Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-21T23:33:19.830Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Effects of Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility on Employee Attitudes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2015

Ante Glavas  and
Ken Kelley
Ante Glavas
Affiliation:
University of Notre Dame
Ken Kelley
Affiliation:
University of Notre Dame
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

We explore the impact on employee attitudes of their perceptions of how others outside the organization are treated (i.e., corporate social responsibility) above and beyond the impact of how employees are directly treated by the organization. Results of a study of 827 employees in eighteen organizations show that employee perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) are positively related to (a) organizational commitment with the relationship being partially mediated by work meaningfulness and perceived organizational support (POS) and (b) job satisfaction with work meaningfulness partially mediating the relationship but not POS. Moreover, in order to address limited micro-level research in CSR, we develop a measure of employee perceptions of CSR through four pilot studies. Employing a bifactor model, we find that social responsibility has an additional effect on employee attitudes beyond environmental responsibility, which we posit is due to the relational component of social responsibility (e.g., relationships with community).

Keywords

corporate social responsibilityenvironmental responsibilitysustainabilitywork meaningfulnessemployee attitudesscale development
Type
Articles
Information
Business Ethics Quarterly , Volume 24 , Issue 2 , April 2014 , pp. 165 - 202
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Agle, B.R., Mitchell, R.K., & Sonnenfeld, J.A. 1999. Who matters to CEOs? An investigation of stakeholder attributes and salience, corporate performance, and CEO values. Academy of Management Journal, 42: 507–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256973 Google Scholar
Aguilera, R.V., Rupp, D.E., Williams, C.A., & Ganapathi, J. 2007. Putting the s back in corporate social responsibility: A multilevel theory of social change in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32: 836–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2007.25275678 Google Scholar
Aguinis, H. 2011. Organizational responsibility: Doing good and doing well. In Zedeck, S. (Ed.), APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology: Maintaining, expanding, and contracting the organization: 855–79. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Aguinis, H., Boyd, B.K., Pierce, C.A., & Short, J.C. 2011. Walking new avenues in management research methods and theories: Bridging micro and macro domains. Journal of Management, 37: 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206310382456 Google Scholar
Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. 2012. What we know and don’t know about corporate social responsibility: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 38: 932–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206311436079 Google Scholar
Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. 2013. Embedded versus peripheral corporate social responsibility: Psychological foundations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 6: 314–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iops.12059 Google Scholar
Albinger, H.S., & Freeman, S.J. 2000. Corporate social performance and attractiveness as an employer to different job seeking populations. Journal of Business Ethics, 28: 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006289817941 Google Scholar
Allen, N.J., & Meyer, J.P. 1990. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63: 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x Google Scholar
Andersson, L.M., & Bateman, T.S. 2000. Individual environmental initiative: Championing natural environmental issues in U.S. business organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 548–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1556355 Google Scholar
Banerjee, S. 2007. Corporate social responsibility: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781847208552 Google Scholar
Bargh, J.A., & Burrows, L. 1996. Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71: 230–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230 Google Scholar
Beadle, R., & Knight, K. 2012. Virtue and meaningful work. Business Ethics Quarterly, 22: 433–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201222219 Google Scholar
Bellah, R.N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W.M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S.M. 1985. Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Berle, A.A. 1931. Corporate powers as powers in trust. Harvard Law Review, 44: 1049–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1331341 Google Scholar
Boatright, J.R. 2006. What’s wrong—and what’s right—with stakeholder management. Journal of Private Enterprise, 21: 106–30.Google Scholar
Bowen, H.R. 1953. Social responsibilities of the businessman. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Brown, S.P., & Leigh, T.W. 1996. A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job involvement, effort, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81: 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.358 Google Scholar
Bunderson, J.S., & Thompson, J.A. 1996. The call of the wild: Zookeepers, callings, and the double-edged sword of deeply meaningful work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54: 32–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2009.54.1.32 Google Scholar
Cable, D.M., & Judge, T.A. 1996. Person-organization fit, job choice decisions, and organizational entry. Organizational Behavior and Human Decisions Processes, 67: 294–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1996.0081 Google Scholar
Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D.J., & Klesh, J.R. 1983. Assessing the attitudes and perceptions of organizational members. In Seashore, S.E., Lawler, E.E. III, Mirvis, P.H., & Cammann, C. (Eds.), Assessing organizational change: A guide to methods measures and practices: 71–138. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Carmeli, A., Gilat, G., & Waldman, D.A. 2007. The role of perceived organizational performance in organizational identification, adjustment and job performance. Journal of Management Studies, 44: 972–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00691.x Google Scholar
Carroll, A.B. 1979. A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review, 4: 497–505.Google Scholar
Carroll, A.B. 1999. Corporate social responsibility: Evolution of a definitional construct. Business and Society, 38: 268–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000765039903800303 Google Scholar
Carroll, A.B. 2008. A history of corporate social responsibility: Concepts and practices. In Crane, A., McWilliams, A., Matten, D., Moon, J., & Siegel, D.S. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of corporate social responsibility: 19–46. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Carroll, A.B., & Shabana, K.M. 2010. The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12: 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00275.x Google Scholar
Chatterji, A.K., & Toffel, M.W. 2010. How firms respond to being rated. Strategic Management Journal, 31: 917–45.Google Scholar
Cheung, M.W.-L. 2009. Comparison of methods for constructing confidence intervals of standardized indirect effects. Behavior Research Methods, 41: 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.2.425 Google Scholar
Choi, J. 2008. Event justice perceptions and employees’ reactions: Perceptions of social entity justice as a moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93: 513–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.513 Google Scholar
Colquitt, J.A., Conlon, D.E., Wesson, M.J., Porter, C.O.L.H., & Ng, K.Y. 2001. Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 425–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425 Google Scholar
Cropanzano, R., & Rupp, D.E. 2008. Social exchange theory and organizational justice: Job performance, citizenship behaviors, multiple foci, and a historical integration of two literatures. In Gilliland, S.W., Steiner, D.D., & Skarlicki, D.P. (Eds.), Emerging perspectives on managing organizational justice: 63–99. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.Google Scholar
Davis, K. 1960. Can business afford to ignore social responsibilities? California Management Review, 2: 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41166246 Google Scholar
Davis, K. 1973. The case for and against business assumption of social responsibilities. Academy of Management Journal, 16: 312–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/255331 Google Scholar
Devinney, T.M. 2009. Is the socially responsible corporation a myth? The good, bad and ugly of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Perspectives, 23: 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMP.2009.39985540 Google Scholar
Dobrow, S.R., & Tosti-Kharas, J. 2011. Calling: The development of a scale. Personnel Psychology, 64: 1001–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01234.x Google Scholar
Dodd, E.M. 1932. For whom are corporate managers trustees. Harvard Law Review, 45: 1145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1331697 Google Scholar
Donaldson, T., & Preston, L.E. 1932. The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review, 20: 65–91.Google Scholar
Dutton, J.E., Roberts, L.M. , & Bednar, J. 2010. Pathways for positive identity construction at work: Four types of positive identity and the building of social resources. Academy of Management Review, 35: 265–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2010.48463334 Google Scholar
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P.D., & Rhoades, L. 2001. Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.42 Google Scholar
Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. 1997. Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82: 812–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.812 Google Scholar
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchinson, S., & Sowa, D. 1986. Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 500–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500 Google Scholar
Elkington, J. 1997. Cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of 21st century business. Oxford: Capstone Publishing.Google Scholar
Enderle, G. 2010. Clarifying the terms of business ethics and CSR. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20: 730–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201020445 Google Scholar
Entine, J. 2003. The myth of social investing: A critique of its practices and consequences for corporate social performance research. Organization & Environment, 16: 352–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086026603256283 Google Scholar
Etzion, D. 2007. Research on organizations and the natural environment, 1992-present: A review. Journal of Management, 33: 637–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206307302553 Google Scholar
Frederick, W.C. 1960. The growing concern over business responsibility. California Management Review, 29: 99–114.Google Scholar
Freeman, R.E. 1984. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman.Google Scholar
Freeman, R.E. 1994. The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4: 409–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857340 Google Scholar
Freeman, R.E., Wicks, A.C., & Parmar, B. 2004. Stakeholder theory and “the corporate objective revisited.” Organization Science, 15: 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1040.0066 Google Scholar
Friedman, M. 1970. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine, September 13: 33.Google Scholar
Gardner, H., Csikszentmihályi, M., & Damon, W. 2001. Good work: When excellence and ethics meet. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gibbons, R.D., & Hedeker, D.R. 1992. Full-information item bi-factor analysis. Psychometrika, 57: 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02295430 Google Scholar
Gladwin, T.N., Kennelly, J.J., & Krause, T.S. 1995. Shifting paradigms for sustainable development: Implications for management theory and research. Academy of Management Review, 20: 874–907.Google Scholar
Glavas, A., & Godwin, L.N. 2013. Is the perception of ‘goodness’ good enough? Exploring the relationship between perceived corporate social responsibility and employee organizational identification. Journal of Business Ethics, 114: 15–27.Google Scholar
Glavas, A., & Piderit, S.K. 2009. How does doing good matter? Effects of corporate citizenship on employees. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 36: 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2009.wi.00007 Google Scholar
Grant, A.M. 2008. The significance of task significance: Job performance effects, relational mechanisms, and boundary conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93: 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.108 Google Scholar
Grant, A.M. 2012. Leading with meaning: Beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55: 458–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0588 Google Scholar
Grant, A.M. 2012. Leading with meaning: Beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55: 458–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0588 Google Scholar
Greening, D.W., & Turban, D.B. 2000. Corporate social performance as a competitive advantage in attracting a quality workforce. Business and Society, 39: 254–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000765030003900302 Google Scholar
Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. 1975. Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60: 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0076546 Google Scholar
Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. 1976. Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 16: 250–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7 Google Scholar
Harrison, D.A., Newman, D.A., & Roth, P.L. 2006. How important are job attitudes? Meta-analytic comparisons of integrative behavioral outcomes and time sequences. Academy of Management Journal, 49: 305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2006.20786077 Google Scholar
Harrison, J.S., & Wicks, A.C. 2013. Stakeholder theory, value, and firm performance. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23: 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq20132314 Google Scholar
Hart, S.L. 1995. A natural-resource based view of the firm. Academy of Management Review, 20: 986–1014.Google Scholar
Hart, S.L., & Ahuja, G. 1996. Does it pay to be green? An empirical examination of the relationship between emission reduction and firm performance. Business Strategy and the Environment, 5: 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0836(199603)5:1>30::AID-BSE38>3.0.CO;2-Q 30::AID-BSE38>3.0.CO;2-Q>Google Scholar
Hinkin, T.R. 1995. A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21: 967–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639502100509 Google Scholar
Holzinger, K.J., & Swineford, F. 1937. The bi-factor method. Psychometrika, 2: 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02287965 Google Scholar
Jensen, M.C. 2002. Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. Business Ethics Quarterly, 12: 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857812 Google Scholar
Jones, D.A. 2010. Does serving the community also serve the company? Using organizational identification and social exchange theories to understand employee responses to a volunteerism programme. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83: 857–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317909X477495 Google Scholar
Jones, T.M. 1995. Instrumental stakeholder theory: A synthesis of ethics and economics. Academy of Management Review, 20: 404–37.Google Scholar
Jones, T.M., & Wicks, A.C. 1999. Convergent stakeholder theory. Academy of Management Review, 24: 206–21.Google Scholar
Kelley, K., & Cheng, Y. 2012. Interval formation for reliability coefficients of homogeneous measurement instruments. Methodology, 8: 39–50.Google Scholar
Kelley, K., & Rausch, J.R. 2011. Sample size planning for longitudinal models: Accuracy in parameter estimation for polynomial change parameters. Psychological Methods, 16: 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023352 Google Scholar
Kline, R.B. 2005. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Kottke, J.L., & Sharafinski, C.E. 1988. Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48: 1075–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164488484024 Google Scholar
Laplume, A.O., Sonpar, K., & Litz, R.A. 2008. Stakeholder theory: Reviewing a theory that moves us. Journal of Management, 34: 1152–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206308324322 Google Scholar
Lee, M.P. 2008. A review of the theories of corporate social responsibility: Its evolutionary path and the road ahead. International Journal of Management Reviews, 10: 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00226.x Google Scholar
Levitt, T. 1958. The dangers of social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 36: 38–44.Google Scholar
Lin, C., Lyau, N., Tsai, Y., Chen, W., & Chiu, C. 2010. Modeling corporate citizenship and its relationship with organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 95: 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0364-x Google Scholar
Lindgreen, A., & Swaen, V. 2010. Corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12: 1–7.Google Scholar
Linnenluecke, M.K., Russell, S.V., & Griffiths, A. 2009. Subcultures and sustainability practices: The impact of understanding corporate sustainability. Business Strategy and the Environment, 18: 432–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.609 Google Scholar
Lynch, P., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. 1999. Perceived organizational support: Inferior-versus-superior performance by wary employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84: 467–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.467 Google Scholar
Maignan, I., & Ferrell, O.C. 2000. Measuring corporation citizenship in two countries: The case of the United States and France. Journal of Business Ethics, 23: 283–97.Google Scholar
Maignan, I., Ferrell, O.C., & Hult, G.T.M. 1999. Corporate citizenship: Cultural antecedents and business benefits. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27: 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092070399274005 Google Scholar
Marcoux, A.M. 2003. A fiduciary argument against stakeholder theory. Business Ethics Quarterly, 13: 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq20031313 Google Scholar
Margolis, J.D., & Walsh, J.P. 2003. Misery loves companies: Rethinking social initiatives by business. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48: 268–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3556659 Google Scholar
Matten, D., & Crane, A. 2005. Corporate citizenship: Toward an extended theoretical conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 30: 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2005.15281448 Google Scholar
Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., & Schoorman, F. 1995. An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20: 709–34.Google Scholar
McDonald, R.P. 1999. Test theory: Unified treatment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Norman, W., & MacDonald, C. 2004. Getting to the bottom of “triple bottom line.” Business Ethics Quarterly, 14: 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200414211 Google Scholar
Novak, M. 1996. Business as a calling: Work and the examined life. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. 1994. Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Orlitzky, M. 2011. Institutional logics in the study of organizations: The social construction of the relationship between corporate social and financial performance. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21: 409–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201121325 Google Scholar
Orlitzky, M. 2013. Corporate social responsibility, noise, and stock market volatility. Academy of Management Perspectives, 27: 238–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0097 Google Scholar
Paine, L.S. 2003. Value shift: Why companies must merge social and financial imperatives to achieve superior performance. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Parker, C.P., Baltes, B.B., Young, S.A., Huff, J.W., Altmann, R.A., Lacost, H.A., & Roberts, J.E. 2003. Relationships between psychological climate perceptions and work outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24: 389–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.198 Google Scholar
Peloza, J. 2009. The challenge of measuring financial impacts from investments in corporate social performance. Journal of Management, 35: 1518–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206309335188 Google Scholar
Porter, M.E., & Kramer, M.R. 2006. Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84: 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206309335188 Google Scholar
Pratt, M.G., & Ashforth, B.E. 2003. Fostering meaningfulness in working and meaningfulness at work: An identity perspective. In Cameron, K., Dutton, J.E., & Quinn, R.E. (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: 309–27. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Preacher, K.J., & Hayes, A.F. 2008. Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research. In Hayes, A.F., Slater, M.D., & Snyder, L.B. (Eds.), The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research: 13–54. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Preston, L.E., & Post, J.E. 1975. Private management and public policy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Ramus, C.A., & Steger, U. 2000. The roles of supervisory support behaviors and environmental policy in employee “ecoinitiatives” at leading-edge European companies. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 605–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1556357 Google Scholar
Raykov, T. 2002. Analytic estimation of standard error and confidence interval for scale reliability. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 37: 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3701_04 Google Scholar
Raykov, T., Brennan, M., Reinhardt, J.P., & Horowitz, A. 2008. Comparison of mediated effects: A correlation structure modeling approach. Structural Equation Modeling, 15: 603–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705510802339015 Google Scholar
Reich, R. 2008. The case against corporate social responsibility. Retrieved November 25, 2013, from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1213129 Google Scholar
Reise, S.P., Morizot, J., & Hays, R.D. 2007. The role of the bifactor model in resolving dimensionality issues in health outcomes measures. Quality of Life Research, 16: 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-007-9183-7 Google Scholar
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. 2002. Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 698–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698 Google Scholar
Rosso, B.D., Dekas, K.H., & Wrzesniewski, A. 2010. On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and review. Research in Organizational Behavior, 30: 91–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2010.09.001 Google Scholar
Rousseau, D.M. 1995. Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Rupp, D.E. 2011. An employee-centered model of organizational justice and social responsibility. Organizational Psychology Review, 1: 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041386610376255 Google Scholar
Rupp, D.E., Ganapathi, J., Aguilera, R.V., & Williams, C.A. 2006. Employee reactions to corporate social responsibility: An organizational justice framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27: 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.380 Google Scholar
Rupp, D.E., Shao, R., Thornton, M.A., & Skarlicki, D.P. 2013. Applicants’ and employees’ reactions to corporate social responsibility: The moderating effects of firstparty justice perceptions and moral identity. Personnel Psychology, 66: 895–933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/peps.12030 Google Scholar
Rupp, D.E., Williams, C.A., & Aguilera, R.V. 2010. Increasing corporate social responsibility through stakeholder value internalization (and the catalyzing effect of new governance): An application of organizational justice, self-determination, and social influence theories. In Schminke, M. (Ed.), Managerial ethics: Managing the psychology of morality: 69–88. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schreck, P., van Aaken, D., & Donaldson, T. 2013. Positive economics and the normativistic fallacy: Bridging the two sides of CSR. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23: 297–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201323218 Google Scholar
Schwab, D.P. 1980. Construct validity in organizational behavior. In Staw, B.M. & Cummings, L.L. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. 1986. The battle for human nature: Science, morality, and modern life. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. 1994. The costs of living: How market freedom erodes the best things in life. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Schwartz, M.S., & Carroll, A.B. 2003. Corporate social responsibility: A three-domain approach. Business Ethics Quarterly, 13: 503–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200313435 Google Scholar
Serenko, A., & Bontis, N. 2009. A citation-based ranking of the business ethics scholarly journals, International. Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 4: 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJBGE.2009.023790 Google Scholar
Sharma, S., & Vredenburg, H. 1998. Proactive corporate environmental strategy and the development of competitively valuable organizational capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 19: 729–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199808)19:8<729::AID-SMJ967>3.0.CO;2-4 3.0.CO;2-4>Google Scholar
Shrivastava, P. 1995. The role of corporations in achieving ecological sustainability. Academy of Management Review, 20: 936–60.Google Scholar
Sims, R.R., & Brinkman, J. 2003. Enron ethics (or: culture matters more than codes). Journal of Business Ethics, 45: 243–56.Google Scholar
Sisodia, R., Wolfe, D.B., & Sheth, J. 2007. Firms of endearment: How world-class companies profit from passion and purpose. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing.Google Scholar
Snyder, M., & Swann, W.B. 1978. Behavioral confirmation in social interaction: From social perception to social reality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14: 148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(78)90021-5 Google Scholar
Social Investment Forum. 2009. December 16, 2009, press release. Retrieved from http://www.siran.org/pdfs/SIRANPR20091217.pdf.Google Scholar
Spreitzer, G.M. 1995. Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 1442–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256865 Google Scholar
Starik, M., & Rands, G.P. 1995. Weaving an integrated web: Multilevel and multisystem perspectives of ecologically sustainable organizations. Academy of Management Review, 20: 908–35.Google Scholar
Sully de Luque, M., Washburn, N.T., Waldman, D.A., & House, R.J. 2008. Unrequited profit: How stakeholder and economic values relate to subordinates’ perceptions of leadership and firm performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53: 626–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2189/asqu.53.4.626 Google Scholar
Turban, D.B., & Greening, D.W. 1997. Corporate social performance and organizational attractiveness to prospective employees. Academy of Management Journal, 40: 658–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/257057 Google Scholar
U.S. Dairy. 2012. 2011 U.S. Dairy sustainability report. Retrieved from http://www.usdairy.com/Public%20Communication%20Tools/2011USDairySustainabilityReport.pdf Google Scholar
Waddock, S.A. 2003. Myths and realities of social investing. Organization and Environment, 16: 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086026603256284 Google Scholar
Waddock, S.A. 2004. Parallel universes: Companies, academics, and the progress of corporate citizenship. Business and Society Review, 109: 5–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2004.00002.x Google Scholar
Wartick, S.L., & Cochran, P.L. 1985. The evolution of the corporate social performance model. Academy of Management Review, 10: 758–69.Google Scholar
Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M., Bommer, W.H., & Tetrick, L.E. 2002. The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.590 Google Scholar
Weaver, G.R., Treviño, L.K., & Cochran, P.L. 1999. Integrated and decoupled corporate social performance: Management commitments, external pressures, and corporate ethics practices. Academy of Management Journal, 42: 539–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256975 Google Scholar
Westley, F., & Vredenburg, H. 1991. Strategic bridging: The collaboration between environmentalist and business in the marketing of green products. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27: 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886391271004 Google Scholar
Willard, B. 2002. The sustainability advantage: Seven business case benefits of a triple bottom line. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers.Google Scholar
Windsor, D. 2006. Corporate social responsibility: Three key approaches. Journal of Management Studies, 43: 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00584.x Google Scholar
Wood, D.J. 1991. Social issues in management: Theory and research in corporate social performance. Journal of Management, 17: 383–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700206 Google Scholar
Wood, D.J. 2010. Measuring corporate social performance:A review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12: 50–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00274.x Google Scholar
Wrzesniewski, A. 2003. Finding positive meaning in work. In Carmeron, K.S., Dutton, J.E., & Quinn, R.E. (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar