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² This evolution is explained in Barbero, María Inés, “Business History in Latin America: A Historiographical Perspective,” Business History Review 82 (Autumn 2008): 555–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Barbero, María Inés and Dávila, Carlos, “Introduction: A View from Latin America,” Entreprises et Histoire 54 (2009): 6–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁵ Kaplan, Marcos, Estudios sobre política y derecho del petróleo argentino (1907-1955) (Mexico City, 1992)Google Scholar. This book collects Kaplan's scholarly pieces originally written in the late 1950s. Using another body of sources, Juan Carlos Vedoya also argues that government policies benefited the foreign multinationals more than YPF. See Vedoya, Carlos, “El Pacto Roca-Runciman y el Petróleo,” in El Petróleo Nacional: Colección Todo es Historia, vol. 6, ed. Luna, Felix (Buenos Aires, 1976), 93–150Google Scholar. An often-quoted celebratory and patriotic work was written by YPF's most important manager, Mosconi, Enrique, Obras del General Enrique Mosconi (Buenos Aires, 1984)Google Scholar.

⁶ Mayo, Carlos, Andino, Osvaldo, and Molina, Fernando García, La diplomacia del petróleo, 1916-1930 (Buenos Aires, 1976).Google Scholar

⁷ Solberg, Carl E., Oil and Nationalism in Argentina (Stanford, 1979)Google Scholar ; Solberg, Carl, “YPF: The Formative Years of Latin America's Pioneer State Oil Company, 1922-1939,” in Latin American Oil Companies and the Politics of Energy, ed. Wirth, John D. (Lincoln, Neb., 1985), 51–102Google Scholar. Solberg also analyzed Mosconi as an entrepreneur who led a state-owned company. See Solberg, Carl, “Entrepreneurship in Public Enterprise: General Enrique Mosconi and the Argentine Petroleum Industry,” Business History Review 56 (Autumn 1982): 380–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Mario Rapoport also studies how Argentina's quest for independence from the foreign multinationals led the government to approach the Soviet Union. See Rapoport, Mario, “Argentina and the Soviet Union: History of Political and Commercial Relations (1917-1955),” Hispanic American Historical Review 66 (May 1986): 239–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸ Jiménez, Laura Ruiz, “Prensa, partidos y Standard Oil: Cuestionamientos sobre los debates del petróleo y su papel en las elecciones de 1928,” Cuadernos de Historia Regional 17/18 (1995): 185–209Google Scholar ; Favaro, Orietta, Morinelli, Martha, and Ragno, María, La intervención del estado en la industria petrolera: El conflicto Salta-Estado Nacional, 1918-1935 (Buenos Aires, 1989)Google Scholar ; Biddle, Nicholas, “Oil and Democracy in Argentina, 1916-1930,” PhD diss., Duke University, 1991Google Scholar ; , Philip, Oil and Politics, 162–81Google Scholar.

⁹ Gadano, Nicolás, Historia del petróleo en la Argentina, 1907-1955: Desde los inicios hasta la caída de Perón (Buenos Aires, 2006)Google Scholar. For an analysis of the long-term changing relations between the Argentine state and YPF, see, Favaro, Orietta, “Estado y empresas públicas: El caso de YPF, 1922-1955,” Estudios Sociales 9 (1999): 57–75Google Scholar.

¹⁰ The hundredth anniversary of oil discovery in Argentina in 2007 brought the publication of several celebratory works on Mosconi, including Aguirre, Gisela et al. , Grandes protagonistas de la historia argentina: Enrique Mosconi (Buenos Aires, 2001)Google Scholar ; Pien, Sandra, Un argentino llamado Mosconi: Un siglo de petróleo en la Argentina y la historia del hombre que lo convirtió en un instrumento para el desarrollo de la Nación (Buenos Aires, 1999)Google Scholar ; Alonso, Jorge and Speróni, José Luis, Mosconi: Petróleo para los argentinos (Buenos Aires, 2007).Google Scholar

¹¹ Salas, Horacio, Centenario del petróleo argentino, 1907-2007 (Buenos Aires, 2007).Google Scholar

¹² Martín, José San, El petróleo y la petroquímica en la Argentina (1914-1983) (Buenos Aires, 2006)Google Scholar ; Ramírez, Mariano, Petróleo: Política, legislación, doctrina (Mendoza, 2003)Google Scholar.

¹³ Marques, Daniel A. Cabral and Crespo, Edda Lía, “Entre petróleo y el carbón: Empresas estatales, trabajadores e identidades sociolaborales en la Patagonia austral, 1907-1976,” in Hecho en Patagonia: La historia en perspectiva regional, ed. Bandieri, Susana, Blanco, Graciela, and Varela, Gladys (Neuquén, Argentina, 2006), 301–47.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Shever, Elana, “Powerful Motors: Kinship, Citizenship and the Transformation of the Argentine Oil Industry,” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2008.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Torres, Susana, “Two Oil Company Towns in Patagonia: European Immigrants, Class, and Ethnicity, 1907-1933,” PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1996.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Carrizo, Gabriel, “Trabajo, petróleo y ruptura populista: Los trabajadores del petróleo en la gobernación militar de Comodoro Rivadavia,” Estudios Digital 2 (2009)Google Scholar. http://www.revistaestudios.unc.edu.ar/articulos02/articulos/carrizo.php, accessed 28 May 2010.

¹⁷ Klein, Herbert, “American Oil Companies in Latin America: The Bolivian Experience,” Inter-American Economic Affairs 18 (Autumn 1964): 47–72Google Scholar ; Klein, Herbert, “The Crisis of Legitimacy and the Origins of Social Revolution: The Bolivian Experience,” Journal of Inter American Studies 10 (1968): 102–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Klein, Herbert, Parties and Political Change in Bolivia, 1880-1952 (Cambridge, U.K., 1969)Google Scholar ; , Philip, Oil and Politics, 193–98Google Scholar , 452-68. Some official histories have also been published by Bolivia's state-owned company Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB), including Rivera, Jaime Augusto, Historia del movimiento sindical petrolero boliviano (La Paz, 1988)Google Scholar ; Castrillo, Hugo, Reseña histórica del petróleo en Bolivia (La Paz, 1986). Other than presenting a general picture of the industry, these works do not contribute much to the historiographyGoogle Scholar.

¹⁸ Spencer, Jayne, “Oil, Politics, and Economic Nationalism in Bolivia, 1899-1942: The Case of the Standard Oil Company of Bolivia,” PhD diss., Los Angeles, 1996.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Other studies with general overviews of the history of Bolivian oil, supported by valuable statistical information, are: Vargas, Augusto, YPFB: Entre nacionalistas y liberales (La Paz, 1996)Google Scholar ; Royuela, Carlos, Cien años de hidocarburos en Bolivia, 1896-1996 (La Paz, 1996)Google Scholar. For a study on indigenous community mobilization in Bolivia against the destruction of the environment by the oil companies in the 1990s, See Hindery, Derrick, “Multinational Oil Corporations in a Neoliberal Era: Enron, Shell, and the Political Ecology of Conflict over the Cuiaba Pipeline in Bolivia's Chiquitania,” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2003Google Scholar.

²⁰ Wirth, John, The Politics of Brazilian Development (Stanford, 1970), 133–216Google Scholar ; Wirth, John, “Setting the Brazilian Agenda, 1936-1953,” in Wirth, Latin American Oil Companies, 103–44Google Scholar ; Smith, Peter S., Oil and Politics in Modern Brazil (Toronto, 1976)Google Scholar ; Smith, Peter, “Petrobras: The Politicizing of a State Company, 1953-1964,” Business History Review 46 (Summer 1972): 182–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For an analysis of the military's role in the nationalist oil program written during the 1990s, See Penna, Lincoln de Abreu, “Petróleo e soberania nacional,” in Petróleo no Brasil: Três ensaios sobre a Petrobras, ed. Souza, Celeste Aparecida Dias e (Rio de Janeiro, 2004)Google Scholar. Another nationalist history is by Cotta, Pery, Opetróleo é nosso? (Rio de Janeiro, 1975)Google Scholar.

²¹ Weis, Michael, “Roots of Estrangement: The United States and Brazil, 1950-1961,” PhD diss., Ohio State University, 1987Google Scholar. A history written by a defender of the monopoly and thus more valuable as a primary source than as a work of historical research is by Miranda, Maria Augusta Tibiriçá, O petróleo é nosso: A luta contrao “entreguismo,” pelo monopólio estatal: 1947-1953, 1953-1981 (Rio de Janeiro, 1983)Google Scholar.

²² Moura, Pedro de and Carneiro, Felisberto, Em busca do petróleo brasileiro (Rio de Janeiro, 1976).Google Scholar

²³ Randall, Laura, The Political Economy of Brazilian Oil (New York, 1993)Google Scholar ; Dias, José Luciano de Mattos and Quaglino, Maria Ana, A questão do petróleo no Brasil: Uma história da Petrobras (Rio de Janeiro, 1993)Google Scholar.

²⁴ Scaletsky, Eduardo Carnos, O patrãoeo petroleiro: Um passeio pela história do trabalho na Petrobras (Rio de Janeiro, 2003).Google Scholar

²⁵ Dantas, Eva and Bell, Martin, “Latecomer Firms and the Emergence and Development of Knowledge Networks: The Case of Petrobras in Brazil,” Research Policy 38 (2009): 829–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁶ Previous short histories of the politics behind the creation of ANCAP were published by Jacob, Raúl, Inversiones extranjeras y petróleo: La crisis de 1929 en el Uruguay (Montevideo, 1979)Google Scholar , and Trias, Vivián, Imperialismo y petróleo en Uruguay (Montevideo, 1963)Google Scholar.

²⁷ Labraga, Alfonso, Núñez, Mario, María, Ana, Rodríguez, and Ruiz, Esther, Energía y política en el Uruguay del siglo XX: Del carbón al petróleo en manos de los trusts, 1900-1930 (Montevideo, 1991)Google Scholar. This monograph was intended to be the first of a two-volume project on the oil history of Uruguay. Unfortunately, the second volume was never published. One of the coauthors wrote an unpublished paper on the relation between ANCAP and the foreign multinationals. See Ana María Rodríguez Ayçaguer, “Las compañías petroleras frente a ANCAP: De la incredulidad al hostigamiento, 1931-1932,” Montevideo, n.d.

²⁸ Nahum, Benjamín et al. , Lo que nos mueve es todo un país, 1931-2006: 75 años de ANCAP (Montevideo, 2006).Google Scholar

²⁹ Rubio, Mar and Bertoni, Reto, eds., Energía y desarrollo en el largo siglo XX: Uruguay en el marco Latinoamericano (Montevideo, 2008)Google Scholar. A similar methodology for comparing the long-term economic decline of Uruguay with the economic rise of Spain is used by Bertoni, Reto, Román, Carolina, and Rubio, Mar, “El desarrollo energético de España y Uruguay en perspectiva comparada: 1860-2000,” Historia Industrial 41 (2009): 161–93Google Scholar.

³⁰ Villalobos, Sergio, Historia de la energía en Chile (Santiago, 1983)Google Scholar ; Zeitlin, Maurice, Ewen, Linda, and Radcliff, Richard, “‘New Princes’ for Old? The Large Corporation and the Capitalist Class in Chile,” American Journal of Sociology 80 (1974): 87–123CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Monteón, Michael, Chile and the Great Depression: The Politics of Underdevelopment, 1927-1948 (Tempe, Az., 1988)Google Scholar ; , Philip, Oil and PoliticsGoogle Scholar.

³¹ Bucheli, Marcelo, “Multinational Corporations, Business Groups, and Economic Nationalism: Standard Oil (New Jersey), Royal Dutch-Shell, and Energy Politics in Chile, 19132005,” Enterprise and Society 11 (2010): 350–99.Google Scholar

³² César Yáñez and José Jofré, “Chile durante la primera globalización: Modernización económica y consumo energetic,” unpublished ms., Barcelona, 2009.

³³ For the long period between colonial times and 1930, See Pedraja, René de la, Historia de la energía en Colombia (Bogotá, 1985)Google Scholar. For oil politics between 1930 and the 1970s, See Pedraja, René de la, Energy Politics in Colombia (Boulder, 1989)Google Scholar. Villegas's, Jorge main works are Petróleo, oligarquía e imperio (Bogotá, 1969)Google Scholar and Petróleo colombiano, ganancia gringa (Bogotá, 1971)Google Scholar.

³⁴ Vega, Renán and Aguilera, Mario, Obreros, colonos y motilones: Una historia social de la Concesión Barco, 1930-1960 (Bogotá, 1995)Google Scholar. Avellaneda, Alfonso, Petróleo, colonización y medio ambiente en Colombia: De la Tora a Cusiana (Bogotá, 1998).Google ScholarIsaza, José F. and Salcedo, Luis, Sucedió en la Costa Atlántica: Los albores de la industria petrolera en Colombia (Bogotá, 1991)Google Scholar ; Ripoll, María Tersa, La actividad comercial de Diego Martínez Camargo, 1890-1937 (Cartagena, 1999)Google Scholar.

³⁵ Castells, Manuel, “Urbanización dependiente en América Latina,” in Urbanización y Dependencia, ed. Schteingart, Martha (Buenos Aires, 1973).Google Scholar

³⁶ Ripoll, María Tersa and Báez, Javier, Desarrollo industrial y cultura empresarial en Cartagena: La Andian National Corporation y la Refinería de Mamonal, 1920-2000 (Bogotá, 2003)Google Scholar ; Murray, Pamela, “Know-How and Nationalism: Colombia's First Geological and Petroleum Experts, c.1940-1970,” The Americas 52 (Oct. 1995): 211–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁷ Rovner, Eduardo Sáenz, Colombia años 50: Industriales, política y diplomacia (Bogotá, 2002).Google Scholar

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³⁹ Bucheli, Marcelo, “Negotiating under the Monroe Doctrine: Weetman Pearson and the Origins of U.S. Control of Colombian Oil,” Business History Review 83 (Autumn 2008): 529–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁰ Bucheli, Marcelo, “Canadian Multinational Corporations and Economic Nationalism: The Case of Imperial Oil Limited in Alberta (Canada) and Colombia, 1899-1938,” Entreprises et Histoire 54 (2009): 67–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Brown, Jonathan also used Standard's internal files for the five pages he wrote on Colombia in “Jersey Standard and Latin American Oil Production,” in Wirth, Latin American Oil Companies, 28–32Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Martz, John D., Politics and Petroleum in Ecuador (New Brunswick, 1987).Google Scholar

⁴² Gerlach, Allen, Indians, Oil, and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador (Wilmington, 2003): 33–50.Google Scholar

⁴³ Murchison, Christopher, “Boom or Bust? A Study of the Ecuadorian Oil Industry and its Effects on the Nation, 1972-1996,” MA thesis, University of New Mexico, 1998.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Gordillo, Ramiro, ¿El oro del Diablo? Ecuador: Historia del petróleo (Quito, 2003)Google Scholar. Official histories published by the Ecuadorian government oil agency include Guerra, Mercy, El petróleo en el Ecuador (Quito, 2009)Google Scholar and , Petroecuador, El petróleo en el Ecuador: Su historia y potencial (Quito, 2002)Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Meyer, Lorenzo, Los grupos de presión extranjeros en el México revolucionario, 19101940 (Mexico City, 1973)Google Scholar ; Basurto, Jorge, El conflicto internacional en torno al petróleo de México (Mexico City, 1976)Google Scholar ; Meyer, Lorenzo, Mexico and the United States in the Oil Controversy, 1917-1942 (Austin, 1977)Google Scholar ; Katz, Friedrich, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981)Google Scholar ; Meyer, Lorenzo, “The Mexican Revolution and the Anglo-American Powers: The End of Confrontation and the Beginning of Negotiation,” working paper, San Diego, 1985Google Scholar ; Meyer, Lorenzo, Su Majestad Británica contra la Revolución Méxicana, 1900-1950: El fin de un imperio informal (Mexico City, 1991)Google Scholar ; Meyer, Lorenzo, “The Expropriation and Great Britain,” in The Mexican Petroleum Industry in the Twentieth Century, ed. Brown, Jonathan and Knight, Alan (Austin, 1992)Google Scholar. For a general history of the oil industry covering political (both international and domestic), economic, and labor issues, See Meyer, Lorenzo and Morales, Isidro, Petróleo y nación: La política petrolera en México (1900-1987) (Mexico City, 1990).Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Brown, Jonathan, Oil and Revolution in Mexico (Berkeley, 1993)Google Scholar ; Brown, Jonathan, “Acting for Themselves: Workers and the Mexican Oil Nationalization,” in Workers' Control in Latin America, 1930-1970, ed. Brown, Jonathan (Chapel Hill, 1997), 45–71Google Scholar ; Brown, Jonathan, “Domestic Politics and Foreign Investment: British Development of Mexican Petroleum, 1889-1911,” Business History Review 61 (Autumn 1987): 387–416CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Brown also analyzed how the Mexican oil industry operated before the expropriation, in Brown, Jonathan, “The Structure of the Foreign-Owned Petroleum Industry in Mexico, 1880-1938,” inGoogle Scholar, Brown and , Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 1–35Google Scholar. Alberto Olvera studied the internal conflicts among oil workers before the expropriation, while Ruth Adler analyzed these conflicts for the post-expropriation period. See Olvera, Alberto, “The Rise and Fall of Union Democracy at Poza Rica, 1932-1940,” inGoogle Scholar, Brown and , Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 63–89Google Scholar ; Adler, Ruth, “Worker Participation in the Administration of the Petroleum Industry, 1938-1940,” inGoogle Scholar, Brown and , Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 129–53Google Scholar. Judith Herrera explains the rise of labor unionism in the oil sector as part of a larger global trend. See Herrera, Judith, Colaboración y conflicto: El sindicato petrolero y el cardenismo (Mexico City, 1998)Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Knight, Alan, “The Politics of the Expropriation,”Google Scholar in , Brown and , Knight, The Mexican Petroleum, 90–128Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ Barbosa, Fabio, “Technical and Economic Problems in the Newly Nationalized Industry,” inGoogle Scholar, Brown and , Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 189–207Google Scholar ; Morales, Isidro, “The Consolidation and Expansion of Pemex, 1947-1958,” inGoogle Scholar, Brown and , Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 208–255Google Scholar ; Morales, Isidro, “Pemex during the 1960s and the Crisis in SelfSufficiency,” inGoogle Scholar, Brown and , Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 233–55Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ Randall, Laura, The Political Economy of Mexican Oil (New York, 1989)Google Scholar ; Durán, Esperanza, “Pemex: The Trajectory of a National Oil Policy,” in Wirth, Latin American Oil Companies, 145–88Google Scholar. A more recent work defending Pemex's economic performance can be found in Batalla, Narciso Bassols, Las etapas de la nacionalización petrolera (Mexico City, 2006)Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Noël Maurer, “The Empire Struck Back: The Mexican Oil Expropriation of 1938 Reconsidered,” Harvard Business School Working Paper 10-108, 2010.

⁵¹ Jayne, Catherine, Oil, War, and Anglo-American Relations (Westport, Conn., 2001).Google Scholar

⁵² Hall, Linda, Oil, Banks, and Politics: The United States and Post-Revolutionary Mexico, 1917-1924 (Austin, 1995)Google Scholar. For a legal history of the expropriation, See Patiño, Javier, La hazaña jurídica petrolera, 1914-1938 (Mexico City, 1990)Google Scholar.

⁵³ Velasco-Ibarra, Enrique, “The Political Economy of Institutional Change in the Mexican Industry,” PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 2002.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Haber, Stephen, Razo, Armando, and Maurer, Noël, The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876-1929 (New York, 2003), 190–235CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Haber, Stephen, Razo, Armando, and Maurer, Noël, “When the Law Does Not Matter: The Rise and Decline of the Mexican Oil Industry,” Journal of Economic History 63 (2003): 1–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁵ A reconstruction of Mexico's trade statistics for the revolutionary period shows that the export boom was not limited to oil, but also included other goods. See Kuntz, Sandra, “The Export Boom of the Mexican Revolution: Characteristics and Contributing Factors,” Journal of Latin American Studies 36 (2004): 267–96Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Rubio, Mar, “‘The Role of Mexico in the First World Oil Shortage: 1918-1922—An International Perspective,” Revista de Historia Económica 24 (2006): 69–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar. This same author also published an analysis of the oil industry's impact on the Mexican economy and how its contemporaries perceived it. See, Rubio, Mar, “Petróleo y economía en México, 1900-1930,” Caeteris Paribus 1 (Mar. 2005): 13–18Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Dewar, Ivonne Carrillo, Industria petrolera y desarrollo capitalista en el norte de Veracruz, 1900-1990 (Mexico City, 1993).Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Elizondo, Roberto Hernández, Empresarios extranjeros, comercio y petróleo en Tampico y la Huasteca, 1890-1930 (Mexico City, 2006).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Santiago, Myrna, The Ecology of Oil: Environment, Labor, and the Mexican Revolution, 1900-1938 (New York, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶⁰ Borda, Joel Álvarez de la, Los orígenes de la industria petrolera en México, 1900-1925 (Mexico City, 2005)Google Scholar ; Andrew Godley, Lisa Bud Frierman, and Judith Wale, “Weetman Pearson in Mexico and the Emergence of a British Oil Major, 1901-1919,” in this issue of Business History Review; Guajardo, Guillermo, “Aprendizajes de innovación y negocios en el petróleo y los ferrocarriles de México, 1952-1992,” in Innovación y empresa: estudios históricos de México, España y América Latina, ed. Guajardo, Guillermo (Mexico City, 2008)Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Aurora Gómez, “The Beginnings of Oil Extraction in Mexico: When Mexican Small Private Companies Ruled,” paper presented at the World Economic History Congress, Utrecht, 2009.

⁶² Davis, Margaret Leslie, Dark Side of Fortune: Triumph and Scandal in the Life of Oil Tycoon Edward L. Doheny (Berkeley, 1998)Google Scholar ; Ansell, Martin R., Oil Baron of the Southwest: Edward L. Doheny and the Development of the Petroleum Industry in California and Mexico (Columbus, 1998)Google Scholar ; Connolly, Priscilla, El contratista de don Porfirio: Obras públicas, deuda, y desarrollo desigual (Mexico City, 1997)Google Scholar.

⁶³ Brown, Jonathan, “Los archivos del petróleo y la revolución mexicana,” América Latina en la Historia Económica 24 (2005): 49–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Tenorio, Mauricio and Gómez, Aurora, El Porfiriato: Herramientas para la historia (Mexico City, 2006)Google Scholar.

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⁶⁵ Pinelo, Adalberto, The Multinational Corporation as a Force in Latin American Politics: A Case Study of the International Petroleum Company in Peru (New York, 1973)Google Scholar ; Thorp, Rosemary and Bertram, Geoffrey, Peru, 1890-1977: Growth and Policy in an Open Economy (New York, 1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁶ Ingram, George, Expropriation of U.S. Property in South America: Nationalization of Oil and Copper Companies in Peru, Bolivia, and Chile (New York, 1974): 19–104Google Scholar. Another detailed study of IPC and other multinationals' political activities can be found in Goodsell, Charles, American Corporations and Peruvian Politics (Cambridge, Mass., 1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁷ Miller, Rory, “Small Business in the Peruvian Oil Industry: Lobitos Oilfields Limited before 1934,” Business History Review 56 (Autumn 1982): 400–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶⁸ Myers, David F. C., “The Evolution of the Peruvian Oil Business and Its Place in the International Petroleum Industry, 1880-1950,” PhD diss., Oxford, 1994Google Scholar. A very critical study of the oil policies of President Alan García, published in 1986, reproduces several primary sources that are useful for historians. See Malpica, Carlos, El Anti Imperialismo del APRA y los contratos petroleros (Lima, 1986)Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ Martinière, Margarita Guerra, ed., Historia del petróleo en el Perú (Lima, 2008).Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Flores, Enrique, “Nacimiento de la industria del petróleo en el Peru (1860-1900),” 103–30Google Scholar ; Candela, Emilio, “Los hidrocarburos en el Perú, (1931-1968), 169–230Google Scholar ; Torres, Víctor, “El gobierno revolucionario de la Fuerza Armada,” 231–70Google Scholar ; Revoredo, Daniel Parodi, “Los hidrocarburos y lo últimos tiempos: Fluctuaciones politicas entre Morales Bermudez y Toledo,” 271–325Google Scholar. These chapters are all included in Guerra Martinière, Historia del petróleo. In another book, Alfonso Quiróz shows how the politics surrounding IPC's operations reflect a long-time corrupt structure in Peru's polities. See , Quiróz, Alfonso, Corrupt Circles: A History of Unbound Graft in Peru (Baltimore, 2008), 277, 306-7, 317-24Google Scholar.

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⁷² Although there are many general sources, one good one is by Izar, Miguel, ed., Política y economía en Venezuela, 1810-1991 (Caracas, 1992)Google Scholar.

⁷³ Lieuwen, Edwin, Petroleum in Venezuela: A History (Berkeley, 1954)Google Scholar ; Tugwell, Franklin, The Politics of Oil in Venezuela (Stanford, 1975)Google Scholar ; Betancourt, Rómulo, Venezuela: Oil and Politics (New York, 1979)Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ McBeth, Brian, Juan Vicente Gómez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela (New York, 1983)Google Scholar. For a study of how the relations between the United States and Venezuela changed with the discovery of oil and were shaped afterward by the oil industry, See Ewell, Judith, Venezuela and the U.S.: From Monroe's Hemisphere to Petroleum Empire (Athens, Ga., 1996)Google Scholar. Jonathan Brown explains that the oil multinationals moved from Mexico to Venezuela in the 1920s as a result of technical problems with extracting oil that the companies faced in Mexico. See Brown, Jonathan, “Why Foreign Oil Companies Shifted Their Production from Mexico to Venezuela in the 1920s,” American Historical Review 90 (1985): 362–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar. In a later study, McBeth argues that the U.S. tariff on Venezuelan oil in 1932 depressed international prices, making Gómez more vulnerable to the decisions of foreign firms. See McBeth, Brian, “Venezuela's Nascent Oil Industry and the 1932 U.S. Tariff on Crude Oil Imports, 1927-1935,” Revista de Historia Económica 27 (2009): 427–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁷⁹ John, Jonathan Di, From Windfall to Curse? Oil and Industrialization in Venezuela, 1920 to the Present (University Park, Md., 2009).Google Scholar

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⁸⁴ A comparison of the political and technical differences between Mexico and Venezuela can also be found in Brown, “Why Foreign Oil Companies.”

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