Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T15:26:17.465Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Corporate Social Responsibility and Women’s Entrepreneurship: Towards a More Adequate Theory of “Work”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2017

Mary Johnstone-Louis*
Affiliation:
University of Oxford

Abstract:

Programs aimed at increasing women’s entrepreneurship are a rapidly proliferating class of CSR initiatives across the globe with participation by many of the world’s largest corporations. The gendered nature of this phenomenon suggests that feminist approaches to CSR may offer a particularly salient mode of their analysis. In this article, I argue that insights from feminist economics regarding the historically prevalent—but narrow and gendered—definition of work, which artificially separates production from reproduction, provide fruitful tools for theory building when conceptualizing gender through the lens of CSR. I demonstrate that the gendered separation of production and reproduction is typically taken as given in entrepreneurship, and that mainstream CSR research has not sufficiently challenged this perspective. I present a conceptual framework of what is to be gained by examining the CSR, entrepreneurship, and feminist economics literatures in combination, and demonstrate how researchers might use this framework for future research.

Type
Special Section
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acker, J. 2006. Class questions: Feminist answers . Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Agarwal, B., Humphries, J., & Robeyns, I. 2005. Amartya Sen’s work and ideas: A gender perspective . New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ahl, H. 2006. Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 30(5): 595621.Google Scholar
Ahl, H., Berglund, K., Pettersson, K., & Tillmar, M. 2016. From feminism to FemInc.ism: On the uneasy relationship between feminism, entrepreneurship and the Nordic welfare state. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal , 12(2): 369392.Google Scholar
Ahl, H., & Nelson, T. 2015. How policy positions women entrepreneurs: A comparative analysis of state discourse in Sweden and the United States. Journal of Business Venturing , 30(2): 273291.Google Scholar
Al-Dajani, H., Carter, S., Shaw, E., & Marlow, S. 2015, Entrepreneurship among the displaced and dispossessed: Exploring the limits of emancipatory entrepreneuring. British Journal of Management , 26(4): 713730.Google Scholar
Aldrich, H., & Cliff, J. 2003. The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship: Toward a family embeddedness perspective. Journal of Business Venturing , 18(5): 573596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldrich, H., Ray Reese, P., & Dubini, P. 1989. Women on the verge of a breakthrough: Networking among entrepreneurs in the United States and Italy. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development , 1(4): 339356.Google Scholar
Amatucci, F., & Crawley, D. 2011. Financial self-efficacy among women entrepreneurs. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship , 3(1): 2337.Google Scholar
Arruda, M., & Levrini, G. 2015. Successful business leaders’ focus on gender and poverty alleviation: The Lojas Renner case of job and income generation for Brazilian women. Journal of Business Ethics , 132(3): 627638.Google Scholar
Arutyunova, A., & Clark, C. 2013. Watering the leaves, starving the roots: The status of financing for women’s rights organizing and gender equality . Toronto: Association for Women’s Rights in Development.Google Scholar
Barrientos, S., Dolan, C., & Tallontire, A. 2003. A gendered value chain approach to codes of conduct in African horticulture. World Development , 31(9): 15111526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basu, K., & Palazzo, G. 2008. Corporate social responsibility: A process model of sensemaking. Academy of Management Review , 33(1): 122136.Google Scholar
Baughn, C. C., Chua, B., & Neupert, K. E. 2006. The normative context for women’s participation in entrepreneurship: A multicountry study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 30(5): 687708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, B., & Brush, C. 2002. A gendered perspective on organizational creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 26(3): 4165.Google Scholar
Blowfield, M., & Dolan, C. 2014. Business as a development agent: Evidence of possibility and improbability. Third World Quarterly , 35(1): 2242.Google Scholar
Boden, R., & Nucci, A. 2000. On the survival prospects of men’s and women’s new business ventures. Journal of Business Venturing , 15(4): 347362.Google Scholar
Borgerson, J. 2007. On the harmony of feminist ethics and business ethics. Business and Society Review , 112(4): 477509.Google Scholar
Boulouta, I. 2013. Hidden connections: The link between board diversity and corporate social performance. Journal of Business Ethics , 113(2): 185197.Google Scholar
Brindley, C. 2005. Barriers to women achieving their entrepreneurial potential: Women and risk. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research , 11(2): 144161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brush, C., Carter, N., Gatewood, E., Greene, P., & Hart, M. 2004. Clearing the hurdles: Women building high-growth businesses . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: FT/Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Brush, C., De Bruin, A., & Welter, F. 2009. A gender-aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship , 1(1): 824.Google Scholar
Bruton, G. D. 2010. Business and the world’s poorest billion: The need for an expanded examination by management scholars. Academy of Management Perspectives , 24(3): 610.Google Scholar
Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., & Obloj, K. 2008. Entrepreneurship in emerging economies: Where are we today and where should the research go in the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 32(1): 114.Google Scholar
Buchholz, R., & Rosenthal, S. 2005. Toward a contemporary conceptual framework for stakeholder theory. Journal of Business Ethics , 58(1–3): 137148.Google Scholar
Burton, B., & Dunn, C. 1996. Feminist ethics as moral grounding for stakeholder theory. Business Ethics Quarterly , 6(2): 133147.Google Scholar
Buvinic, M., Furst-Nichols, R., & Pryor, E. 2013. A roadmap for promoting women’s economic empowerment . Washington, DC: United Nations Foundation and ExxonMobil Foundation.Google Scholar
Calas, M. B., Smircich, L., & Bourne, K. A. 2009. Extending the boundaries: Reframing ‘entrepreneurship as social change’ through feminist perspectives. Academy of Management Review , 34(3): 552569.Google Scholar
Carroll, A. 1979. A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review , 4(4): 497505.Google Scholar
Carroll, A. 1991. The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons , 34(4): 3948.Google Scholar
Carroll, A. 1999. Corporate social responsibility: Evolution of a definitional construct. Business & Society , 38(3): 268295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarkson, M. 1995. A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review , 20(1): 92117.Google Scholar
Coleman, G. 2002. Gender, power and post-structuralism in corporate citizenship: A personal perspective on theory and change. Journal of Corporate Citizenship , 5(Spring): 1725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, I. 2010. The global glass ceiling. Foreign Affairs , 89(3): 1320.Google Scholar
Coleman, S. 2000. Access to capital and terms of credit: A comparison of men- and women-owned small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management , 38(3): 3752.Google Scholar
Coleman, S., & Robb, A. 2009. A comparison of new firm financing by gender: Evidence from the Kauffman Firm Survey data. Small Business Economics , 33(4): 397411.Google Scholar
Crane, A., Matten, D., & Spence, L. (Eds.). 2013. Corporate social responsibility: Readings and cases in a global context (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Crant, J. 1996. The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management , 34(3): 4249.Google Scholar
Cudd, A., 2015. Is capitalism good for women? Journal of Business Ethics , 127(4): 761770.Google Scholar
de Bruin, A., Brush, C., & Welter, F. 2006. Introduction to the special issue: Towards building cumulative knowledge on women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 30: 585593.Google Scholar
Demartino, R., & Barbato, R. 2003. Differences between women and men MBA entrepreneurs: Exploring family flexibility and wealth creation as career motivators. Journal of Business Venturing , 18(6): 815832.Google Scholar
Demartino, R., Barbato, R., & Jacques, P. H. 2006. Exploring the career/achievement and personal life orientation differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs: The impact of sex and dependents. Journal of Small Business Management , 44(3): 350368.Google Scholar
Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., & Van Oudheusden, P. 2014. The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring financial inclusion around the world . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7255, World Bank Group.Google Scholar
Derry, R. 1996. Toward a feminist firm: Comments on John Dobson and Judith White. Business Ethics Quarterly , 6(1): 101109.Google Scholar
Diaz Garcia, M., & Carter, S. 2009. Resource mobilization through business owners’ networks: Is gender an issue? International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship , 1(3): 226252.Google Scholar
Dobson, J. 1996. The feminine firm: A comment. Business Ethics Quarterly , 6(2): 227232.Google Scholar
Dobson, J., & White, J. 1995. Toward the feminine firm: An extension to Thomas White. Business Ethics Quarterly , 5(3): 463478.Google Scholar
Duberley, J., & Carrigan, M. 2012. The career identities of ‘mumpreneurs’: Women’s experiences of combining enterprise and motherhood. International Small Business Journal , 31(6): 629651.Google Scholar
Duflo, E., 2012. Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature , 50(4): 1051–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit. 2012. Women’s economic opportunity index and report 2012 . London: Economist Intelligence Unit Limited.Google Scholar
Eddleston, K., Ladge, J., Mitteness, C., & Balachandra, L. 2016. Do you see what I see? Signaling effects of gender and firm characteristics on financing entrepreneurial ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 40(3): 489514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eddleston, K., & Powell, G. 2012. Nurturing entrepreneurs’ work- family balance: A gendered perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 36(3): 513541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elborgh-Woytek, K. 2013. Women, work, and the economy: Macroeconomic gains from gender equity . Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar
Elias, J. 2008. Hegemonic masculinities, the multinational corporation, and the developmental state: Constructing gender in “progressive” firms. Men and Masculinities , 10(4): 405421.Google Scholar
Elias, J. 2013. Davos woman to the rescue of global capitalism: Postfeminist politics and competitiveness promotion at the World Economic Forum. International Political Sociology , 7(2): 152169.Google Scholar
Elson, D. 2010. Gender and the global economic crisis in developing countries: A framework for analysis. Gender & Development , 18(2): 201212.Google Scholar
England, P. 1993. The separative self: Androcentric bias in neoclassical assumptions. In Ferber, M. & Nelson, J. (Eds.), Beyond economic man: Feminist theory and economics : 3753. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
England, P., & Folbre, N. 2003. Contracting for care. In Ferber, M. & Nelson, J. (Eds.), Feminist economics today : 6179. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fagenson, E. 1993. Personal value systems of men and women entrepreneurs versus managers. Journal of Business Venturing , 8(5): 409430.Google Scholar
Fairlie, R. W., & Robb, A. M. 2009. Gender differences in business performance: evidence from the characteristics of business owners’ survey. Small Business Economics , 33(4): 375395.Google Scholar
Ferber, M., & Nelson, J. 2003. Introduction: Beyond economic man, ten years later. In Ferber, M. & Nelson, J. (Eds.), Feminists economics today : 131. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferber, M., & Nelson, J. 1993. Introduction: The social construction of economics and the social construction of gender. In Ferber, M. & Nelson, J. (Eds.), Beyond economic man: Feminist theory and economics : 122. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ferrant, G., Pesando, L., & Nowacka, K. 2014. Unpaid care work: The missing link in the analysis of gender gaps in labour outcomes . Issues Paper. Paris: OECD Development Center.Google Scholar
Fischer, E., Reuber, R., & Dyke, L. 1993. A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing , 8(2): 151168.Google Scholar
Folbre, N. 1994. Who pays for the kids?: Gender and the structures of constraint . New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Folbre, N. 2009. Greed, lust and gender: A history of economic ideas . Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foss, L. 2010. Research on entrepreneur networks: The case for a constructionist feminist theory perspective. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship , 2(1): 83102.Google Scholar
Frederick, W. 1986. Towards CSR3: Why ethical analysis is indispensable and unavoidable in corporate affairs. California Management Review , 28(2): 126141.Google Scholar
Freeman, R. 2010. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gates, M. 2016. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation annual letter . https://www.gatesnotes.com/2016-Annual-Letter. Accessed 6 April, 2016.Google Scholar
Gatewood, E., Carter, N., Brush, C., Greene, P., & Hart, M. 2003. Women entrepreneurs, their ventures, and the venture capital industry: An annotated bibliography . Stockholm: Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute.Google Scholar
Grosser, K. 2009. Corporate social responsibility and gender equality: Women as stakeholders and the European Union sustainability strategy. Business Ethics: A European Review , 18(3): 290307.Google Scholar
Grosser, K. 2016. Corporate social responsibility and multi-stakeholder governance: Pluralism, feminist perspectives and women’s NGOs. Journal of Business Ethics , 137(1): 6581.Google Scholar
Grosser, K., & Moon, J. 2005a. Gender mainstreaming and corporate social responsibility: Reporting workplace issues. Journal of Business Ethics , 62(4): 327340.Google Scholar
Grosser, K., & Moon, J. 2005b. The role of corporate social responsibility in gender mainstreaming. International Feminist Journal of Politics , 7(4): 532554.Google Scholar
Grosser, K., & van der Gaag, N. 2013. Can girls save the world? In Wallace, T., Porter, F., & Ralph-Bowman, M. (Eds.), Aid, NGOs, and the realities of women’s lives: A perfect storm : 7388. Warwickshire: Practical Action Publishing.Google Scholar
Gupta, V., Goktan, A., & Gunay, G. 2014. Gender differences in evaluation of new business opportunity: A stereotype threat perspective. Journal of Business Venturing , 29(2): 273288.Google Scholar
Hahn, R. 2012. Inclusive business, human rights and the dignity of the poor: A glance beyond economic impacts of adapted business models. Business Ethics: A European Review , 21(1): 4763.Google Scholar
Hahn, T., Figge, F., Pinkse, J., & Preuss, L. 2010. Trade-offs in corporate sustainability: You can’t have your cake and eat it. Business Strategy and the Environment , 19(4): 217229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugh, H., & Talwar, A. 2016. Linking social entrepreneurship and social change: The mediating role of empowerment. Journal of Business Ethics , 133(4): 643658.Google Scholar
Hayhurst, L. 2014. The ‘Girl Effect’ and martial arts: Social entrepreneurship and sport, gender and development in Uganda. Gender, Place and Culture , 21(3): 297315.Google Scholar
Hegewisch, A., & Niethammer, C. 2016. The business case for childcare . World Bank International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC: World Bank Group.Google Scholar
Henry, C., Foss, L., Fayolle, A., Walker, E., & Duffy, S. 2015. Entrepreneurial leadership and gender: Exploring theory and practice in global contexts. Journal of Small Business Management , 53(3): 581586.Google Scholar
Hisrich, R., & Brush, C. 1984. The woman entrepreneur: Management skills and business problems. Journal of Small Business Management , 22(1): 3037.Google Scholar
Hughes, K., Jennings, J., Brush, C., Carter, S., & Welter, F. 2012. Extending women’s entrepreneurship research in new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 36(3): 429442.Google Scholar
Humbert, A., & Brindley, C. 2015. Challenging the concept of risk in relation to women’s entrepreneurship. Gender in Management: An International Journal , 30(1): 225.Google Scholar
Humphries, J. 2011. Frontiers in the economics of gender. Feminist Economics , 17(1): 166170.Google Scholar
International Finance Corporation. 2014. Women, business and the law 2014: Removing restrictions to enhance gender equality . Washington, DC: World Bank Group.Google Scholar
Jaggar, A. 1983. Feminist politics and human nature . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Jayawarna, D., Jones, O., & Marlow, S. 2015. The influence of gender upon social networks and bootstrapping behaviours. Scandinavian Journal of Management . 31(3): 316329.Google Scholar
Jennings, A. L. 1993. Public or private? Institutional economics and feminism. In Ferber, M. & Nelson, J. (Eds.), Beyond economic man: Feminist theory and economics : 111130. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, J., & McDougald, M. 2007. Work-family interface experiences and coping strategies: Implications for entrepreneurship research and practice. Academy of Management Review , 32(3): 747760.Google Scholar
Kabeer, N. 2005. Gender equality and women’s empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1. Gender & Development , 13(1): 1324.Google Scholar
Kabeer, N. 2011. Between affiliation and autonomy: Navigating pathways of women’s empowerment and gender justice in rural Bangladesh. Development and Change , 42(2): 499528.Google Scholar
Kabeer, N. 2016. Gender equality, economic growth, and women’s agency: The “endless variety” and “monotonous similarity” of patriarchal constraints. Feminist Economics , 22(1): 295321.Google Scholar
Karam, C., & Jamali, D. 2013. Gendering CSR in the Arab Middle East: An institutional perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly , 23(1): 3168.Google Scholar
Karam, C., & Jamali, D. 2015. A cross-cultural and feminist perspective on CSR in developing countries: Uncovering latent power dynamics. Journal of Business Ethics . DOI 10.1007/s10551-015-2737-7.Google Scholar
Kelley, D., Brush, C., Greene, P., Herrington, M., Ali, A., & Kew, P. 2015. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor special report: Women’s entrepreneurship . Global Entrepreneurship Research Association. London: London Business School.Google Scholar
Kidder, T. 2014. Beyond a ‘glass wall’: Women address invisible barriers to economic empowerment. http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/blog/2014/10/beyond-a-glass-wall. Accessed 22 April, 2016.Google Scholar
Kilgour, M. 2007. The UN Global Compact and substantive equality for women: Revealing a ‘well hidden’ mandate. Third World Quarterly , 28(4): 751773.Google Scholar
Kilgour, M. 2012. The Global Compact and gender inequality: A work in progress. Business & Society , 52(1): 105134.Google Scholar
Kirkwood, J. 2009. Is a lack of self-confidence hindering women entrepreneurs? International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship , 1(2): 118133.Google Scholar
Klyver, K., Nielsen, S., & Evald, M., 2013. Women’s self-employment: An act of institutional (dis)integration? A multilevel, cross-country study. Journal of Business Venturing , 28(4): 474488.Google Scholar
Koch, K., Lawson, S., & Matsui, K. 2014. Giving credit where it is due: How closing the credit gap for women-owned SMEs can drive global growth . New York: Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research.Google Scholar
Lampe, M. 2001. Mediation as an ethical adjunct of stakeholder theory. Journal of Business Ethics , 31(2): 165173.Google Scholar
Larrieta-Rubín, D., Velasco-Balmaseda, E., Fernández, D., Alonso-Almeida, M., & Intxaurburu-Clemente, G. 2015. Does having women managers lead to increased gender equality practices in corporate social responsibility? Business Ethics: A European Review , 24(1): 91110.Google Scholar
Lee, J., Sohn, S., & Ju, Y. 2011. How effective is government support for Korean women entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises? Journal of Small Business Management , 49(4): 599616.Google Scholar
Lee, L., Wong, P., Foo, M., & Leung, A. 2011. Entrepreneurial intentions: The influence of organizational and individual factors. Journal of Business Venturing , 26(1): 124136.Google Scholar
Lerner, M., Brush, C., & Hisrich, R. 1997. Israeli women entrepreneurs: An examination of factors affecting performance. Journal of Business Venturing , 12(4): 315339.Google Scholar
Lewis, P. 2014. Postfeminism, femininities and organization studies: Exploring a new agenda. Organization Studies , 35(12): 18451866.Google Scholar
Machold, S., Ahmed, P., & Farquhar, S. 2008. Corporate governance and ethics: A feminist perspective. Journal of Business Ethics , 81(3): 665678.Google Scholar
MacPhail, F., & Bowles, P. 2009. Corporate social responsibility as support for employee volunteers: Impacts, gender puzzles and policy implications in Canada. Journal of Business Ethics , 84(3): 405416.Google Scholar
Mancuso, J. 1974. What it takes to be an entrepreneur: A questionnaire approach. Journal of Small Business Management , 12(4): 1622.Google Scholar
Manolova, T., Carter, N., Manev, I., & Gyoshev, B. 2007. The differential effect of men and women entrepreneurs’ human capital and networking on growth expectancies in Bulgaria. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 31(3): 407426.Google Scholar
Marshall, J. 2007. The gendering of leadership in corporate social responsibility. Journal of Organizational Change Management , 20(2): 165181.Google Scholar
Mason, A., & King, E. 2001. Engendering development through gender equality in rights, resources, and voice: A World Bank policy research report . Washington, DC: World Bank Group.Google Scholar
Matten, D., & Crane, A. 2005. Corporate citizenship: Toward an extended theoretical conceptualization. Academy of Management Review , 30(1): 166179.Google Scholar
Matten, D., & Moon, J. 2004. Corporate social responsibility education in Europe. Journal of Business Ethics , 54(4): 323337.Google Scholar
Maxfield, S., Shapiro, M., Gupta, V., & Hass, S. 2010. Gender and risk: Women, risk taking and risk aversion. Gender in Management: An International Journal , 25(7): 586604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGowan, P., Redeker, C., Cooper, S., & Greenan, K. 2012. Female entrepreneurship and the management of business and domestic roles: Motivations, expectations and realities. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development , 24(1): 5372.Google Scholar
McGrath Cohoon, J., Wadhwa, V., & Mitchell, L. 2010. The anatomy of an entrepreneur: Are successful women entrepreneurs different from men? Kansas City: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.Google Scholar
McKinsey & Company. 2010. The business of empowering women . London: McKinsey & Company.Google Scholar
Miller, J., Arutyunova, A., & Clark, C. 2013. New actors, new money, new conversations: A mapping of recent initiatives for women and girls . Toronto: Association for Women’s Rights in Development.Google Scholar
Moon, J., & Vogel, D. 2008. Corporate social responsibility, government, and civil society. In Crane, A., McWilliams, A., Matten, D., Moon, J., & Siegel, D. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of corporate social responsibility : 303323. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, M., Miyasaki, N., Watters, C., & Coombes, S. 2006. The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management , 44(2): 221244.Google Scholar
Nath, L., Holder-Webb, L., & Cohen, J. 2013. Will women lead the way? Differences in demand for corporate social responsibility information for investment decisions. Journal of Business Ethics , 118(1): 85.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. 1993. The study of choice or the study of provisioning? Gender and the definition of economics. In Ferber, M. & Nelson, J. (Eds.), Beyond economic man: Feminist theory and economics : 2336. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. 2010. Getting past ‘rational man/emotional woman’: Comments on research programs in happiness economics and interpersonal relations. International Review of Economics , 57(2): 233253.Google Scholar
Nikolic, I., & Taliento, L. 2010. How helping women helps business . New York: McKinsey & Company.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. 2011. Creating capabilities: The human development approach . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Paul, P., & Mukhopadhyay, K. 2010. Growth via intellectual property rights versus gendered inequity in emerging economies: An ethical dilemma for international business. Journal of Business Ethics , 91(3): 359378.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. 2007. Beyond women workers: Gendering CSR. Third World Quarterly , 28(4): 731749.Google Scholar
Prieto-Carrón, M. 2008. Women workers, industrialization, global supply chains and corporate codes of conduct. Journal of Business Ethics , 83(1): 517.Google Scholar
Prugl, E. 2015. Neoliberalising feminism. New Political Economy , 20(4): 614631.Google Scholar
Ring, P., & Rands, G. 1989. Sensemaking, understanding, and committing: Emergent interpersonal transaction processes in the evolution of 3M’s microgravity research program. In van de Ven, A., Angle, H., & Poole, M. Scott (Eds.), Research on the management of innovation: The Minnesota studies : 337366. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Roper, S., & Scott, J. 2009. Perceived financial barriers and the start-up decision: An econometric analysis of gender differences using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data. International Small Business Journal , 27(2): 149171.Google Scholar
Said-Allsopp, M., & Tallontire, A. 2014. Pathways to empowerment?: Dynamics of women’s participation in global value chains. Journal of Cleaner Production , 107: 114121.Google Scholar
Samman, E., Presler-Marshall, E., & Jones, N. 2016. Women’s work: Mothers, children and the global childcare crisis . London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Saridakis, G., Marlow, S., & Storey, D. J. 2014. Do different factors explain male and female self-employment rates? Journal of Business Venturing , 29(3): 345362.Google Scholar
Scherer, A., & Palazzo, G. 2007. Toward a political conception of corporate responsibility: Business and society seen from a Habermasian perspective. Academy of Management Review , 32(4): 10961120.Google Scholar
Scott, L., Dolan, C., Johnstone-Louis, M., Sugden, K., & Wu, M. 2012. Enterprise and inequality: A study of Avon in South Africa. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 36(3): 543568.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2004. Capabilities, lists, and public reason: Continuing the conversation. Feminist Economics , 10(3): 7780.Google Scholar
Sepulveda Carmona, M. 2013. Unpaid work, poverty and women’s human rights . United Nations General Assembly. A/68/293.Google Scholar
Shelton, L. 2006. Female entrepreneurs, work–family conflict, and venture performance: New insights into the work–family interface. Journal of Small Business Management , 44(2): 285297.Google Scholar
Silverstein, M. & Sayre, K. 2009. The female economy. Harvard Business Review , 87(9): 4653.Google Scholar
Simola, S., 2012. Exploring ‘embodied care’ in relation to social sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics , 107(4): 473484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slaughter, A. 2016. The work that makes work possible. The Atlantic , April 16. http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/unpaid-caregivers/474894/.Google Scholar
Spence, L. 2016. Small business social responsibility: Expanding core CSR theory. Business & Society , 55(1): 2355.Google Scholar
Sweetman, C. 2014. Care: From motherhood and apple pie to human rights . Oxford: Oxfam Great Britain.Google Scholar
Sweetman, C., & Deepta, C. 2014. Introduction to gender, development and care. Gender & Development , 22(3): 409421.Google Scholar
Thompson, L. 2008. Gender equity and corporate social responsibility in a post-feminist era. Business Ethics: A European Review , 17(1): 87106.Google Scholar
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2010. Achieving gender equality, women’s empowerment and strengthening development cooperation . New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Program. 2006a. Human development report 2006: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis . New York: United Nations Development Program.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Program. 2006b. The Arab human development report 2005: Towards the rise of women in the Arab world . New York: UNDP Regional Bureau for Arab States (RBAS).Google Scholar
United Nations Economic and Social Council. 2016. Statement submitted by Make Mothers Matter . New York: United Nations. E/CN.6/2016/NGO/72.Google Scholar
Venugopal, V. 2016. Investigating women’s intentions for entrepreneurial growth. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship , 8(1): 227.Google Scholar
Vincent, S. 2016. Bourdieu and the gendered social structure of working time: A study of self-employed human resources professionals. Human Relations , 69(5): 11631184.Google Scholar
Webb, J., Kistruck, G., Ireland, R., & Ketchen, D., 2010. The entrepreneurship process in base of the pyramid markets: The case of multinational enterprise/nongovernment organization alliances. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 34(3): 555581.Google Scholar
Welter, F. 2011. Contextualizing entrepreneurship-conceptual challenges and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 35(1): 165184.Google Scholar
White, T. 1992. Business, ethics, and Carol Gilligan’s ‘Two voices.’ Business Ethics Quarterly , 2(1): 5161.Google Scholar
Wicks, A. C. 1996. Reflections on the practical relevance of feminist thought to business. Business Ethics Quarterly , 6(4): 523531.Google Scholar
Wicks, A., Gilbert, J., Daniel, R., & Freeman, R. 1994. A feminist reinterpretation of the stakeholder concept. Business Ethics Quarterly , 4(4): 475497.Google Scholar
Williams, D. 2004. Effects of childcare activities on the duration of self-employment in Europe. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 28(5): 467485.Google Scholar
Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. 2007. Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 31(3): 387406.Google Scholar
Winn, J. 2006. Monika Forejtová, attorney at law. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 30(5): 709713.Google Scholar
Woetzel, J., Madgavkar, A., Ellingrud, K., Labaye, E., Devillard, S., Kutcher, E., Manyika, J., Dobbs, R., & Krishnan, M. 2015. How advancing women’s equality can add $12 trillion to global growth . New York: McKinsey Global Institute.Google Scholar
Wood, D. 1991. Corporate social performance revisited. Academy of Management Review , 16(1): 691718.Google Scholar
Wood, D., & Lodgson, J. 2002. Business citizenship: From individuals to organizations. Ethics and Entrepreneurship , 3: 5994.Google Scholar
World Bank Group. 2006. Gender equality as smart economics: A World Bank group gender action plan (fiscal years 2007–10) . Washington, DC: World Bank Group.Google Scholar
World Bank Group. 2014. Voice and agency: Empowering women and girls for shared prosperity . Washington, DC: World Bank Group.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2014. The global gender gap report 2014 . Geneva: World Economic Forum.Google Scholar
Wu, Z., & Chua, J. 2012. Second-order gender effects: The case of U.S. small business borrowing cost. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 36(3): 443463.Google Scholar
Zahra, S. A. 2007. Contextualizing theory building in entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Venturing , 22(3): 443452.Google Scholar