Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T13:16:55.776Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Monsters of Pergouset

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2008

Michel Lorblanchet
Affiliation:
Le Roc des Monges46200 Saint-SozyFrance
Ann Sieveking
Affiliation:
Peartree Farm, Gray's Lane Wissett, Halesworth Suffolk, IP19 OJR

Extract

The last underground room at Pergouset is engraved with a variety of signs and a series of unreal, or distorted, animal figures that are presented as variations on several themes. These fantastic creations are the Pergouset monsters. A few similar depictions are known mostly from nearby caves, but as a group the Pergouset monsters are unparalleled in Franco-Cantabrian art. The engravings of Room IV contrast with the conventional Upper Palaeolithic animal depictions found in the three preceding rooms but the use of particular tricks of depiction, as much as the style of certain figures, makes it likely that the same artist drew both conventional figures and monsters. Conditions in the cave suggest that few, if any, visitors reached this last room. In the light of these circumstances the authors consider possible explanations for the occurrence of the monster engravings and their implications.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altuna, J. & Apellaniz, J.M., 1976. Las figures paleoliticas de la Cueva de Altxerri (Guipuzcoa). Munibe 28, Fasc. 13.Google Scholar
Barriere, C, 1982. L’Art Pariétal de Rouffignac. Paris: Picard.Google Scholar
Bégouën, H. & Breuil, H., 1958. Les Cavernes du Volp: Trois-Frères, Tuc d’Audoubert. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques.Google Scholar
Bégouën, R., 1993a. Les animaux composites, in L’Art Pariétal Paléolithique: Techniques et methodes d’étude, eds. Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques. Paris: Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur, 207–6.Google Scholar
Bégouën, R., 1993b. Les animaux irréels, in L'Art Pariétal Paléolithique, eds. Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques. Paris: Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur, 207–9.Google Scholar
Bourguignon, E., 1973. A framework for the comparative study of altered states of consciousness, in Religion, Altered States of Consciousness and Social Change., ed. Bourguignon, E.. Columbus (OH): Ohio State University Press, 335.Google Scholar
Bradley, R., 1989. Deaths and entrances: a contextual analysis of megalithic art. Current Anthropology 30(1), 6875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breuil, H., 1952. Quatre cents siècles d'Art Pariétal. (Also trans, by Boyle, Mary as Four Hundred Centuries of Cave Art). Montignac: Centre d'Études et de Documentation Préhistoriques.Google Scholar
Clottes, J. & D., Lewis-Williams, 1996. Les Chamanes de la Préhistoire. Paris: Editions Seuil.Google Scholar
Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques (eds.), 1993. L'Art Pariétal Paléolithique: Techniques et Méthodes d'Etude. Paris: C.T.H.S. Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur.Google Scholar
Delluc, B., Delluc, G., Roussot, A. & J., Roussot-Larroque, 1992. Discovering Perigord Prehistory. English edition. Bordeaux: Editions Sud Ouest.Google Scholar
Emboden, W., 1972. Narcotic Plants. London: Studio Vista.Google Scholar
Gaussen, J., 1964. La Grotte Ornée de Gabillou (près Mussidan, Dordogne). (Memoire 4.) Bordeaux: Institut de Préhistoire de l'Université de Bordeaux.Google Scholar
Godwin, H., 1967. Pollen-analytic evidence for the cultivation of Cannabis in England. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 4,7180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, J., Lovejoy, P.E. & Sherratt, A., 1995. Consuming Habits: Drugs in History and Anthropology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hollister, L.E., 1984. Effects of hallucinogens in humans, in Hallucinogens: Neurological, Behavioral and Clinical Perspectives, ed. Jacob, B.L.. New York (NY): Raven Press, 1933.Google Scholar
Horowitz, M.J., 1964. The imagery of visual hallucinations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 138,513–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W., 1982 [1902]. The Varieties of Religious Experience. London: Penguin American Library.Google Scholar
Klüver, H., 1926. Mescal visions and eidetic vision. American Journal of Psychology 37,502–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knoll, M., Kugler, J., O., Höfer & Lawder, S.D., 1963. Effects of chemical stimulation of electrically-induced phosphenes on their bandwidth, shape, number and intensity. Confinia Neurologica 23, 3.Google ScholarPubMed
Kosslyn, S.M., 1994. Image and Brain: the Resolution of the Imagery Debate. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemozi, A., Renault, P.L. & David, A., 1969. Pech-Merle, he Combel, Marcenac. Graz: Akademische Druku.Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, André, 1968. The Art of Prehistoric Man in Western Europe. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, André, 1983. Les entités imaginaires. Esquisse d'une recherche sur les monstres pariétaux paléolithiques, in Homenage al Prof. M. Almagro Bosch, vol. 1. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 251–63.Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, Arlette & Allain, J. (eds.), 1979. Lascaux Inconnu. (Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire.) Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Lewin, L., 1931. Phantastica. Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs. Their Use and Abuse. London: Kegan Paul, Trench-Trubner & Co..Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J.D., 1991. Wrestling with analogy: a methodological dilemma in Upper Palaeolithic art research. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57(1), 149–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J.D. & Dowson, T.A., 1988. The signs of all times: entopic phenomena in Upper Palaeolithic art. Current Anthropology 29(2), 201–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J.D. & Dowson, T.A., 1990. Through the veil: San rock paintings and the rock face. South African Archaeological Bulletin 45, 516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorblanchet, M., 1984a. Grotte du Pech-Merle, in L’Art des Cavemes. Atlas des Grottes Ornées Paléolithiques Françaises. Paris: Ministère de al Culture, 467–74.Google Scholar
Lorblanchet, M. 1984b. Grotte de Pergouset, in L’Art des Cavemes. Atlas des Grottes Ornées Paléolithiques Françaises. Paris: Ministère de al Culture, 504–6.Google Scholar
Lorblanchet, M., 1989. From man to animal and sign in Palaeolithic art, in Animals into Art, ed. Morphy, H.. (One World Archaeology 7.) London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Lorblanchet, M., 1992a. Finger-markings in Pech-Merle and their place in prehistoric art, in Rock Art in the Old World, ed. Lorblanchet, M.. Delhi: Indira Gandhi Centre for the Arts, 451–90.Google Scholar
Lorblanchet, M., 1992b. Le triomphe du naturalisme dans l'art Paléolithique, in The Limitations of Archaeological Knowledge, eds. Shay, T. & Clottes, J.. (ERAUL 49.) Liège: ERAUL, 115–40.Google Scholar
Lorblanchet, M., 1994. Le mythe des femmes-bisons, in Psychanalyse et Préhistoire, eds. Fine, A., Perron, R. & Sacco, F.. (Monographie de la Revue Française de Psychanalyse.) Paris: Presses Universitaire de France, 3551.Google Scholar
Ludwig, A.M., 1968. Altered states of consciousness, in Trance and Possession States, ed. Prince, R.. (Proceedings Second Annual Conference.) Montreal: R.M. Bucke Memorial Society, 6995.Google Scholar
Nadel, S.F., 1946. A study of shamanism in the Nuba mountains. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute VII, 2537.Google Scholar
Oster, G., 1970. Phosphenes. Scientific American 222(2), 83–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudgley, R., 1993. The Alchemy of Culture: Intoxicants in Society. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Schultes, R.E. & Hofmann, A., 1992. Plants of the Gods: their Sacred, Healing and Hallucinogenic Powers. Vermont Rochester (VT): Healing Arts Press.Google Scholar
Sherratt, A., 1991. Sacred and profane substances: the ritual use of narcotics in Late Neolithic Europe, in Sacred and Profane: Proceedings of Conference on Archaeology, Ritual and Religions, Oxford, 1989, eds. Garwood, P., Jennings, D., Skeates, R. & Toms, J.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 5064.Google Scholar
Siegel, R.K., 1977. Hallucinations. Scientific American 237,132–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, R.K., 1994. The natural history of hallucinogens, in Hallucinogens: Neurochemical, Behavioral and Clinical Perspectives, ed. Jacob, B.L.. New York (NY): Raven Press, 118.Google Scholar
Siegel, R.K. & Jarvik, M.E., 1975. Drug-induced hallucinations in animals and Man, in Hallucinations, Behaviour, Experience and Theory, eds. Siegel, R.K. & West, L.S.. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons, 81161.Google Scholar
Sieveking, A., forthcoming. Cave as context in Palaeolithic art, in Human Use of Caves: Conference Proceedings, eds. Bonsall, C. & Smith, C.. (BAR International Series.) Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Symon, D.E. & L.A.R., Haegi, 1991. Datura (Solanaceae) is a New World genus, in Solanaceae III: Taxonomy, Chemistry, Evolution, eds. Hawkes, J.G., Lester, R.N., Nee, N. & Estrada, N.. London: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Linnean Society of London, 197210.Google Scholar
Tymula, S., 1995. Figures composites de l'art Paléolithique Europeen. Paléo 7,211–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, O., 1981. The amateur scientist. About phosphenes: luminous patterns that appear when the eyes are closed. Scientific American 244(5), 142–52.Google Scholar
Wasson, R.G., 1972. The divine mushroom of immortality, in Flesh of the Gods: the Ritual Use of Hallucinogens, ed. Furst, P.T.. New York (NY): Praeger, 185200.Google Scholar