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The Roman Empire in Eastern and Western Historiography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 January 2019

W. H. C. Frend
W. H. C. Frend*
Affiliation:
Gonville and Caius College
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Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society (Second Series) , Volume 14: New Series , 1968 , pp. 19 - 32
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Copyright © The Author(s). Published by Cambridge University Press 1968

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References

Page 19 note 1 See on this theme H. Fuchs, Der geistige Widerstand gegen Rom (Leipzig, 1938).

Page 19 note 2 Ammianus Marcellinus xxi. 10. 8.

Page 19 note 3 Sozomen, Hist. Eccles. (ed. Bidez/Hansen), v. 15. 4 ff.

Page 19 note 4 Julian, Letter to Arsacius, High Priest of Galatia = Ep.22 and Sozomen, Hist. Eccl. v. 16.5 -15.

Page 20 note 1 The classic Statements of Greek historiography are to be found in Herodotus, Prologue, 9-10, and Thucydides 1. 22. In general R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford, 1940), eh. 1.

Page 20 note 2 For instance, the well-known third-century A.D. inscription from Mactar in Tunisia, CILviu. 11824, CILvi. 3. 17985 a from Rome, and the Igel Säule from near Trier.

Page 20 note 3 Passio Sanctorum Scillitanorum (ed. Knopf/Krüger), p. 6. ‘Speratus dixit: Ego imperium huius mundi non cognosco: sed magis illi Deo servio, quem nemo hominum vidit, nee videre his oculis potest.'

Page 20 note 4 Ep. ad Diognetum 6. 7.

Page 21 note 1 As he teils in Dialogue with Trypho 2 and / / Apol. 12.

Page 21 note 2 Hippolytus, cited in Palladius’ Lauslac History, 62.

Page 21 note 3 De Principiis iv. i. i from the Greek (translated in A.N.C.L.x, 276).

Page 21 note 4 Justin, I Apol. 44.

Page 21 note 5 Lactantius, Institutes vn. 15. 11 and 18. 1.

Page 21 note 6 Philo, Legatio ad Gaium (ed. E. M. Smallwood), 3.

Page 21 note 7 Polybius xxx. 11.

Page 21 note 8 II Macc. ix. 4-9.

Page 21 note 9 Josephus, Antiquities xvn. 6. 5.

Page 22 note 1 Acts xii. 23.

Page 22 note 2 Lactantius, De Mortibus P Persecutorum 33. Also, Orosius vm. 28. 13.

Page 22 note 3 IV Macc. xviii. 11-18.

Page 22 note 4 Clement iv. For this identification, K. Beyschlag, Clemens Romanus und der Frühkatholizismus (Tübingen, 1966), p. 131.

Page 22 note 5 For messianic hopes in the mid-second Century, Celsus in Origen, Contra Celsum 11. 29.

Page 22 note 6 Legatio ad Gaium 3—5.

Page 23 note 1 Ibid. 144.

Page 23 note 2 Cf. the view of Justin, / Apol. 46 and II Apol. 12-13 ar>d Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis 1. 5. 28.

Page 24 note 1 Tertullian, De Praescriptione 7, De Corona Militari 11 and De Idololatria 18.

Page 24 note 2 De Spectaculis 5: ‘saeculum Dei cst, saecularia autem diaboli'.

Page 24 note 3 Apol. 25. 12-17.

Page 24 note 4 Ibid. 21. 24.

Page 24 note 5 Ad Nationes I. 7.

Page 24 note 6 Apol. 32. 1.

Page 24 note 7 Ibid. 50. 16.

Page 25 note 1 Minucius Felix, Octavius, 25. 5.

Page 25 note 2 Ibid. 25. 5.

Page 25 note 3 Comment. in Daniel iv. 8. See R. A. Markus,’ The Roman Empire in early Christian Historiography', Downside Review (1963), pp. 340-53.

Page 25 note 4 Comment. in Daniel iv. 7. See also A. Santo Mazzarino, The End of the Ancient World (tr. G. Holmes, 1966), p. 40.

Page 25 note 5 Comment. in Daniel iv. 9; cf. De Antichristo 49.

Page 25 note 6 In Apocalypsim xi. 7 (Migne, Patrologia latina v, col. 335).

Page 25 note 7 Especially in Ad Demetrianum, written in 251.

Page 26 note 1 The best description of Lactantius’ philosophy of history is to be found in A. Moreau, Lactance, De la Mort des Persecuteurs (Sources chrétiens, 39), pp. 25 ff.

Page 26 note 2 Luke/Acts as an apology: see B. S. Easton, Early Christianity (London, 1955), pp. 41 ff.

Page 26 note 3 I Apol. 32. 3-4. See H. Chadwick, ‘Justin Martyr's Defence of Christianity', Bull, of the John Rylands Library, XLVII (March 1965), 275-97 (at p. 286).

Page 26 note 4 Melito cited by Eusebius, HEiv. 26. 7.

Page 27 note 1 Contra Celsum II. 30.

Page 27 note 2 Ibid. viii. 72.

Page 27 note 3 Ibid. 11. 79.

Page 27 note 4 Ibid. I. 1.

Page 27 note 5 Eusebius, Demonstr. Evangelica VII. 2.

Page 27 note 6 Ibid.

Page 28 note 1 Tricennial Oration 1. 6. See also H. Eger, ‘Kaiser und Kirche in der Geschichtestheologie Eusebs von Cäsarea', ZNTW,xxxvm (1939), 97-115 (especially pp. 114-15).

Page 28 note 2 Eusebius, HEx. 9. 6.

Page 28 note 3 Optatus, De Schismate Donatistarum m. 3.

Page 28 note 4 Gaudentius of Thamugadi cited by Augustine, Contra Gaudentium 1. 35. 45. See my article 'The Roman Empire in the Eyes of the Western Schismatics', Miscellanea Historiae Ecclesiasticae (Louvain, 1961), pp. 9-22.

Page 28 note 5 Augustine, Sermo 296. 7.

Page 28 note 6 Ibid. 296. 6. Also Ep. 137. 20 and De Civitate Dei 1. 1.

Page 29 note 1 De Civitate Dei v. 9. 10. See C. N. Cochrane, Christianity and Classical Culture (Oxford, 1944), p. 479.

Page 29 note 2 Ep. 137.

Page 29 note 3 De Civitate Dei v. 9-11.

Page 29 note 4 See A. Pincherle's art. ‘Da Ticonio a Sant'Agostino', Ricerche Religiöse, I (1925), 443-66.

Page 29 note 5 Augustine, De Civitate Dei xiv. 28. See N. H. Baynes,’ The Political Ideas of St Augustine's De Civitate Dei', Historical Association Pamphlet (1949).

Page 29 note 6 De Civitate Dei I. 24, and v. 12-13: ‘They who restrain baser lusts not by the power of the Holy Spirit…but by love of human praise are not indeed yet holy, but only less base.'

Page 29 note 7 De Civitate Dei m. 30. 3.

Page 30 note 1 In contrast to the Donatist contention that all kings were persecutors. Augustine, Contra Litteras Petiliani 11. 210-11, written a decade before the De Civitate. See Baynes, art. cit. pp. 12-13.

Page 30 note 2 De Civitate Dei v. 24-6.

Page 30 note 3 Orosius, Historia, Prologue 10.

Page 31 note 1 Ibid. II. 19. 4.

Page 31 note 2 Ibid. VI. 20.

Page 31 note 3 Ibid. VII.

Page 31 note 4 He attributes to Tiberius a plan rejected by the Senate of declaring Christ a god ('ut Christus deus haberetur’). Tertullian, Apol. v. 2 and xxi. 24 is probably his source for the story. 4 Historia vn. 28.

Page 31 note 5 Ibid. vn. 43. See H. J. Diesner,’ Orosius und Augustinus', Acta antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, xi, 1 (1963), 89-102.

Page 31 note 6 Ibid. vn. 43. 6.

Page 31 note 7 De Gubernatione Dei (ed. and tr. E. M. Sanford), 1. 2. He also praises ‘ even Greek philosophers' who went without luxuries and offered themselves to death for greed of glory rather than of wealth.

Page 32 note 1 De Gubernatione Dei, vm. 1.

Page 32 note 2 See S. Dill's view of Salvian in Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire (London, 1919), pp. 319-22.

Page 32 note 3 Eccl. Hist. vm. 48.

Page 32 note 4 Ibid. Prologue to Bk v.