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1054 revisited: response to Ryder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2016

Tia Kolbaba
Tia Kolbaba*
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
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Abstract

J. R. Ryder’s analysis of the events of 1054 and of Greek rebaptism of Latins in the Middle Ages makes several points about my article of 2005 in this journal. I am grateful to the editors for this chance to respond. I have chosen to respond to four issues that are crucial to my article and to Ryder’s critique:

  1. 1. Ryder maintains that my account of the events of 1053–1054 follows a tradition of playing down ‘the provocative aspects of Greek activity’.

  2. 2. Ryder is worried that my arguments might be taken as conclusive in some broad way in spite of my emphasis on limited and specific situations.

  3. 3. Ryder emphasizes that the sources surrounding the events of 1054 need more attention – perhaps some re-editing, certainly some re-reading. With regard to my article, this seems primarily to mean that my conclusions are premature, given the state of the evidence.

  4. 4. Ryder points out various inconsistencies in my arguments about rebaptism of Latins.

Type
Articles
Information
Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies , Volume 35 , Issue 1 , 2011 , pp. 38 - 44
Copyright
Copyright © The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 2011

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References

1 Michel, A., Humbert und Kerullarios. Studien, 2 vols. (Paderborn 1924, 1930)Google Scholar; Jugie, M., Le Schisme byzantin: Aperçu historique et doctrinal (Paris 1941)Google Scholar.

2 As Ryder notes, this camp includes Smith, M., And Taking Bread. Cerularius and the Azyme Controversy of 1054 (Paris 1978)Google Scholar. Similar apologetic tendencies can be found in Runciman, S., The Eastern Schism. A Study of the papacy and the eastern churches during the eleventh and twelfth centuries (Oxford 1955)Google Scholar; Papadakis, A. and Meyendorff, J., The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy. The Church 1071-1453 A.D. (Crestwood, New York 1994)Google Scholar.

3 The accusation is part of the evidence for Keroularios’ tyranny adduced by Psellos, Michael, Michaelis Pselli Orationes forenses et acta, ed. Dennis, G. (Leipzig 1994), oratio 1, ll. 1284–1713 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Smith, And Taking Bread, 108.

5 Dvornik, F., The Photian Schism. History and legend (Cambridge 1948)Google Scholar.

6 Humbert of Silva Candida, Brevis et succincta commemoratio eorum quae gesserunt apocrisarii sanctae Romanae et apostolicae sedis in regia urbe, et qualiter anathematizati sunt Michael cum sequacibus suis, PL 143, col. 1003; Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem. The Journey of Louis VII to the East, Latin ed., English trans. Berry, V. G. (New York 1948) 57 Google Scholar.

7 On one occasion Ryder accuses me of a double standard in this regard, taking Keroularios’ word for something while dismissing Humbert’s account as tendentious. I never believe Keroularios without confirmation. In the case Ryder cites - one of the public quarrels between Humbert and Keroularios - the incident is mentioned by both parties. They differ, of course, about whose fault it was, and there I was perhaps guilty of careless language. Instead of, ‘Humbert quarrelled vociferously with the patriarch’, I should have written, ‘Humbert and the patriarch quarrelled.’

8 Re-evaluation of Leo of Ochrid and his works has been well begun in a work I have not yet had chance to read carefully: Büttner, E., Erzbischof Leon von Ohrid (1037-1056). Leben und Werk (mit den Texten seiner bisher unedierten asketischen Schrift und seiner drei Briefe an den Papst) (Bamberg 2007)Google Scholar.

9 Falkenhausen, V. von, ‘Between two empires: southern Italy in the reign of Basil II,’ in Magdalino, P., ed., Byzantium in the Year 1000, The Medieval Mediterranean, no. 45 (Leiden 2003) 155 Google Scholar.

10 Secondary accounts of his many roles include von Falkenhausen, ‘Between two empires’; Angold, M., ‘The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1118’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4, c. 1024–c.1198, part 2, ed. Luscombe, D. and Riley-Smith, J. (Cambridge 2004) 230 Google Scholar; Gay, J., L’Italie méridionale et l’empire byzantin depuis l’avènement de Basil Ier jusqu’à la prise de Bari par les Normands, Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 90 (Paris 1904) 470-2Google Scholar.

11 Accounts of his biography include Kelly, J. N. D., The Oxford Dictionary of Popes (Oxford 1986)Google Scholar, s.v. ‘Stephen IX (X)’; Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques 15, 1198-1203, s.v. ‘Étienne IX’; Despy, G., ‘La carrière lotaringienne du Pape Étienne IX,’ Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire 31 (1953) 955-72CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 On this embassy see Gay, Italie meridionale 512-4.

13 Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici, 57.