Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T05:13:07.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Image and Reality: The Railway Corporate-State Metaphor*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 June 2012

James A. Ward
Affiliation:
Professor Of History, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga

Abstract

Of the innumerable types of business enterprise that flourished in nineteenth-century America, none was more important than the railroads. For the first time in the national experience they provided relatively cheap, dependable transportation into the heartland and created a national market that prompted the growth of so many other aspects of national endeavor. As railroad leaders built what became America's first big business, they also developed a new self-image and with it a vocabulary drawn from their conception of competition as war. It is this new self-image and the lexicon that went with it that form the subject of this article by James A. Ward.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Sobel, Robert, The Entrepreneurs; Explorations Within the American Business Tradition (New York, 1974), 113Google Scholar; Cochran, Thomas C., “The Legend of the Robber Barons,” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, LXXIV (July 1950), 307321.Google Scholar

2 Charles Elliott Perkins to John Murray Forbes, February 18, 1884, in Cochran, Thomas C., Railroad Leaders, 1845–1890; The Business Mind in Action (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), 436.Google Scholar

3 Boulding, Kenneth, The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society (Ann Arbor, 1961), 6, 54.Google Scholar

4 Mazlish, Bruce, ed., The Railroad and the Space Program: An Exploration in Historical Analogy (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 7Google Scholar; Foucault, Michel, The Order of Things; An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (New York, 1973), xi.Google Scholar

5 Chandler, Alfred D. Jr., The Railroads: The Nations First Big Business (New York, 1965), 9.Google Scholar

6 Hurst, James Willard, The Legitimacy of the Business Corporation in the Law of the United States, 1780–1970 (Charlottesville, 1970), 112Google Scholar; Oscar and Handlin, Mary, “Origins of the American Business Corporation,” Journal of Economic History, V (May 1945), 123CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kessler, William C., “Incorporation in New England: A Statistical Study, 1800–1875,” Journal of Economic History, VIII (May 1948), 2642Google Scholar; Kirkland, Edward C., Men, Cities, and Transportation: A Study in New England History (Cambridge, 1948), II, 426453Google Scholar; Jenks, Leland, “Early History of a Railway Orgainzation,” Business History Review, XXXV (Autumn 1961), 153179CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chandler, Alfred D. Jr, “The Railroads: Pioneers in Modern Corporate Management,” Business History Review, XXXIX (Spring 1965), 1640CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chandler, Alfred D. Jr, “The Beginnings of ‘Big Business’ in American Industry,” Business History Review, XXXIII (Spring 1959), 131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 Alfred Chandler and Stephen Salsbury, “The Railroads; Innovator in Modern Business Administration,” in Mazlish, ed., The Railroad and Space Program, 158–159; Perkins, “Memorandum of Organization,” 1875, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 430; M. L. Sykes to A. Keep, December 17, 1883, in Grodinsky, Julius, The Iowa Pool: A Study in Railroad Competition, 1870–84 (Chicago, 1950), 159.Google Scholar

8 Forbes to Peter Geddes, September 1, 1885, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 340; Perkins to Robert Harris, April 7, 1871, ibid., 429; Grodinsky, Iowa Pool, 154.

9 Klein, Maury, “The Strategy of Southern Railroads,” The American Historical Review, LXXIII (April 1968), 1067Google Scholar; Reynolds, Anna J., “The John Edgar Thomson School: The Past, Present, and Future” (unpublished mss, Thomson Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), 2.Google Scholar James Joy to John C. Green, July 13, 1869, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 368.

10 Grodinsky, Julius, Transcontinental Railway Strategu, 1H69–1H93: A Study of Businessmen (Philadelphia, 1962), 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11 H. B. Thielson to Henry Villard, July 25, 1879, in Hedges, James B., Henry Villard und the Railways of the Northwest (New York, 1930), 62Google Scholar; Stuyvesant Fish to James C. Clarke, February 4, 1885, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 318; Perkins to Forbes, June 29, 1879, Railroad Leaders, 432.

12 John W. Garrett to Thomas A. Scott, May 23, 1877, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Papers (Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore).

13 John King to Garrett, July 12, 1875, B&O Papers; Garrett to King, July 28, 1878, ibid.; Scott to Garrett, April 2, 1877, ibid.; reported in Sykes to Joy, August 3, 1870, in Grodinsky, Iowa Pool, 16; Joy to John Newell, March 27, 1871, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 368; Forbes to David Dows, March 15, 1877, Railroad Leaders, 335; King to Garrett, March 20, 1875, B&O Papers.

14 King to Garrett, January 30, 1878, B&O Papers; King to Garrett, January ?, 1878, B&O Papers.

15 Alexander J. Cassatt to King, March 20, 1878; Garrett to King, April 19, 1878; William H. Vanderbilt to Garrett, April 24, 1878; Garrett to King, May 23, 1878, B&O Papers.

16 King to Garrett, July 12, 1878; Garrett to King, July 28, 1878; Vanderbilt to King, August 2, 1878; King to Scott, September 14, 1878, B&O Papers.

17 M. H. Smith to Garrett, April 17, 1879, George B. Roberts to Garrett, April 21, 1879, B&O Papers; Minutes of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad, May 28, 1879 (Office of the Secretary of the Penn Central Railroad, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

18 King to J. N. Camden, November 5, 1877, B&O Papers; William K. Ackerman to L. V. F. Randolph, October 17, 1878, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 240; Garrett to Scott, May 24, 1877, B&O Papers; Adams, Charles F., Railroads: Their Origins and Problems (New York, 1878), 194.Google Scholar

19 King to Garrett, February 2, 1875, B&O Papers; PRR Board Minutes, May 28, 1879; Brooks to Thomas Doane, August 14, 1872, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 280; Forbes to Lucius Tuckerman, February 14, 1880, Railroad Leaders, 338; Kimball to Everett Gray, February 25, 1885, Railroad Leaders, 373.

20 King to Garrett, January 12, 1874; King to Garrett, June 19, 1874, B&O Papers.

21 Perkins to J. M. Walker, November 11, 1875, in Grodinsky, Iowa Pool, 95; Collis P. Huntington to Charles Colton, October 23, 1876, in Ellen Cotton vs. Leland Stanford et al. in Superior Court of State of California in and for the County of Sonoma, 1883, III, 1739; Ackerman to Randolph, November 22, 1881, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 244; Ackerman to Amos L. Hopkins, November 27, 1882, Railroad Leaders, 245; John H. Devereux to Horace Clark, September 19, 1871, Railroad Leaders, 313; Robert Harris to Schuyler Colfax, March 13, 1877, Railroad Leaders, 350.

22 Ackerman to Randolph, November 22, 1881, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 244; Frederick Billings to Villard, March 14, 1881, in Hedges, Villard, 85; J. F. Barnard to Joy, April 12, 1873, in Grodinsky, Iowa Pool, 35; Sykes to A. Keep, October 16, 1875, Iowa Pool, 96; Edgar T. McLees? to Garrett, August 24, 1877, B&O Papers.

23 Ackerman to Randolph, November 22, 1881, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 244; John Griswold to Perkins, January 9, 1884, ibid., 346; Address of Herman Haupt to Convention of Southern Railroad and Steamship Lines, September 25, 1875, The Railway World, 630; PRR Board Minutes, May 28, 1879; Fink, Henry, Regulation of Railway Rates on Interstate Freight Traffic (New York, 1905), 12Google Scholar; Joy to William P. Burrall, January 26, 1854, Railroad Leaders, 365; Scott to Joy, April 25, 1874, in Grodinsky, Iowa Pool, 42; Garrett to Scott, June 2, 1877, B&O Papers; Harris to Colfax, March 13, 1877, Railroad Leaders, 350.

24 Garrett to King, June 6, 1877, B&O Papers; Garrett to Scott, September 9, 1876, B&O Papers; Garrett to Scott, May 24, 1877, B&O Papers; Richard Potter to Garrett, September 4, 1876, B&O Papers; G. Tyson to Perkins, April 23, 1877, in Grodinsky, Iowa Pool, 81, italics in original.

25 Henry Fink, Railway Rates, 11; James C. Clarke to William Osborn, December 20, 1879, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 294; Adams, Railroads, 191.

26 Summary of peace procedures trom B&O Correspondence 1873–1881.

27 Memorandum of Agreement made this 8th day of June 1877, B&O Papers; Henry Fink, Railway Rates, 15, 10.

28 Ledyard to James Clements, November 21, 1888, in Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 404; Henry Fink, Railway Rates, 27.

29 Klein, Maury, “In Search of Jay Gould,” Business History Review, LII (Summer 1978), 184185Google Scholar, notes this duality of tendencies in Gould.

30 Martin, Albro, Enterprise Denied: Origins of the Decline of American Railroads, 1897–1917 (New York, 1971)Google Scholar chronicles the consequences accompanying the death of the corporate-state image.