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⁹ Bruggeman, Jan and Camijn, Aart, Ondernemers verbonden: 100 jaar centrale ondernemersorganisaties in Nederland (Wormer, 1999), 166–76.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Officially the law was called Wet op het Algemeen verbindend en onverbindend verklaren van Ondernemersovereenkomsten.

¹¹ Documentation on Business Agreement Act 1930–1935, no. 8530, inv. 2.06.001, National Archives.

¹² Documentation on business agreements and cartels in different European countries, 1934–1935, no. 8704, inv. 2.06.001, National Archives.

¹³ Bruggeman and Camijn, Ondernemers verbonden, 167.

¹⁴ Commission of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, 31–10–1939, no. 3752, inv. 2.06.001, National Archives.

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²⁴ In Germany the criterion for judging a restrictive practice, for example, was not the public interest but restricting competition. In the Netherlands no distinction was drawn between cartel-type agreements and “dominant position” whereas the German law made a distinction between horizontal and vertical agreements, dominant positions, and other restrictions. The German legislation was based on prohibition, whereas the Dutch Economic Competition Act was focused on abuse.

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³² Several explanations on the relation between cartel formation and business cycles coexist. See, for example, Lamoreaux, Naomi, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904 (Cambridge, U.K., 1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Levenstein, Margaret C. and Suslow, Valerie Y., “What Determines Cartel Success?” Journal of Economic Literature 44, no. 1 (2006): 43–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Grossman, Peter Z., ed., How Cartels Endure and How They Fail: Studies of Industrial Collusion (Cheltenham, 2004).Google Scholar

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⁴⁸ New harvesting methods reduced both the production of straw and its usefulness as a raw material. New competitors on the market of packaging materials, by producing substitutes had an equally adverse effect on the existing industry.

⁴⁹ Bouwens, Focus op formaat, 239–64.

⁵⁰ Fear, “Cartels,” 279; De Jong, “Nederland: Kartelparadijs van Europa.”

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⁵⁵ Bergeijk, Peter A. G. van, “On the Allegedly Invisible Dutch Construction Sector Cartel,” Journal of Competition Law and Economics 4 no. 1 (2008): 115–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also the Web site of the NMa: www.nmanet.nl, accessed 25 Sept. 2008.

⁵⁶ Speech of Neelie Kroes, 14 Apr. 2008; see also http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition.