Article contents
Creating Knowledge Networks: Spanish Multinational Publishers in Mexico
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 May 2012
Abstract
Unlike the majority of Spanish multinationals, which have developed only recently, firms in the publishing industry became international in the early twentieth century and have managed to hold on to much of their business, despite the instability of their own institutional systems and those of their principal host economies. Today, the Spanish publishing industry ranks fourth in the world, and its foreign markets continue to grow in North America, Europe, Latin America, and, most critically, in Mexico. The internationalization of Spanish publishing firms was fueled initially by a search for new markets and by linguistic and cultural advantages. With the passage of time, the process came to be built on accumulated knowledge and on the personal and social networks created by Spanish publishers, both inside and outside Spain.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College 2012
References
The author wishes to thank Núria Puig for her intellectual support during my research and her generous help in the execution of the article. Financial support by Fundación Serra and Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (project SEJ2006-15151) is gratefully acknowledged. I am indebted to María Inés Barbero, Carlos Marichal, Josep Tàpies, Jaime Salinas (of Alfaguara and Seix Barral), Mónica and Gabriel Gili (of Gustavo Gili), Hans Meinke, Leandro Sagástizabal (currently general manager of Argentina's Fondo de Cultura Económica), Carlos Ortega Núñez (FEDECALI—Spanish Federation of Book Chambers), Alberto Díaz (general manager of Emecé), and especially to José Manuel Lara (chairman of Planeta Group), Emiliano Martinez, and Pancho Pérez González (founder of Santillana-PRISA). I would also like to thank the anonymous referees for their helpful comments. Of course, all errors remain my own.
1 United Nations, 2003. Obviously, these data vary from year to year, but Spain has consistently held the fourth or fifth position.
2 Dunning, John H., American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry (London, 1958)Google Scholar; Vernon, Raymond, “International Investment and International Trade in the Product Life Cycle,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 80 (1966): 190–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises (New York, 1971)Google Scholar.
3 Wilkins, Mira, The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970)Google Scholar; and The Growth of Multinationals (Aldershot, 1991)Google Scholar; Chandler, Alfred D. Jr., Leviathans: Multinational Corporations and the New Global History (Cambridge, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jones, Geoffrey, British Multinationals: Origins, Management and Performance (Aldershot, 1986)Google Scholar; The Evolution of International Business (London, 1996)Google Scholar; Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Oxford, 2002)Google Scholar; and Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century (New York, 2005)Google Scholar; Casson, Mark, Economics of International Business: A New Research Agenda (Cheltenham, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dunning, John H., “Explaining Changing Patterns of International Production: In Defense of the Eclectic Theory,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics (Nov. 1979): 269–96Google Scholar, and “The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production: A Restatement and Some Possible Extensions,” Journal of International Business Studies 19 (1988): 1–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Narula, Rajneesh, Multinational Investment and Economic Structure: Globalization and Competitiveness (London, 1996)Google Scholar.
4 Guillén, Mauro and García-Canal, Esteban, The New Multinationals: Spanish Firms in a Global Context (Cambridge, U.K., 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
5 Ibid.
6 Among the other economists and business analysts who have tackled the subject are the following: Durán, Juan José, Multinacionales españolas en Iberoamérica: Valor estratégico (Madrid, 1999)Google Scholar; Durán, Juan José, La empresa multinacional española: Estrategias y ventajas competitivas (Madrid, 2005)Google Scholar; Alonso, José Antonio, Competir en el exterior: La empresa española y los mercados internacionales (Madrid, 1998)Google Scholar; Alonso, José Antonio and Donoso, Vicente, Competitividad de la Empresa Exportadora Española (Madrid, 1994)Google Scholar; Guillén, Mauro, The Rise of Spanish Multinationals (New York, 2005)Google Scholar; Guillén, Mauro and García-Canal, Esteban, “The American Model of the Multinational Firm and the ‘New’ Multinationals from Emerging Economies,” Academy of Management Perspectives (May 2009): 23–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Toral, Pablo, The Reconquest of the New World: Multinational Enterprises and Spain's Direct Investment in Latin America (Burlington, 2001)Google Scholar; Martín, Félix and Toral, Pablo, Latin America's Quest for Globalization: The Role of Spanish Firms (Burlington, 2005)Google Scholar.
7 Examples of works in this area are Altbach, Philip G. and Hoshino, Edith S., eds., International Book Publishing: An Encyclopedia (New York, 1995)Google Scholar; Greco, Albert N., The Book Publishing Industry (Boston, 2005)Google Scholar; Weedon, Alexis, Victorian Publishing: Book Publishing for the Mass Market, 1836–1916 (Ashgate, 2003)Google Scholar; Weedon, Alexis, History of the Book in the West (Ashgate, 2010)Google Scholar; Eliot, Simon and Rose, Jonathan, eds., A Companion to the History of the Book (Blackwell, 2007)Google Scholar; Bell, Bill, ed., The Edinburgh History of the Book in Scotland, vol. 3: Ambition and Industry, 1800n1880 (Edinburgh, 2007)Google Scholar; McCleery, Alistair and Finkelstein, David, eds., The Edinburgh History of the Book in Scotland, vol. 4: Professionalism and Diversity, 1880–2000 (Edinburgh, 2007)Google Scholar; Thornton, Patricia H., Markets from Culture: Institutional Logics and Organizational Decisions in Higher Education Publishing (Stanford, 2004)Google Scholar. A recent and excellent work about the history of Bertelsmann is by Berghoff, Harmut, “From Small Publisher to Global Media and Services Company: Outline of the History of Bertelsmann, 1985 to 2010,” in 175 Years of Bertelsmann: The Legacy for Our Future (Munich, 2010)Google Scholar.
8 Van Lente, Dick and De Goey, Ferry, “Trajectories of Internationalization: Knowledge and National Business Styles in the Making of Two Dutch Publishing Multinationals, 1950–1990,” Enterprise & Society 9 (Mar. 2008): 165–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
9 Johanson, Jan and Wiedershein, Paul, “The Internationalisation of the Firm: Four Swedish Case Studies,” Journal of Management Studies 12, no. 3 (1973): 305–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Johanson, Jan and Vhalme, Jan-Erik, “The Internalization Process of the Firm: A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments,” Journal of International Business Studies 8, no. 1 (1977): 23–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
10 Kogut, Bruce and Zander, Udo, “Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation,” Journal of International Business Studies 24 (1993): 625–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and “A Memoir and Reflection: Knowledge and an Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Firm,” Journal of International Business Studies 34, no. 6 (2003): 505–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
11 Kogut, and Zander, , “A Memoir and Reflection,” 54Google Scholar.
12 Jones, Multinationals and Global Capitalism.
13 Ibid., 5.
14 Jesús A., Martínez, Historia de la edición en España (1836–1936) (Madrid, 2001), 210Google Scholar.
15 Rus, Ana Martínez, La política del libro durante la II República: Socialización de la lectura (Madrid, 2001), 239Google Scholar.
16 Gili, Gustavo, Bosquejo de una política del libro (Barcelona, 1944), 95Google Scholar.
17 Ibid., and Martínez Rus, La política del libro.
18 Foreign Affairs Section, Box 1274, Archivo General de la Administración (General Administration Archive), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid (hereafter, AGA).
19 Foreign Affairs Section, Box 377, AGA. Author's translation.
20 Castellano, Philippe, “La distribución de los libros en Latinoamérica en vísperas de la Primera Guerra Mundial,” in Prensa, impresos, lectura en el mundo hispánico contemporáneo: Homenaje a Jean-François Brotel, ed. Desvois, J. M. (Bordeaux, 2005), 97–108Google Scholar.
21 Ibid.
22 Cabrera, Mercedes, La industria, la prensa y la política: Nicolás Ma de Urgoiti (1869–1951) (Madrid, 1994)Google Scholar.
23 Calpe, Espasa, Annual Report, 1929Google Scholar.
24 Calpe, Espasa, Annual Reports, 1929–1934Google Scholar.
25 Gili, Bosquejo de una política.
26 Foreign Affairs Section, Box 463, AGA.
27 Martínez Rus, La política del libro.
28 Olarra, Rafael, Espasa Calpe: Manuel Olarra, un editor con vocación (Buenos Aires, 2003)Google Scholar.
29 Salvat Archive, Boxes 2.1.24 and 2.1.26, Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya (National Archive of Catalonia), San Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona.
30 Anderson, Danny J., “Creating Cultural Prestige: Editorial Joaquin Mortiz,” Latin American Research Review 31, no. 2 (1996): 3–41Google Scholar.
31 “La exportación editorial a Hispanomaérica,” El Libro Español, Jan. 1965, 38–39Google Scholar.
32 Culture Section, Box 87413, AGA.
33 Ibid.
34 Moya, María Fernández, “A Family-Owned Publishing Multinational: The Salvat Company (1869–1988),” Business History 52, no. 3 (2010): 453–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
35 “La edición en la Comunidad Económica Europea,” El Libro Español, Apr. 1974, 175–76Google Scholar.
36 Lente, Van and Goey, De, “Trajectories of Internationalization,” 187Google Scholar.
37 In the early 1970s, it became clear that the main drivers of Latin American economic policies, protectionism and state-led-development, had created endless distortions. Haber, Stephen, “The Political Economy of Industrialization,” in The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America, ed. Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, Coatsworth, John, and Cortes-Conde, Roberto (New York, 2006), 582Google Scholar. By the 1970s, inflation and high debt levels characterized the economic situation of most Latin American countries.
38 Galán, José Manuel, Análisis estructural del sector editorial español (Madrid, 1986), 159Google Scholar.
39 González, Francisco Pérez, “Orígenes de los proyectos editoriales en México,” Economía Exterior 12 (2000): 29–32Google Scholar.
40 “La edición en la Comunidad Económica Europea,” El Libro Español, Apr. 1974, 177Google Scholar.
41 “La crisis en la industria editorial Europea,” El Libro Español, Mar. 1975, 103–4Google Scholar.
42 Galán, , Análisis estructural, 214Google Scholar.
43 “Havas compra España para conquistar Latinoamérica,” El Mundo, 12 Sept. 1998, 36Google Scholar.
44 The lack of information and knowledge about a host country is known as “psychic distance.” Johanson and Vhalme defined this concept as “the sum of factors preventing the flow of information from and to the market. Examples are differences in language, education, business practices, culture and industrial development.” Johanson, and Vhalme, , “The Internalization Process,” 24Google Scholar.
45 Santillana Annual Account, 2000, available at http://www.prisa.com/en/.
46 Lara, Jose Manuel, “Sector Editorial: El caso de Planeta,” Revista ICE 799 (Apr.–May 2002): 221Google Scholar. Author's translation.
47 Planeta would later sell off that same percentage. Sudamericana currently belongs to Random House Mondadori Group.
48 Goey, De and Lente, Van, “Trajectories of Internationalization,” 173Google Scholar.
49 Kogut, and Zander, , “Knowledge of the Firm,” 635Google Scholar.
50 Lente, Van and Goey, De, “Trajectories of Internationalization,” 170–97Google Scholar.
51 Guillén and García-Canal, The New Multinationals.
52 Jones, Geoffrey and Khanna, Tarun, “Bringing History (Back) into International Business,” Journal of International Business Studies 37 (July 2006): 453–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
- 10
- Cited by