¹ Although the agricultural sector played an important role in the industrialization of Asian countries, I will not refer to works in this important field.

² Skinner, G. W., ed., Modern Chinese Society: An Analytical Bibliography, 1. Publications in Western Languages 1644–1972 (Stanford, 1973)Google Scholar; Gordon, L. H. D. and Shulman, F. J., eds. Doctoral Dissertations on China: A Bibliography of Studies in Western Languages, 1945–1970 (Seattle, 1972).Google ScholarRosovsky, H. and Yamamura, K., “Entrepreneurial Studies in Japan: An Introduction,” Business History Review, 44 (Spring, 1970).CrossRefGoogle ScholarTsurumi, Y., Japanese Business: A Research Guide with Annotated Bibliography. (New York, 1978)Google Scholar; Sumiya, M. and Taira, K., An Outline of Japanese Economic History 1603–1940: Major Works and Research Findings (Tokyo, 1979).Google Scholar Also see Yoshihara, K., Japanese Economic Development (Oxford, 1979).Google Scholar

³ Fairbank, J. K. and Liu, K. C., eds, The Cambridge History of China, Vol. II, Late Ch'ing 1800–1911 (Cambridge, England, 1978).Google ScholarMathias, P. and Postan, M. M., eds., The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour and Enterprise (Cambridge, England, 1978).Google Scholar

⁴ Feuerwerker, A., “Economic Trends in the late Ch'ing Empire 1870–1911” in Fairbank, and Liu, , Late Ch'ing, and China's Early Industrialization (Cambridge, Mass., 1958)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. W. K. K. Chan, “Government, Merchant and Industry to 1911” in Fairbank and Liu, Late Ch'ing. Hou, C. and Yu, T., eds., Modern Chinese Economic History (Taipei, 1979).Google Scholar See Chang, J. K., Industrial Development in Pre-Communist China (Chicago, 1969)Google Scholar; King, F. H. H., A Concise Economic History of Modern China (New York, 1969).Google Scholar K. Ohkawa and H. Rosovsky, “Capital Formation in Japan,” in Mathias and Postan, eds., Industrial Economies. 134–165. See Lockwood, W. W., The Economic Development in Japan: Growth and Structural Change, 1868–1938 (Princeton, 1954)Google Scholar; Rosovsky, H., Capital Formation in Japan, 1868–1940 (Glencoe, Illinois, 1961)Google Scholar; Klein, L. and Ohkawa, K., eds., Economic Growth: The Japanese Experience since the Meiji Era (New Haven, 1968).Google Scholar K. Yamamura, “Entrepreneurship, Ownership, and Management in Japan” in Mathias and Postan, eds., Industrial Economies, 215–264, and “A Re-examination of Entreprenuership in Meiji Japan,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser Vol. 31 (1968); Allen, G. C., The Industrialization of the Far East: I. Japan and Manchuria in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 6 Part I (Cambridge, England, 1965).Google ScholarHorie, Y., “Modern Entrepreneurship in Meiji Japan,” in Lockwood, W. W., ed., The State and Economic Enterprise in Japan (Princeton, 1965).Google Scholar K. Taira, “Factory Labour and the Industrial Revolution in Japan,” in Mathias and Postan, eds., Industrial Economies, 166–214, Chung-p'ing, Y. et al., Selected Statistical Material on Modern Chinese Economic History (Shanghai, 1955)Google Scholar; Liang-lin, Hsias, China's Foreign Trade Statistics, 1864–1949 (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar K. Ohkawa, M. Shinohara, and M. Umemura, eds., Estimates on Long-Term Economic Statistics of Japan since 1868. Twelve volumes have been published besides two forthcoming volumes. Ohkawa, K. and Shinohara, M., eds., Patterns of Japanese Economic Development: A Quantitative Appraisal (New Haven, 1979).Google Scholar

⁵ Up to now eight volumes of proceedings, edited by K. Nakagawa and others, have been published in Tokyo. Hirschmeier, J. and Yui, T., The Development of Japanese Business, 1600–1973 (London, 1981).Google ScholarOhkochi, K., Labour in Modern Japan (Tokyo, 1958)Google Scholar; Sumiya, M., Social Impact in Industrialization in Japan (Tokyo, 1963).Google ScholarTaira, K., Economic Development and the Labour Market in Japan (New York, 1970)Google Scholar; “Factory Legistration and Management Modernization during Japan's Industrialization 1868–1916,” Business History Review, 44 (Spring, 1970); “Education and Literacy in Meiji Japan: An Interpretation”, Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 8, No. 4 (1971); “The Characteristics of Japanese Labour Markets,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1962). Levine, S. B. and Kawada, H., Human Resources in Japanese Industrial Development (Princeton, 1980).Google Scholar

⁶ Liang-lin, H., China's Foreign Trade Statistics 1864–1949 (Cambridge, England, 1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; N. Chen, “China's Balance of Payments: The Experience of Financing a Long-term Trade Deficit in the Twentieth Century,” in Hou and Yu eds., Modern Chinese Economic History, See a number of works written by Patrick, H., especially, “Japan, 4868–1914,” in Cameron, R. E., ed., Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization (New York, 1967).Google Scholar There is no room to refer to all the debates on imperialism. See C. B. Davis's article in this issue; Lairaes, D., “Some Thoughts on the Nature of Economic Imperialism,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 21, No. 4 (1961)Google Scholar; Kaufman, B. I., “The Organizational Dimension of United States Economic Foreign Policy, 1900–1920,” Business History Review, 46 (Spring, 1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hunt, M. H., “Americans in the China Market: Economic Opportunities and Economic Nationalisms, 1890s-1931,” Business History Review, 51 (Autumn, 1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷ Cheng, Yu-Kwei, Foreign Trade and Industrial Development of China (Washington, D.C. 1956).Google ScholarHou, Chiming, Foreign Investment and Economic Development in China (Cambridge, Mass., 1965)Google Scholar and “Economic Dualism: The Case of China, 1840–1937,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 23 No. 3 (1963). Dernberger, R. F., “The Role of the Foreigner in China's Economic Development, 1840–1949,” in Perkins, D. H., ed., China's Modern Economy in Historical Perspective (Stanford, 1975).Google Scholar D. H. Perkins, “Introduction: The Persistence of the Past,” in Perkins, ed., Ibid.

⁸ Lee, F. E., Currency, Banking and Finance in China (Washington, D.C. 1926).Google ScholarHamashita, T., “The International Financial Relations behind the 1911 Revolution,” Paper for International Conference on the 1911 Revolution: Commemorating The 70th Anniversary, 1981Google Scholar. The proceedings are to be published. Tamagna, F. M., Banking and Finance in China (New York, 1942).Google Scholar

⁹ Remer, C. F., Foreign Investments in China (New York, 1933).Google ScholarField, F. V., American Participation in the China Consortiums (Chicago, 1931).Google ScholarCoons, A. G., The Foreign Public Debt of China (Philadelphia 1930).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ Campbell, S., Special Business Interests and the Open Door (New Haven, 1951)Google Scholar; Novack, D. E. and Simon, M., “Commercial Responses to the American Export Invasion, 1871–1914: An Essay in Attitudinal History,” Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 2nd ser., Vol. 3 No. 2 (1966)Google Scholar; Varg, P. A., “The Myth of China Market, 1890–1914,” American Historical Review, Vol. 73, No. 3 (1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Platt, D. C. M., Finance, Trade and Politics in British Foreign Policy 1815–1914 (Oxford, 1968)Google Scholar; Young, M. B., The Rhetoric of Empire (Cambridge, Mass., 1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Healey, D., U.S. Expansionism (Madison, 1970)Google Scholar; Nathan, A. J., “Imperialism's Effects on China,” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, No. 4 (1972)Google Scholar; Cohen, W. I., America's Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations (New York, 1971)Google Scholar; Hunt, M. H., Frontier Defense and the Open Door (New Haven 1973)Google Scholar; Becker, W. H., “American Manufacturers and Foreign Markets, 1870–1900: Business Historians and the ‘New Economic Determinist’,” Business History Review, 47 (Winter, 1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Best, G. J., “Idea without Capital: James H. Wilson and East Asia, 1885–1910,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar For Great Britain in the same period, see Nish, I. H., The Anglo-Japanese Alliance: The Diplomacy of Two Island Empires, 1894–1907 (London, 1966).Google Scholar

Pugach, N., “Progress, Prosperity and Open Door: The Ideas and Career of Paul S. Reinsch”, (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1967)Google Scholar and “Making the Open Door Work: Paul S. Reinsch in China, 1913–1919,” Pacific Historical Reviews, Vol. 38 (1969); Cahn, H. D., “William Straight and the Great Game of Empire,” in Merli, F. J. and Wilson, D. A., eds., Makers of American Diplomacy (New York, 1974).Google Scholar

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Paterson, T. G., “American Businessmen and Consular Service Reform, 1890 to 1906,” Business History Review, 40 (Spring, 1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ponko, V. Jr, “The Colonial Office and British Business before World War I: A Case Study,” Business History Review, 43 (Spring 1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar Also see Schmeckbier, L. F. and Weber, G. A., The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce: Its History, Activities, and Organization (Baltimore, 1924)Google Scholar and recent special edition of Business History, Consular Reports, Business History, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1981)

¹¹ Kent, P. H. B., Railway Enterprise in China (London, 1907)Google Scholar; Hsu, M. C., Railway Problems in China (New York, 1915).Google ScholarSun, E-Tu Z., Chinese Railways and British Interests, 1898–1911 (New York, 1954).Google ScholarPu, Shu, “The Consortium Reorganization Loan to China, 1911–1914” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1950)Google Scholar; Lorraine, M. V., “American Merchants of Capital in China: The Second Chinese Banking Consortium” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1968)Google Scholar; Chan, A. B., “British Policy in the Reorganization Loan to China 1912–13,” Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chan, A. B., “The Consortium System in Republican China 1912–1913,” Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 6, No. 3 (1977).Google Scholar

¹² Vevier, C., The United States and China 1906–1913: A Study of Finance and Diplomacy (New Brunswick, 1955)Google Scholar and “American Continentalism: The History of an Idea 1845–1919,” American Historical Review, Vol. 65, No. 2 (1960). Also see Parrini, C. P., Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916–1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969)Google Scholar; Wilson, J. H., American Business and Foreign Policy, 1919–1933 (Lexington, 1971).Google Scholar On rivalry and contacts, see, Edwards, E. W., “Great Britain and the Manchurian Railways Question, 1909–1910,” English Historical Review, Vol. 81 (1966)Google Scholar and “The Origins of British Financial Co-operation with France in China, 1903–6,” English Historical Review, Vol. 86 (1971); Chi, M., “Shanghai-Hangchow-Ningpo Railway Loan: A Case Study of the Rights Recovery Movement,” Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1973).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

See the following articles in the context of conflicting interests: K. C. Liu, “British-Chinese Steamship Rivalry in China, 1873–1885,” in Cowan, C. D., ed., The Economic Development of China and Japan (London, 1964)Google Scholar, and Anglo-American Steamship Rivalry in China 1862–1874 (Cambridge Mass., 1962); Pugach, N. H., “American Shipping Promoters and the Shipping Crisis of 1914–1916,” American Neptune, No. 35 (1975).Google Scholar

Lorence, J. J., “The American Asiatic Association, 1898–1925” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1970)Google Scholar and “Coordinating Business Interest and the Open Door Policy” in Israel, J., ed., Building the Organizational Society (New York, 1972).Google ScholarBraisted, W. R., “The United States and the American China Development Company,” Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1952).CrossRefGoogle ScholarScheiber, H. N., “World War I as Entrepreneurial Opportunity: Willard Straight and the American International Corporation,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 84, No. 3 (1969)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mazuzan, G. T., “‘Our New Gold Goes Adventuring’: The American International Corporation in China,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 43, No. 2 (1974).CrossRefGoogle ScholarDayer, R. A., “Strange Bedfellows: J. P. Morgan & Co., Whitehall and the Wilson Administration during World War I,” Business History, Vol. 18, No. 2 (1976).CrossRefGoogle ScholarDayer, R. A., “Bankers and Diplomats in China 1917–1925” (London, 1981).Google Scholar

¹³ Davis, C. B., “Limits of Effacement: Britain and the Problem of American Cooperation and Competition in China, 1915–1917,” Pacific Historical Review Vol. 48, No. 1 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴ W. R. Braisted, “The U.S. and the American China Development Company.” Pugach, N. H., “Standard Oil and Petroleum Development in Early Republican China,” Business History Review, 45 (Winter, 1971).CrossRefGoogle ScholarBraisted, W. R., “China, The United States Navy, and the Bethlehem Steel Company, 1909–1929,” Business History Review, 42 (Spring, 1968).CrossRefGoogle ScholarHunt, M. H., “Americans in the China Market: Economic Opportunities and Economic Nationalism, 1890s-1931,” Business History Review, 51 (Autumn, 1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵ Quested, R., The Russo-Chinese Bank: A Multinational Financial Base of Tsarism in China (Birmingham, 1977).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Collins, W. F., Mineral Enterprise in China (Tientsin, 1922)Google Scholar; Dzen, T. Y., Das Bankwesen in China: Ein Beitrag zur Organisation und den Problemen der inlandischen und auslandischen Banken in China (Berlin, 1927)Google Scholar; King, S. T. and Lieu, D. K., China's Cotton Industry: A Statistical Study of Ownership of Capital, Output, and Labour Conditions (Shanghai, 1929)Google Scholar, reprinted in Problems of the Pacific, 1929 (Chicago, 1930); Hsieh, C. Y. and Chu, M. C., Foreign Interest in the Mining Industry in China (Shanghai, 1931)Google Scholar; Fong, H. D., Cotton Industry and Trade in China, 2 vols. (Tientsin, 1932)Google Scholar and, Industrial Capital in China (Tientsin, 1936); Hall, R. O., The Chinese National Banks from their Founding to the Moratorium (Berlin, 1921)Google Scholar; Lieu, D. K., The Growth and Industrialization of Shanghai (Shanghai, 1936)Google Scholar; Chen, G., Tso Tsung-t'ang: Pioneer Promoter of the Modern Dockyard and the Woollen Mill in China (Peiping, 1938).Google Scholar

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Feuerwerker, A., “Industrial Enterprise in Twentieth-century China,” in Feuerwerker, et al., eds., Approaches to Modern Chinese History (Berkeley, 1967)Google Scholar; MaCall, D. H., “Chang Chien: Mandarin turned Manufacturer,” Papers on China, No. 2 (1948)Google Scholar; Carlson, E. C., The Kaiping Mines, 1877–1912, (Cambridge, Mass., 1957)Google Scholar; Hao, Yen-P'ing, The Comprador in Nineteenth-century China (Cambridge, Mass., 1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; A. Feuerwerker, “China's Nineteenth Century Industrialization: the Case of the Hanyehping Coal and Iron Company Limited,” in C. D. Cowan, ed., The Economic Development of China and Japan; Feuerwerker, A., China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsuan-huai and Mandarin Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1958)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stanley, C. J., Late Ch'ing Finance: Hu Kuang-Yung As an Innovator (Cambridge, Mass. 1963)Google Scholar; Chu, S. C., Reformer in Modern China: 1853–1926 (New York, 1965)Google Scholar; Bastid, M., Aspect de la reforme de l'enseignement en Chine au début du XX siècle (Paris, 1971).Google ScholarWillmott, W. E., ed., Economic Organization in Chinese Society (Stanford, 1972)Google Scholar also contains a couple of interesting historical articles.

¹⁷ Lockwood, S. C., Augustine Heard and Company, 1858–1862: American Merchant in China (Cambridge, Mass., 1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Feuerwerker, A., “Industrial Enterprise in Twentieth-Century China: The Chee Hsin Cement Co.,” in Feuerwerker, et al., eds., Approaches to Modern Chinese History (Berkeley, 1967).Google Scholar A couple of prominent firms have so far been paid attention. A worldwide project on writing the history of Shanghai Hong Kong Bank is in steady progress. Jardine Matheson & Co., An Outline of the History of a China House for a Hundred Years 1832–1932 (Hong Kong, 1932)Google Scholar; LeFevour, E., Western Enterprise in the Late Chi'ing China: A Selective Survey of Jardine, Matheson and Company's Operations, 1842–1895 (Cambridge Mass., 1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Drage, C., Taikoo (London, 1970)Google Scholar; Cochran, S. G., “Big Business in China: Sino-American Rivalry in the Tobacco Industry, 1890–1930” (Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1975)Google Scholar; Collis, M., The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation: A Study of East Asia's Transformation, Political, Financial, and Economic during the last Hundred Years (London, 1965)Google Scholar; McLean, D., “British Banking and Government in China: the Foreign Office and the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, 1895–1914” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 197- [n.d.]).Google Scholar

See the following article, although it is not a historical work. B. E. Ward, “A Small Factory in Hong Kong: Some Aspects of its Internal Organization,” in W. E. Willmott, ed., Economic Organization.

¹⁸ Morikawa, H., “The Organizational Structure of the Mitsubishi and Mitsui Zaibatsu, 1868–1922: A Comparative Study,” Business History Review, 44 (Spring, 1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Yui, T., “The Personality and Career of Hikojiro Nakamigawi, 1887–1901,” Business History Review, 44 (Spring, 1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar H. Nakamigawa was a head of Mitsui zaibatsu. See also Roberts, J. G., Mitsui: Three Centuries of Japanese Business (New York, 1973).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Allen, G. C. and Donnithome, A. G., Western Enterprise in Far Eastern Economie Development: China and Japan (London, 1954).Google Scholar See Lockwood, W. W., “Japan's Response to the West: The Contrast with China,” World Politics, Vol. 9 (1956)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Perkins, D. H., “Government as an Obstacle to Industrialization: The Case of Nineteenth-Century China,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 27, No. 4 (1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nakagawa, K., “Business Strategy and Industrial Structure in Pre-World-War-II Japan,” in Nakagawa, , ed., Strategy and Structure of Big Business: the Proceedings of the First Fuji Conference (Tokyo, 1976).Google Scholar C. D. Cowan, ed., The Economic Development of China and Japan; Levy, M. J. Jr, “Contrasting Factors in the Modernization of China and Japan,” in Kuznets, S. et al., eds. Economic Growth: Brasil, India, Japan (Durham, 1955).Google ScholarChin, R., Management, Industry, and Trade in Cotton Textiles (New Haven, 1965)Google Scholar; Koh, S. J., Stages of Industrial Development in Asia: A Comparative History of the Cotton Industry in Japan, India, China, Korea (Philadelphia, 1966).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁰ Lieu, D. K., the Silk Industry of China (Shanghai, 1941)Google Scholar; E. Z. Sun, “Sericulture and Silk Textile Production in Ch'ing China,” in W. E. Willmott, ed. Economic Organization; M. Shih, “Production and Trade of Silk in the Late Ch'ing Period, 1843–1911,” in Hou and Yu, eds., Modern Chinese Economic History; Eng, R. Y., “Imperialism and the Chinese Economy: The Canton and Shanghai Silk Industry 1861–1932” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1978)Google Scholar; Henmi, K., “Primary Product Exports and Economic Development: the Case of Silk,” in Ohkawa, K. et al., eds., Agriculture and Economic Growth: Japan's Experience (Princeton, 1970).Google ScholarLi, L. M., China's Silk Trade: Traditional Industry in the Modern World 1842–1937 (Cambridge, Mass., 1981).CrossRefGoogle ScholarSmith, T. C., The Agrarian Origin of Modern Japan (Stanford, 1958)Google Scholar and Political Change and Industrial Development in Japan: Government Enterprise, 1868–1880 (Stanford, 1955). Kiyokawa, Y., “Senzen Chugoku no Sanshigyo ni kansuru Jakkan no Kosatsu” (Some Observations on Silk Reeling Industry in pre-Second-World-War China), Keizai Kenkyu, Vol. 26, No. 3 (1975)Google Scholar, “Seishi Gijutsu no Denpa Fukyu ni tsuite” (The Diffusion of Silk-Reeling Technology), Keizai Kenkyu, Vol. 28, No. 4 (1977), and “Sanpinshu no Kairyo to Fukyu Denpa” (The Improvements in Silkworm Quality and Their Diffusion), Keizai Kenkyu, Vol. 31, No. 1–2 (1980).

²¹ Bellah, R. N., Tokugawa Religion: The Values of Pre-industrial Japan (Glencoe, Ill., 1957)Google Scholar; Hirschmeier, J., The Origins of Entrepreneurship in Meiji Japan (Cambridge, Mass., 1964)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Marshall, B. K., Capitalism and Nationalism in Prewar Japan: The Ideology of the Business Elite, 1868–1941 (Stanford, 1967).Google ScholarDore, R. P., Education in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley, 1965)Google Scholar and British Factory-Japanese Factory: The Origins of National Diversity in Industrial Relations (Berkeley, 1973); K. Yamamura, “Compromise with Culture: Transformation of Japanese Managerial Systems,” in H. F. Williamson, ed., Managerial Strategies (Wilmington 1974). Major works have been written in Japanese by Hazama, H., “Historical Changes in the Life Style of Industrial Workers,” in Patrick, H., ed., Japanese Industrialization and its Social Consequences (Berkeley, 1976)Google Scholar and by Tsuda, M., “Study of Japanese Management Development Practices,” Histotsubashi Journal of Social Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1; Vol. 10, No. 1; Vol. 11, No. 1 (1977–1978)Google Scholar, Histotsubashi Journal of Arts ir Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1977); and “The Formation and Characteristics of Work Group in Japan,” in Nakagawa, K., ed., Labour and Management (Tokyo, 1979).Google Scholar

²² See Smith, T. C., Agrarian Origins and Political Change (Stanford, 1959).Google ScholarRenis, G., “The Community-centered Entrepreneur in Japanese Development,” Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, Vol. I, No. 2 (1955)Google Scholar. My own view is that in a modern business, welfare and charity are separated but in the precorporate period both were united; at the time of Noda associates both activities existed together in the name of the associates, so not all of them were necessarily charitable and philanthropic. It has to be emphasized that during this stage the charity was performed not on a personal but on an associates' level, and that besides pure charity large amounts of money were contributed under their auspices and in their name to found railways, a bank, laboratory, warehouse, and a hospital which were more or less connected with soy sauce manufacturing. A personal foundation like the Noda Charitable Society must, however, be separated from contributions such as those made in the name of the associates. The fact is that even after entering the corporate period, Noda company still long remained an “entrepreneurial enterprise.” What was the primary driving force behind the change from charity to paternalism if the change necessarily emerged with the formation of the company? Strictly speaking, the comparison of Noda associates with Carnegie Steel and National Cash Register is not really appropriate, because both American firms, although “entrepreneurial,” were corporations.

²³ Hannah, L., ed., Management Strategy and Business Development: An Historical and Comparative Study (London, 1976)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chandler, A. D. Jr, and Daems, H., eds., Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1980)Google Scholar; Chandler, A. D. Jr, “The Growth of the Transnational Industrial Firm in the United States and the United Kingdom: A Comparative Study,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., Vol. 33, No. 3 (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Horn, N. and Kocka, J., eds., Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen im 19, und fruhen 20 Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1979)Google Scholar, Needless to say, a number of economic historians have been greatly interested in comparative studies for a long time.

²⁴ The goal of the past and future Fuji International Conferences, which are held annually in Japan, is to further comparative studies by putting the history of Japanese management into an international perspective. There is no room here to mention the achievements of these conferences, but it has to be admitted that they have clarified many points of interest or difficulty for comparative studies. At the Fourth Conference, for instance, foreign participants pointed out that some features of Japanese labor management during the period before World War II are not confined to Japan. Presumably they are right, and we must proceed with detailed comparative studies. Nakagawa, K., ed., Labour and Labour Management (Tokyo, 1979).Google Scholar

²⁵ I have given attention to these points in a comparison of the growth of cotton spinning firms in the U.K., U.S.A., India, and Japan, 1884–1936. See Yonekawa, S., “The Growth of Cotton Spinning Firms: A Comparative Study,” in Ohkochi, A. and Yonekawa, S., eds., Textile Industry and Business Climate: Proceedings of the Eighth Fuji Conference (Tokyo, 1982).Google Scholar