Article contents
Butrint in the mid-Byzantine period: a new interpretation
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 January 2016
Abstract
Butrint, on the southwest coast of Albania, has been subject to excavation since 1928, initiated and carried out by the Italian Archaeological Mission until 1940, and then from the late 1950s by the Albanian Institute of Archaeology. In the last fifteen years, under the direction of the Butrint Foundation, the Albanian Institute of Archaeology and the University of East Anglia, extensive excavations have taken place in the site. Recent excavations in the western stretch of the circuit wall in the Lower City of Butrint, known as the Western Defences, have revealed new and important evidence especially for early–mid Byzantine Butrint. These excavations are the focus of this paper which aims to cast more light on the chronology and history of the Western Defences in particular and that of Butrint in general. The first part of the paper discusses the evidence concerning the Western Defences’ late antique construction and its occupation up to the seventh century. The second part deals in turn with succeeding phases of occupation (from eighth to fifteenth century) and offers a new interpretation related to mid Byzantine Butrint.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 2011
References
1 Hodges, R., Bowden, W., Gilkes, O. and Lako, K., ‘Introduction’, in Hodges, R., Bowden, W. and Lako, K., (eds.), Byzantine Butrint: Excavations and Surveys 1994-1999 (Oxford 2004) 5–8 Google Scholar.
2 Karaiskaj, G., The Fortifications of Butrint (London 2009)Google Scholar.
3 Andrews, R., Bowden, W., Gilkes, O. and Martin, S., ‘The late antique and medieval fortifications of Butrint’, in Byzantine Butrint (as in n. 1), 126-50Google Scholar.
4 Bianchi, G., Molla, N., Paris, M. F., and Venturini, F., ‘Politiche edilizie e modi di costruire a Butrinto (Albania) nella Tarda Antichità’, in Volpe, G. and Favia, P. (eds.), Atti del V Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Medievale 30 Settembre-3 Ottobre (2009) 727-34Google Scholar.
5 Bowden, W. and Hodges, R., Butrint 3: Excavations at the Triconch Palace (Oxford, forthcoming)Google Scholar.
6 Andrews et al, ‘The late antique and medieval fortification of Butrint’, 128.
7 The archaeological contexts revealed by the excavation of both towers will be presented in chronological sequence, thus in inverse order to that of excavation.
8 Karaiskaj, The Fortifications of Butrint, 74.
9 Lako, K., ‘Kështjella e Onhezmit (La forteresse d’Onhesmos)’, Iliria 2 (1984) 153–207 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Muçaj, S., ‘Sistemi fortifikues i qytetit të Bylisit ne antikitetin e vonë (Le système de fortification de la ville de Byllis dans la basse antiquité)’, Iliria 1 (1990) 169–201 Google Scholar; Karaiskaj, G. and Baçe, A., ‘Kalaja e Durrësit dhe sistemi i fortifikimit përreth ne kohën e vonë antike (La forteresse de Durrës et les autres fortifications environnates pendant la basse antiquité)’, Monumentet 9 (1975) 5–35 Google Scholar; Karaiskaj, G., ‘Kalaja e Elbasanit (La citadelle d’Elbasan)’, Monumentet 1 (1971) 61–77 Google Scholar.
10 The samples were taken from the thick charcoal deposits resting above the ground floor of the WD1 (context 1024) and WD2 (context 7011), and they were analyzed by the University of Lecce in Italy and the University of Waikato in New Zealand. Dates given by the laboratories are as followed: for WD1 – AD 555 +/−25(1395+26); AD 676 +/−30 (1274 +30); AD 764 +/−45 (1186+ 45); for WD2 – AD 650+/−31 (1515 +/−31); AD 780+/−31 (1515+/−31).
11 Coates-Stephen, R., ‘Housing in early medieval Rome, AD 500-1000’, Papers of the British School at Rome 64 (Rome 1996) 239-59Google Scholar; Ward-Perkins, B., From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages: urban public building in northern and central Italy, AD 300-850 (Oxford 1984) 206-11Google Scholar.
12 Ward-Perkins, From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, 207.
13 Islami, S., Prendi, F., Ceka, H., Anamali, S (eds.), Ilirët dhe Iliria tek autorët antik (Tiranë 2002) 455 Google Scholar.
14 Charanis, P., ‘The Chronicle of Monemvasia and the question of the Slavonic settlements in Greece’, DOP 5 (1950) 139-66Google Scholar; Lemerle, P., ‘Invasions et le migrations dans les Balkans jusqu’au Ville siècle’, Revue Historique 78 (1954) 265–308 Google Scholar; Lemerle, , ‘La chronique improprement dite de Monemvasie: le contexte historique et légendaire’, REB 21 (1963) 5–49 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; V.|Popović, ‘Aux origines de la slavisation des Balkans: La constitution des premières sklavinies macédonniennes vers la fin du Vie siècle’, Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1980) 256-7.
15 Lako, Kështjella e Onhezmit, 190; Lako, K., ‘Basilika paleokristiane e Onhezmit, Iliria 1-2 (1991) 157-59Google Scholar. The latest datable coins, found in the fortress and basilica of Onchesraos, are assigned to Justin II and Sophia (565–578) found in a thick burnt deposit.
16 Soustal, P., ‘The historical sources for Butrint in the Middle Ages’, Byzantine Butrint (as in n. 1), 22 Google Scholar.
17 Bowden, W. and Hodges, R., An ‘Ice Age settling on the Roman Empire’: post-Roman Butrint between strategy and serendipity, in Christie, N. (ed.), Urbes Extinctae: archaeologies of abandoned classical Sites, (Aldershot, forthcoming)Google Scholar.
18 Soustal, , The historical sources, 22 Google Scholar.
19 Soustal, , The historical sources, 22 Google Scholar.
20 The Slavic tribe of Vaiounitai is mentioned in Book II of the Miracles of Saint Demetrios among other names of some other Slavic tribes such as the Drogovai, Sagodates, Velegezitai and Verzetai who in the early years of the reign of Heraclius attacked and devastated, among other provinces, Epirus and most of Illyncum on their way to besiege Thessalonike. See in Lemerle, P., Le plus anciens recueils des Miracles de Saint Démétrius et la penetration des Slaves dans les Balkans, I (Paris 1981) 179 Google Scholar.
21 Niederle, L., Manuel d’antiquité slave, I (Paris 1923) 109–110 Google Scholar; M. Lascaris, ‘Vagénétia’, Revue historique du Sud-Est Européen (1942) 423-31; Lemerle, P., Le plus anciens recueils, II, (1981) 90 Google Scholar n. 116.
22 Bănescu, N., ‘O colecţie de sigilli bizantine inedite’, Memoriile secţiei de şttinţe istorice, 3, no. 20 (1938) 116-7Google Scholar; Ahrweiler, H., Byzance et la mer. La maritime guerre, la politique et les institution maritimes de Byzance aux VlIe-XVe siècles (Paris 1966) 57 Google Scholar n. 2; 85, 87.
23 For the seal of Hilarion see Schlumberger, G., Mélanges d’archéologie byzantine (Paris 1895) no. 48, 226 Google Scholar.
24 Ahrweiler, Byzance et la mer, 54–61, 71–3; Frashëri, K., ‘Les Albanais et Byzance aux VIe-XIe siècle’, Ol Άλβανοί στο μεσαιωνα, ed Gasparis, C. (Athens 1998) 47–57 Google Scholar.
25 Soustal, , The historical sources, 22 Google Scholar.
26 Rossi-Taibi, G., Nita di San Elia il Giovane (Palermo 1962) 42, 152-3Google Scholar.
27 Hodges, R., The Rise and Tall of Byzantine Butrint (London/Tirana 2008) 69 Google Scholar.
28 Kazhdan, A., ‘Hagiographical notes’, B 56 (1986) 149-50Google Scholar.
29 S. Jennings, ‘A group of glass c. 800 AD from Tower 1 on the Western Defences, Butrint, Albania’, (unpublished manuscript).
30 Jennings, ‘A group of glass’; Whitehouse, D., ‘Things that travelled: the surprising case of raw glass’, Early Medieval Europe 12 (2003) 301-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
31 Hodges, R., Kamani, S., Vroom, J. & Logue, M., ‘The sack of Butrint, c. 800 AD’, Antiquity 83 Google Scholar (http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/hodges 2009); Hodges, R. and Kamani, S., ‘Assedio e devastazione, un brano di storia a Butrinto’, Archeologia Viva Nr. 137 (2009) 60-3Google Scholar.
32 Vroom, J., ‘Dishing up history: early medieval ceramic finds from the Triconch palace in Butrint’, Mélanges de l’Ecole française de Rome 120-2 (2008) 294 Google Scholar.
33 Hodges et al., ‘The sack of Butrint’; Hodges and Kamani, ‘Assedio e devastazione’, 60-3.
34 Samples from these pots have been taken for petrographie analysis in the laboratory.
35 Soustal, P., Nikopolis und Kephallenia (Vienna 1981) 132 n. 3 Google Scholar.
36 Ducellier, A., La façade maritime de l’Albanie au Moyen Âge. Durazzo et Valona du XIe au XVe siècle (Thessalonike 1981) 173-4Google Scholar.
37 Soustal, ‘The historical sources’, 23.
38 Andrews et al, ‘The late antique and medieval fortification of Butrint’, 137; Crowson, A., Venetian Butrint (London/Tirana 2007) 29 Google Scholar.
39 Two in all recovered: the recently found follis of Constans II from the WD2 and a previous one recovered by the Italian Archeological Mission, though not in a context. For the latter, see Cesano, S. L., ‘Monetazione e circolazione sul suolo dell’antica Albania’, Atti e Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Numismatica 2 (1932) 74 Google Scholar.
40 Lako, K., ‘Rezultate të gërmimeve arkeologjike në Butrint ne vitet 1975-76 (Fouilles archéologiques 1975-76 dans la cité de Butrint)’, Iliria 1 (1981) 127 Google Scholar.
41 Soustal, ‘The historical sources’, 25–6.
42 Crowson, Venetian Butrint, 47, 49.
- 2
- Cited by