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²⁷ I owe this point to Ben Wubs.

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³¹ Marketing Magazine (1 Oct. 1967).

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³⁷ Visit to North America, Sir Ernest Woodroofe's Report to the Board, 5 Oct. 1973, Conference of Directors Files, UAL.

³⁸ McKinsey Report, 1973.

³⁹ In 1950 Unilever's sales were $2,087 million and P&G's were $861 million. In 2000 Unilever's sales were $43,680 million and P&G's were $38,125 million.

⁴⁰ The House that Ivory Built, 203.

⁴¹ ”P&G in North America, 1985,” Misc. Competitors: P&G, UAL.

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⁴³ For accounts of the growth of this industry in the United States, see especially Peiss, Kathy, Hope in a Jar (New York, 1998)Google Scholar, and Scranton, Philip, ed., Beauty and Business (New York, 2001).Google Scholar Koehn, Nancy F., Brand New (Boston, 2001)Google Scholar, has a chapter on the growth of Estée Lauder; and Tedlow, Richard S., Giants of Enterprise (New York, 2001)Google Scholar, discusses the early history of Revlon.

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⁶⁹ Memo by Maurice Zinkin to Special Committee on Reporting Arrangements–North America, 5 Feb. 1976, UAL.

⁷⁰ Minutes of the Special Committee, 9 Sept. 1976, UAL.

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⁸² See the chapters by Jim Bamberg and Ty Priest in Jones and Gálvez-Muñoz, eds., Foreign Multinationals.

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⁸⁸ Memo by H. Meij to Special Committee, 20 Jan. 1977, UAR.

⁸⁹ Frank Greenwall, “Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. The Story of National Starch and Chemical Corporation,” n.d.

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