Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 January 2016
In the second half of the 1950s, Greek foreign policy was dominated by the Cyprus question, while in the Middle East the same period was marked by a series of crises. The developments in the Middle East were important to the Greek government partly because Cyprus’s fate depended primarily on British decisions — and these decisions were connected to Britain’s position in the Middle East. Simultaneously, the turbulence in the region endangered the Greek communities in it, mainly the large community in Egypt. Yet, it may be said that Athens was rather slow in making an approach to the Arabs, on whose votes the United Nations debates on Cyprus largely depended: such approach took place only in Spring 1956, after the British had deported the Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios, and after the new government of Constantinos Karamanlis had scored its first electoral victory.
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2. Vlakhos, Anghelos S., Deka Khronia Kypriakou (Ten Years of the Cyprus Question) (Athens 1980) 68–125 and 145–168.Google Scholar
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5. Greek memorandum to Eisenhower’s Committee, 9 Jan. 1957, KA, reel 1, pp. 642-649; minute (Hatzivassiliou), undated (certainly spring 1957), KA, reel 1, pp. 787-796.
6. Hatzivassiliou, ‘Suez, Cyprus and Greek Foreign Policy’.
7. Memorandum to the Cabinet (Kassimatis), 12 April 1956, KA, reel 5, pp. 2407-2408.
8. Minute (Seferiades), 14 June 1956, KA, reel 5, pp. 2436-2437; Lambert (Athens) to Young, 4 July 1956, FO 371/123852/1.
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10. Dulles to Karamanlis, 4 Aug. 1956, KA, reel 6, p.34; Hatzivassiliou, ‘Suez, Cyprus and Greek Foreign Policy’; Heikal, Mohamed, in his book Nasser: The Cairo Documents (London 1973) 97 Google Scholar, noted that apart from Egypt herself, of all the countries which invited to the Conference, Greece was the only one to decline the invitation.
11. Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter referred to as FRUS), 1955-5 7, volume IV, documents 43 and 46, pp. 116-122 and 134-137 respectively; M. Allen to Trivedi, 21 Nov. 1956, FO 371/119331/12; Heikal, 98; Carlton, 56-92.
12. Palamas to Foreign Ministry, 1 Dec. 1956, KA, reel 6, pp. 104-106; Hatzivassiliou, ‘Suez, Cyprus and Greek Foreign Policy’; Xydis, Conflict and Conciliation, 47-48 and 152; FO minute (Thomson), 30 July 1957, FO 371/130116/120.
13. FO minute (Brown), 4 Jan. 1957, FO 371/125604/1; Porter (NATO) to FO, 28 Aug. 1957, FO 371/130018/7; FRUS, 1955-57, XXIV, document 217, p.442; ibid, document 221, pp. 448-450; Xydis, Conflict and Conciliation 49; and, by the same author, Cyprus: Reluctant Republic, (The Hague and Paris 1973) 91.
14. Amman to FO, 10 April 1957, FO 371/130107/1.
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17. Athens to FO, 10 May 1957, FO 371/130023/3; FRUS, 1955-57, XXIV, document 306, pp. 581-2.
18. Records of the talks between Richards and the Greek Ministers, KA, reel 1, pp. 799-807; minute (Kalligas), 13 May, KA, reel 1, 715-724; Hahn, Peter L., ‘Containment and Egyptian Nationalism: The Unsuccessful Effort to Establish the Middle East Command, 1950-1953’, Diplomatic History 11 (1987) 23–40 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Scott Lucas, W., ‘Suez, the Americans, and the Overthrow of Anthony Eden’, L S E Quarterly 1 (1987) 227–254.Google Scholar
19. Minute (unsigned), 19 Feb. 1957, KA, reel 1, pp. 682-684; Lambros to Foreign Ministry, 2 Aug. 1957, reel 1, pp. 1004-1053; Paper given to Nasser on 3 March 1957, KA, reel 1, pp. 1054-1058; Peake (Athens) to Selwyn Lloyd, 8 Feb. 1957, FO 371/130018/1.
20. FO to Athens, 28 June 1957, FO 371/130018/3; extract from The Times, 17 Aug. 1957, FO 371/130036/1. The question of the Egyptian debt to Greece was settled in the negotiations of June-December 1958: extract from the Journal du Commerce et de la Marine, of Alexandria, 20 Feb. 1959, FO 371/144541/1.
21. ‘Visit to Egypt’, KA, reel 1, pp. 923-933; Allen (Athens) to Selwyn Lloyd, 29 Aug. 1957, FO 371/130018/5; BBC monitoring report, 20 Aug. 1957, FO 371/130036/1; FRUS, 1955-57, XXIV, document 311, pp. 596-597; Averoff-Tossizza, Evanghelos, Historia Khamenon Efkerion: Kypriako, 1950-1963 (History of Lost Opportunities: The Cyprus Question, 1950-1963), volume I (Athens 1982) 260 Google Scholar; Linardatos, Spyros, Apo ton Emphylio Stin Hounta, Tomos III, 1955-1961 (From the Civil War to the Junta, volume III, 1955-1961) (Athens 1978) 251–252.Google Scholar
22. Allen to FO, 20 Aug. 1957, FO 371/130024/1; Beirut to FO, 26 Nov. 1957, FO 371/130106/2; Allen to Selwyn Lloyd, 15 Nov. 1957, FO 371/128006/2; Chapman-Andrews (Khartoum) to Selwyn Lloyd, 21 Jan. 1958, FO 371/136230/1.
23. Xydis, Conflict and Conciliation, 185, 230 and 276-278; Dowty, 39.
24. Record (G. Allen-Averoff), 28 Oct. 1957, KA, reel 6, pp. 385-393; Allen to FO, 11 Nov. 1957, FO 371/130087/127; FRUS, 1955-57, XXIV, document 312, pp. 597-599; Xydis, Conflict and Conciliation, 635 and 236-237.
25. Averoff (New York) to Karamanlis, 3 Dec. 1957, KA, reel 6, pp. 493-495; The Greeks had the ambition to mediate in the Arab-Israeli dispute even in 1954: See Nachmani, 113.
26. G. Melas to Averoff, 20 Nov. 1957, KA, reel 6, pp. 408-423; on the December 1957 UN debate and the Arab support to the Greek item see Xydis, Conflict and Conciliation, 301-484.
27. Allen to Selwyn Lloyd, 28 Jan. 1958, FO 371/136218/1; Middleton (Beirut) to Crosthwaite (New York), 7 Jan. 1958, FO 371/136356/1; Middleton to FO, 31 March 1958, and Middleton to Selwyn Lloyd, 3 May 1958, FO 371/136356/2.
28. Linardatos, 296-334.
29. On the Middle Eastern crisis of 1958, see, Dowty, 23-110; Divine, 97-104. Allen to Selwyn Lloyd, 16 Jan. 1959, FO 371/144516/1.
30. Minute (unsigned) 1 Nov. 1958, KA, reel 2, 871-873; Averoff, volume II, 65; Allen to FO, 11 June 1958, FO 371/136309/131.
31. Averoff, volume II, 66-67; Nicholls (Belgrade) to FO, 7 July 1958, and Lambert to FO, 8 July 1958, FO 371/136232/5.
32. Lambert to FO, 12 July 1958, FO 371/136232/7; Ankara to FO, 30 July 1958, FO 371/136232/8.
33. Record (Karamanlis-Murphy), 12 Aug. 1958, KA, reel 6, pp. 846-853; Murphy, Robert, Diplomat Among Warriors (London 1964) 507.Google Scholar
34. Vlakhos Deka Khronia, 216-255.
35. FO minute (Profumo), 27 Feb. 1959, FO 371/144619/18; Burrows to FO, 23 Dec. 1958, London, Public Record Office, Colonial Office Records, (CO) 926/1070/1556; Burrows to FO, 25 Dec. 1958, CO 926/1070/1562.
36. FO minute (Ross), 23 Dec. 1958, CO 926/621/1390.
37. Allen to Selwyn Lloyd, 6 March 1959, FO 371/144530/2; minute (unsigned), 25 April 1959, KA, reel 2, pp. 2314-2318.
38. Clarke (Rome) to Selwyn Lloyd, 14 Jan. 1959, FO 371/144524/1.
39. Stephens, 246.