‘Metaphysical and historical claims in The birth of tragedy’, in Dries, M. (ed.), Nietzsche on time and history, Berlin, 275–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrichs, A. (2004). ‘“Full of gods”: Nietzsche on Greek polytheism and culture’, in Bishop, P. (ed.), Nietzsche and antiquity: his reaction and response to the classical tradition, Rochester, 114–37.Google Scholar
Hunter, R. (2011) ‘Apollo and the Ion of Euripides: nothing to do with Nietzsche?’, Trends in Classics 3, 18–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovacs, D. (1997) ‘Gods and men in Euripides’ Trojan trilogy’, Colby Quarterly 33, 162–76.Google Scholar
Judet de La Combe, P. (2010) Les tragédies grecques sont-elles tragiques? Théâtre et théorie, Montrouge.Google Scholar
Lada-Richards, I. (1993) ‘“Empathic understanding”: emotion and cognition in classical dramatic audience-response’, PCPhS 39, 94–140.Google Scholar
Lecznar, A. (2020) Dionysus after Nietzsche: The birth of tragedy in twentieth-century literature and thought, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, M. (2012) ‘Tragedy and the seductions of philosophy’, CCJ 58, 145–64.Google Scholar
Leonard, M. (2015) Tragic modernities, Cambridge, MA and London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Man, P. de (1979) Allegories of reading: figural language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust, New Haven and London.Google Scholar
Martindale, C. (1993) Redeeming the text: Latin poetry and the hermeneutics of reception, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Meridor, R. (1984) ‘Plot and myth in Euripides’ Heracles and Troades’, Phoenix 38, 205–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Most, G. W. (2000) ‘Generating genres: the idea of the tragic’, in Depew, M. and Obbink, D. (eds.), Matrices of genre: authors, canons, and society, Cambridge, 15–36.Google Scholar
Munteanu, D. L. (2011) ‘The tragic Muse and the anti-epic glory of women in Euripides’ Troades’, CJ 106, 129–47.Google Scholar
Munteanu, D. L. (2012) Tragic pathos: pity and fear in Greek philosophy and tragedy, Cambridge and New York.Google Scholar
Murnaghan, S. (1999) ‘The poetics of loss in Greek epic’, in Beissinger, M., Tylus, J. and Wofford, S. (eds.), Epic traditions and the contemporary world, Berkeley, 203–20.Google Scholar
Murray, G. (1913) Euripides and his age, London and New York.Google Scholar
Murray, G. (1946) Greek studies, Oxford.Google Scholar
Pantelia, M. C. (2002) ‘Helen and the last song for Hector’, TAPhA 132, 21–7.Google Scholar
Poole, A. (1976) ‘Total disaster: Euripides’ The Trojan women’, Arion 3, 257–87.Google Scholar
Poole, A. (1987) Tragedy: Shakespeare and the Greek example, Oxford.Google Scholar
Porter, J. I. (2000a) The invention of Dionysus: an essay on The birth of tragedy, Stanford.Google Scholar
Porter, J. I. (2000b) Nietzsche and the philology of the future, Stanford.Google Scholar
Porter, J. I. (2005) ‘Nietzsche and tragedy’, in Bushnell, R. (ed.), A companion to tragedy, Oxford, 68–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, J. I. (2014) ‘Nietzsche's radical philology’, in Jensen, A. and Heit, H. (eds.), Nietzsche as a scholar of antiquity, Bloomsbury, 27–50.Google Scholar
Porter, J. I. (2019) ‘Nietzsche's untimely antiquity’, in Stern, T. (ed.), The new Cambridge companion to Nietzsche, Cambridge, 49–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, A. (1998) ‘Nietzsche and the paradox of tragedy’, British Journal of Aesthetics 38, 384–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pucci, P. (1977) ‘Euripides: the monument and the sacrifice’, Arethusa 10, 165–95.Google Scholar
Pucci, P. (1980) The violence of pity in Euripides’ Medea, Ithaca and London.Google Scholar
Sansone, D. (2009) ‘Euripides’ new song: the first stasimon of Trojan women’, in Cousland, J. R. C. and Hume, J. R. (eds.), The plays of texts and fragments: essays in honour of Martin Cropp, Leiden and Boston, 193–204.Google Scholar
Schmidt, D. (2001) On Greeks and other Germans: tragedy and ethical life, Bloomington.Google Scholar
Schopenhauer, A. (1969) The world as will and representation. Vol. ii, trans. Payne, E. F. J., New York.Google Scholar
Scodel, R. (1980) The Trojan Trilogy of Euripides, Göttingen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scodel, R. (1998) ‘The captive's dilemma: sexual acquiescence in Euripides Hecuba and Troades’, HSPh 98, 137–54.Google Scholar
Seaford, R. (1994) Reciprocity and ritual: Homer and tragedy in the developing city-state, Oxford.Google Scholar
Segal, C. (1993) Euripides and the poetics of sorrow: art, gender, and commemoration in Alcestis, Hippolytus, and Hecuba, Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Silk, M. S. (ed.) (1996a) Tragedy and the tragic: Greek theatre and beyond, Oxford.Google Scholar
Silk, M. S. (1996b) ‘General introduction’, in Silk (1996a) 1–11.Google Scholar
Silk, M. S. (2015) ‘Epilogue: tragedy and modernity, closing thoughts’, in Billings and Leonard (2015) 306–13.Google Scholar
Silk, M. S. and Stern, J. P. (2016) Nietzsche on tragedy, 2nd edn, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Steiner, G. (1996) ‘Tragedy, pure and simple’, in Silk (1996a) 534–46.Google Scholar
Suter, A. (2003) ‘Lament in Euripides’ Trojan women’, Mnemosyne 56, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szondi, P. (1961) Versuch über das Tragische, Frankfurt am Mein.Google Scholar
Taplin, O. (1986) ‘Fifth-century tragedy and comedy: a synkrisis’, JHS 106 63–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taplin, O. (1996) ‘Comedy and the tragic’, in Silk (1996a), 188–202.Google Scholar
The Postclassicisms Collective (2020) Postclassicisms, Chicago and London.Google Scholar
Torrance, I. (2013) Metapoetry in Euripides, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernant, J. P. and Vidal-Naquet, P. (1988) Myth and tragedy in ancient Greece, trans. Lloyd, J., Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Visvardi, E. (2011) ‘Pity and panhellenic politics: choral emotion in Euripides’ Hecuba and Trojan women’, in Carter (2011) 269–92.Google Scholar
Visvardi, E. (2015) Emotion in action: Thucydides and the tragic chorus, Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, N. A. (2018) The music of tragedy: performance and imagination in Euripidean theatre, Oakland.Google Scholar
Whitmarsh, T. (2017) ‘Quantum Classics: literature, historicism, untimeliness, uncertainty’, in Grethlein, J. and Rengakos, A. (eds.) Griechische Literaturgeschichtsschreibung: Traditionen, Probleme und Konzepte, Berlin and Boston, 30–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von (1968) ‘Zukünftsphilologie! Eine Erwiderung auf Friedrich Nietzsches Ord. Professors der classischen Philologie zu Basel “Geburt der Tragödie”’, in Gründer, K. (ed.), Der Streit um Nietzsches “Geburt der Tragödie”, Hildesheim, 27–55.Google Scholar
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