Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T02:10:53.563Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Organizational Virtue Orientation and Family Firms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2015

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This manuscript develops the concept of organizational virtue orientation (OVO) and examines differences between family and non-family firms on the six organizational virtue dimensions of Integrity, Empathy, Warmth, Courage, Conscientiousness, and Zeal. Using content analysis of shareholder letters from S&P 500 companies, our analyses find that there are significant differences between family and non-family firms in their espoused OVO, with family firms generally being higher. Specifically, family firms were significantly higher on the dimensions of Empathy, Warmth, and Zeal, but lower on Courage. Based on these findings we further develop the OVO concept through the discussion of implications and areas for future research.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2011

References

REFERENCES

Allio, M. K. 2004. Family businesses: Their virtues, vices, and strategic path. Strategy & Leadership, 32: 2433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R. C., & Reeb, D. M. 2003. Founding-family ownership and firm performance: Evidence from the S&P 500. Journal of Finance, 58: 130128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aronoff, C. E., & Ward, J. L. 1994. Why family businesses are (likely) more ethical. The Family Business Advisor, 1 (April): 5.Google Scholar
Aronoff, C. E., & Ward, J. L.. 1995. Family-owned businesses: A thing of the past or a model for the future? Family Business Review, 8: 12130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arregle, J-L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G., & Very, P. 2007. The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1): 7395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17: 99120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, L. C. 1992. Good lives: Prolegomena. Social Philosophy and Policy, 9: 1537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beehr, T. A., Drexler, J. A. Jr., & Faulkner, S. 1997. Working in small family businesses: Empirical comparisons to non-family businesses. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18: 297312.3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bligh, M. C., Kohles, J. C., & Meindl, J. R. 2004. Charting the language of leadership: A methodological investigation of President Bush and the crisis of 9/11. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89: 56274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boatright, J. R. 2003. Ethics and the Conduct of Business (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River N.J.: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Bowman, E. H. 1984. Content analysis of annual reports for corporate strategy and risk. Interfaces, 14: 6171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, K. S. 2003. Organizational virtuousness and performance. In Cameron, K. S.Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: 4865. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Cameron, K. S., Bright, D., & Caza, A. 2004. Exploring the relationships between virtuousness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47: 76690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carley, K. 1993. Coding choices for textual analysis: A comparison of content analysis and map analysis. Sociological Methodology, 23: 75126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carley, K.. 1997. Extracting team mental models through textual analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(SI): 533558.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carney, M. 2005. Corporate governance and competitive advantage in family controlled firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29: 24965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, S., Chen, X., Cheng, Q., & Shevlin, T. 2010. Are family firms more tax aggressive than non-family firms? Journal of Financial Economics, 95: 4161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Sharma, P. 2003. Current trends and future directions in family business management studies: Toward a theory of the family firm. Written as part of Coleman Foundation White Paper Series. https://usasbe.org/knowledge/whitepapers/chrisman2003.pdf. Accessed May 23, 2009.Google Scholar
Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Sharma, P.. 2005. Trends and directions in the development of a strategic management theory of the family firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29: 55576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Sharma, P. 1999. Defining the family business by behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23: 1939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chun, R. 2005. Ethical character and virtue of organizations: An empirical assessment and strategic implications. Journal of Business Ethics, 57: 26984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clatworth, M. A., & Jones, M. J. 2006. Differential patterns of textual characteristics and company performance in the chairman’s statement. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 19: 493511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. 1992. Revised neo personality inventory (Neo-Pi-R) and neo five-factor inventory (Neo-Ffi) professional manual. Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Courtis, J. K. 1982. Private shareholder response to corporate annual reports. Accounting and Finance, 22: 5372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daily, C. M., & Dollinger, M. J. 1992. An empirical examination of ownership structure in family and professionally managed firms. Family Business Review, 5: 11736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daily, C. M., & Thompson, S. S. 1994. Ownership structure, strategic posture, and firm growth: An empirical examination. Family Business Review, 7: 23749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., & Donaldson, L. 1997. Toward a stewardship theory of management. Academy of Management Review, 22: 2047.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, J. L., Payne, G. T., & McMahan, G. C. 2007. A few bad apples? Scandalous behavior of mutual fund managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 76: 31934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, P. S., & Harveston, P. D. 1999. In the founder’s shadow: Conflict in the family firm. Family Business Review, 12: 31123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debicki, B. J., Matherne, III C. F., Kellermans, F. W., & Chrisman, J. J. 2009. Family business research in the new millennium: An overview of the who, the where, the what, and the why. Family Business Review, 22: 15166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deetz, S. 1995. Character, corporate responsibility and the dialogic in the postmodern context: A commentary on Mangham. Organization, 2: 21725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempsey, S., Hunt, H., & Schroeder, N. 1993. Earnings management and corporate ownership structure: An examination of extra-ordinary item reporting. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 20: 479500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deniz, M. C. & Suarez, M. K. C. 2005. Corporate social responsibility and family business in Spain. Journal of Business Ethics, 56: 2741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dent, N. 1984. The moral psychology of the virtues. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Deshpande, R. & Webster, F. E. Jr., 1989. Organizational culture and marketing: Defining the research agenda. Journal of Marketing, 53: 315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dess, G. G., & Beard, D. W. 1984. Dimensions of organizational task environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29: 5273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doherty, W. J. 1995. Soul searching: Why psychotherapy must promote moral responsibility. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Donnelly, R. & Lynch, C. 2002. The ownership structure of UK firms and the informativeness of accounting earnings. Accounting and Business Research, 32: 24557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duriau, V. J., Reger, R. K., & Pfarrer, M. D. 2007. A content analysis of the content analysis literature in organizational studies: Research themes, data sources, and methodological refinements. Organizational Research Methods, 10: 534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyck, B., & Kleysen, R. 2001. Aristotle’s virtues and management thought: An empirical exploration of an integrative pedagogy. Business Ethics Quarterly, 11: 56174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, W. G. 1986. Cultural changes in family firms. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Dyer, W. G.. 2006. Examining the “family effect” on firm performance. Family Business Review, 19: 25373.Google Scholar
Dyer, W. G., & Whetten, D. A. 2006. Family firms and social responsibility: Preliminary evidence from the S&P 500. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30: 785802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eddleston, K. A., & Kellermanns, F. W. 2007. Destructive and productive family relationships: A stewardship theory perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 22: 54565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, L. 1994. Research methods in the social sciences. Madison, Wis.: WCB Brown & Benchmark.Google Scholar
Faccacio, M., Lang, L. H. P., & Young, L. 2001. Dividends and expropriation. American Economic Review, 91: 5478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, A. 2005. Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Fiol, C. M. 1995. Corporate communications: Comparing executives’ private and public statements. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 52236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiol, C. M., Hatch, M. J., & Golden-Biddle, K. 1998. Organizational culture and identity. What’s the difference anyway? In Whetten, D. A. and Godfrey, P. (Eds.), Identity in Organizations: Developing Theory Through Conversations, 5659. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.Google Scholar
Fort, T. L. 1996. Business as mediating institution. Business Ethics Quarterly, 6: 14963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fort, T. L.. 2001. Ethics and governance: Business as mediating institution. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallo, M. Á. 2004. The family business and its social responsibilities. Family Business Review, 17: 13549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallo, M. Á., & Cappuyns, K. 2000. Ethics on family business. Monographic-2, IESE.Google Scholar
Geppert, J., & Lawrence, L. E. 2008. Predicting firm reputation through content analysis of shareholder letters. Corporate Reputation Review, 11: 285307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gersick, K. E., Davis, J. A., McCollom Hampton, M., & Lansberg, I. 1997. Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Goll, I., & Rasheed, A.A. 2004. The moderating effect of environmental munificence and dynamism on the relationship between discretionary social responsibility and firm performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 49: 4154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Haynes, K. T., Nunez-Nickel, M., Jacobson, K. J. L., & Moyano-Fuentes, J. 2007. Socioemotional wealth and business risks in family-controlled firms: Evidence from Spanish olive oil mills. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52: 10637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Larraza, M., & Makri, M. 2003. The determinants of executive compensation in family controlled public corporations. Academy of Management Journal, 46: 22639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, R. 1980. Annual reports serving as a dual marketing function. Public Relations Quarterly, 36: 2124.Google Scholar
Gowri, A. 2007. On corporate virtue. Journal of Business Ethics, 70: 391400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habbershon, T. G., & Williams, M. L. 1999. A resource-based framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms. Family Business Review, 12: 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. 1987. Mutlivariate data analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Hall, A., Melin, L., & Nordqvist, M. 2001. Entrepreneurship as radical change in the family business: Exploring the role of cultural patterns. Family Business Review, 14: 193208.Google Scholar
Hart, R. P. 2000. DICTION 5.0: The text-analysis program. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.Google Scholar
Hart, R. P., & Jarvis, S. 1997. Political debate: Forms, styles, and media. American Behavioral Scientist, 40: 10951122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartman, E. M. 2008. Reconciliation in business ethics: Some advice from Aristotle. Business Ethics Quarterly, 18: 25365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatch, M. J. 1993. The dynamics of organizational culture. Academy of Management Review, 18(4): 65793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holsti, O. R. 1969. Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Huff, A. S. 1990. Mapping strategic thought. Chichester N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
James, H. S. 1999. Owner as manager, extended horizons and the family firm. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 6: 5569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorissen, A., Laveren, E., Martens, R., & Reheul, A. 2005. Real versus sample-based differences in comparative family business research. Family Business Review, 3: 22946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kabanoff, B. 1996. Computers can read as well as count: How computer-aided text analysis can benefit organizational research. Trends in Organizational Behavior, 3: 121.Google Scholar
Kellermanns, F. W., Eddleston, K. A., Barnett, T., & Pearson, A. 2008. An exploratory study of family member characteristics and involvement: Effects on entrepreneurial behavior in the family firm. Family Business Review, 21: 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, L. M., Athanassiou, N., & Crittenden, W. F. 2000. Founder centrality and strategic behavior in the family-owned firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25: 2742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kets de Vries, M. F. R. 1993. The dynamics of family controlled firms: The good and the bad news. Organizational Dynamics, 21: 5976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, S. 1988. Is a moral organisation possible? Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 7(1): 5173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koehn, D. 1998. Virtue ethics: The firm and moral psychology. Business Ethics Quarterly, 8: 497513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krippendorff, K. 2004. Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.Google Scholar
Le Breton-Miller, I., & Miller, D. 2009. Agency vs. stewardship in public family firms: A social embeddedness reconciliation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33: 116991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumpkin, G. T., Martin, W., & Vaughn, M. 2008. Family orientation: Individual-level influences on family firm outcomes. Family Business Review, 21: 12738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luthans, F. 2002. Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive, 16: 5772.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, A. 1979. Corporate modernity and moral judgment: Are they mutually exclusive? In Goodpaster, K. E. and Sayer, K. M. (Eds.), Ethics and Problems of the 21st Century: 12233. South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Markel, N. 1998. A semiotic contribution to libel action law. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 11: 4956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, W. L., & Lumpkin, G. T. 2003. From entrepreneurial orientation to “family orientation”: Generational differences in the management of family businesses. In Bygrave, W. D. (Ed.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research: Proceedings of the 23rd annual Entrepreneurship Research Conference: 30921. Babson Park, Mass.: Babson College.Google Scholar
Mazzola, P., Marchisio, G., & Astrachan, J. 2008. Strategic planning in family business: A powerful developmental tool for the next generation. Family Business Review, 21: 23958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConaughy, D. L., Matthews, C. H., & Fialko, A. S. 2001. Founding family controlled firms: Performance, risk, and value. Journal of Small Business Management, 39: 3149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michalisin, M. D. 2001. Validity of annual report assertions about innovativeness: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Research, 53: 15161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D., & Le Breton-Miller, I. 2005. Managing for the long run: Lessons in competitive advantage from great family businesses. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Miller, D., Le Breton-Miller, I., Lester, R. H., & Cannella, A. A. Jr., 2007. Are family firms really superior performers? Journal of Corporate Finance, 13: 82958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D., LeBreton-Miller, I., & Scholnick, B. 2008. Stewardship vs. stagnation: An empirical comparison of small family and non-family businesses. Journal of Management Studies, 45: 5178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moberg, D. J. 1999. The big five and organizational virtue. Business Ethics Quarterly, 9: 24572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, G. 2005. Corporate character: Modern virtue ethics and the virtuous corporation. Business Ethics Quarterly, 15: 65985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, G.. 2008. Re-imagining the morality of management: A modern virtue ethics approach. Business Ethics Quarterly, 18: 483511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, G., & Beadle, R. 2006. In search of organizational virtue in business: Agents, goods, practices, institutions and environments. Organization Studies, 27: 36989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morck, R. & Yeung, B. 2003. Agency problems in large family business groups. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27: 36782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. 1994. Computerized content analysis in management research: A demonstration of advantages & limitations. Journal of Management, 20: 90331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, T. W., Short, J. C., Payne, G. T., & Lumpkin, G. T. 2010. Dual identities in social ventures: An exploratory study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Online DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00372.x.Google Scholar
Murphy, P. E. 1999. Character and virtue ethics in international marketing: An agenda for managers, researchers, and educators. Journal of Business Ethics, 18: 10724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, R. 2003. Ensuring ethical effectiveness, Journal of Accountancy, 195: 2833.Google Scholar
Naldi, L., Nordqvist, M., Sjoberg, K., & Wiklund, J. 2007. Entrepreneurial orientation, risk taking, and performance in family firms. Family Business Review, 20: 3358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuendorf, K. A. 2002. The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.Google Scholar
Noble, C. H., Sinha, R. K., & Kumar, A. 2002. Market orientation and alternative strategic orientations: A longitudinal assessment of performance implications. Journal of Marketing, 66(4): 2539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, T. B., & Short, J. C. 2008. Mission statements in U.S. colleges of business: An empirical examination of their content with linkages to configurations and performance. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7: 45470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, G. T. 2006. Examining configurations and firm performance in a suboptimal equifinality context. Organization Science, 17: 756770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, G. T., Benson, G. S., & Finegold, D. 2009. Corporate board attributes, team effectiveness, and financial performance. Journal of Management Studies, 46(4): 70431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, G. T., Kennedy, K. H., & Davis, J. L. 2009. Competitive dynamics among service SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management, 47(4): 42142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peabody, D., & Goldberg, L. R. 1989. Some determinants of factor structures from personality-trait descriptors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57: 55267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelletier, K. L., & Bligh, M. C. 2007. The aftermath of organizational corruption: Employee attributions and emotional reactions. Journal of Business Ethics, 80: 82344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, C. 2003. Classification of positive traits in youth. In Lerner, R. M.Jacobs, F., & Wertlieb, D. (Eds.), Promoting positive child, adolescent, and family development, vol. 4: 22755. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.Google Scholar
Peterson, C., & Park, N. 2006. Character strengths in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27: 114954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. 2003. Positive organizational studies: Lessons from positive psychology. In Cameron, K. S.Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: 1428. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P.. 2004. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press/Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. E. 1994. Industry mindsets: Exploring the cultures of two macro-organizational settings. Organizational Science, 5: 384402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, J. W., & Levine-Donnerstein, D. 1999. Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27: 25884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prencipe, A., Markarian, G., & Pozza, L. 2008. Earnings management in family firms: Evidence from R&D cost capitalization in Italy. Family Business Review, 21: 7188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodale, J. I. 1978. The synonym finder. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale Press.Google Scholar
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. 1998. The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9: 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandage, S. J., & Hill, P. C. 2001. The virtues of positive psychology: The rapprochement and challenges of the affirmative postmodern perspective. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 31: 24160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schein, E. H. 1985. Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Schein, E. H.. 1990. Organizational culture. American Psychologist, 45: 210919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schein, E. H.. 1996. Culture: The missing concept in organization studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 22940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schudt, K. 2000. Taming the corporate monster: An Aristotelian approach to corporate virtue. Business Ethics Quarterly, 10: 71123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N., & Buchholtz, A. K. 2001. Agency relationships in family firms: Theory and evidence. Organizational Science, 12: 99116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. 2000. Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55: 514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanahan, K. J., & Hyman, M. R. 2003. The development of a virtue ethics scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 42: 197208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Short, J. C., Broberg, J. C., Cogliser, C. C., & Brigham, K. H. 2010. Construct validation using computer-assisted text analysis (CATA). Organization Research Methods, 13: 32047.Google Scholar
Short, J. C., & Palmer, T. B. 2008. The application of DICTION to content analysis research in strategic management. Organizational Research Methods, 11: 72752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Short, J. C., Payne, G. T., Brigham, K. H., Lumpkin, G. T. & Broberg, J. C. 2009. Family firms and entrepreneurial orientation in publicly traded firms. Family Business Review, 22: 924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Short, J. C., Payne, G. T., & Ketchen, D. J. 2008. Research on organizational configurations: Past accomplishments and future challenges. Journal of Management, 34: 105379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sirmon, D. G., Arregle, J.-L., Hitt, M. A., & Webb, J. W. 2008. The role of family influence in firms’ strategic response to competitive threat. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32: 97998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sirmon, D. G., & Hitt, M. A. 2003. Managing resources: Linking unique resources, management and wealth creation in family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27: 33958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, R. C. 1992. Ethics and excellence: Cooperation and integrity in business. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Solomon, R. C.. 1999. A better way to think about business: How personal integrity leads to corporate success. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorenson, R. L., Goodpaster, K. E., Hedberg, P. R., & Yu, A. 2009. The family point of view, family social capital and firm performance: An exploratory test. Family Business Review, 22(3): 23953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steier, L. 2001. Family firms, plural forms of governance, and the evolving role of trust. Family Business Review, 14: 35367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallejo, M. C. 2008. Is the culture of family firms really different? A value based model for its survival through generations. Journal of Business Ethics, 81: 26179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Laan, G., Van Ees, H. & Van Witteloostuijn, A. 2008. Corporate social financial performance: An extended stakeholder theory, and empirical test with accounting measures. Journal of Business Ethics, 79: 299310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vera, C. F., & Dean, M. A. 2005. An examination of the challenges daughters face in family business succession. Family Business Review, 18: 32145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villalonga, B., & Amit, R. 2006. How do family ownership, control, and management affect firm value? Journal of Financial Economics, 80: 385417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddock, S. A., & Graves, S. B. 1997. The corporate social performance—financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, 18: 30319.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, G. 2006. Virtue in organizations: Moral agencies as a foundation for moral agency. Organization Studies, 27: 34168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, R. P. 1990. Basic content analysis. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wernerfelt, B. 1984. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5: 17180.Google Scholar
Westhead, P., Cowling, M., & Howorth, C. 2001. The development of family companies: Management and ownership imperatives. Family Business Review, 14: 36985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. 2005. Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configurational approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 20: 7191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wortman, M. S. Jr., 1994. Theoretical foundations for family-owned businesses: A conceptual and research based paradigm. Family Business Review, 7: 327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, T. A., & Goodstein, J. 2007. Character is not “dead” in management research: A review of individual character and organizational-level virtue. Journal of Management, 33: 92858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, C. F. 2006. The study of the relations among ethical considerations, family management, and organizational performance in corporate governance. Journal of Business Ethics, 68: 16579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, J., & Sorenson, R. L. 2006. The effect of Confucian values on succession in family business. Family Business Review, 19: 235250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuthas, K., Rogers, R., & Dillard, J. F. 2002. Communicative action and corporate annual reports. Journal of Business Ethics, 41: 14157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahra, S. A. 2005. Entrepreneurial risk taking in family firms. Family Business Review, 18: 2340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar