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³ On average, the registers remained in force for over thirty years. Examining interest group influence on subsequent amendments can also provide insights. See O'Brien, D. P., “Competition Policy in Britain: The Silent Revolution,” Antitrust Bulletin no. 27 (Spring 1982): 217–39Google Scholar.

⁴ Fellman and Shanahan, Regulating Competition.

⁵ Our analysis, however, only examines one form of competition legislation.

⁶ Of the thirty-five current members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), fourteen had cartel registers during the twentieth century. The two non-OECD countries with registers after 1945 were India (1969) and Pakistan (1970). Other countries that had cartel registers include Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Italy, and Bulgaria, but these are omitted due to lack of information. Registers in the eastern European countries were abolished after World War II, when these countries became part of the socialist bloc.

⁷ The precise number remains vague, due to delays in reporting legislative changes to international organizations such as United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), together with situations where register legislation may exist but is unenforced.

⁸ Martin Shanahan and Susanna Fellman, “Cartel Registers around the World,” in Fellman and Shanahan, Regulating Competition, 113–32.

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¹⁴ Bertilorenzi, “Legitimising Cartels,” 30–47.

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³⁷ We also tested for the association between economic factors (structure of economy, GDP per capita, etc.) and other factors (such as cultural and legal tradition, geographic region, classifying between coordinated or liberal market economy) and the adoption of a cartel register. We found no clear patterns of association between these and the introduction of register legislation.

³⁸ This approach also allows identification of situations where governments did, or did not, withstand interest group pressure and of groups that were particularly dominant. See Schneider, Gerald and Baltz, Konstantin, “Domesticated Eurocrats: Bureaucratic Discretion in the Legislative Pre-negotiations of the European Union,” Acta Politica 40, no. 1 (2005): 1–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁴⁵ Legislative inclusions and exclusions in each country did not always exactly align with these boundaries, so these categories are somewhat subjective. There are also potential overlaps with some export sectors.

⁴⁶ Edwards, Control of Cartels, 55.

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⁵⁷ Wilhelm Thagaard was a liberal politician, lawyer, and, later, director general of the Norwegian Price Directorate. “Wilhelm Thagaard” Om Norsk biografisk leksikon [Norwegian biographical lexicon], https://meta.snl.no/Om_Norsk_biografisk_leksikon. Sir Garfield Barwick was the attorney general of Australia and later Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia. David Marr, Barwick (Sydney, 2005).

⁵⁸ Hesse and Roelevink, “Cartel Law.”

⁵⁹ Fellman, “Creating the 1957 Cartel Law.”

⁶⁰ Wilks, “Prolonged Reform.”

⁶¹ This occurred in Australia, for example. Shanahan and K. Round, “Creating the ‘Secret Register.’”

⁶² Although involving some judgment, for Norway, we date the initial Trust Commission from 1916; Denmark, Trustlov 1931; Sweden, 1945 Trust Commission (if estimated from the commission's outline of 1936, or approximately 10 years); United Kingdom, Monopolies Commission 1947; Netherlands, 1951 Suspension Act; New Zealand, 1954 Price Tribunal Inquiry; Israel, 1957 Commission; Spain, 1960 Stabilization Plan Program; Australia, Government 1960 policy statement; India, Initial debate 1963; Monopolies Commission Inquiry 1964; Pakistan, 1963 Anti-Cartels Law Study Group; South Korea, 1964.

⁶³ Partially reflecting the original League of Nations’ 1920s perspective. Espen Storli and Andreas Nybo, “Publish or Be Damned? Early Cartel Legislation in USA, Germany and Norway, 1890–1940,” in Fellman and Shanahan, Regulating Competition, 17–29.

⁶⁴ Shanahan and K. Round, “Creating the ‘Secret Register.’”

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