Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T05:25:19.722Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Which Duties of Beneficence Should Agents Discharge on Behalf of Principals? A Reflection through Shareholder Primacy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 October 2020

Santiago Mejia*
Affiliation:
Fordham University

Abstract

Scholars who favor shareholder primacy usually claim either that managers should not fulfill corporate duties of beneficence or that, if they are required to fulfill them, they do so by going against their obligations to shareholders. Distinguishing between structurally different types of duties of beneficence and recognizing the full force of the normative demands imposed on managers reveal that this view needs to be qualified. Although it is correct to think that managers, when acting on behalf of shareholders, are not required to fulfill wide duties of charity, they are nevertheless required to fulfill a variety of narrow duties of beneficence. What is more, the obligation to fulfill these duties arises precisely because they are acting on behalf of shareholders. As such, this article 1) refines our understanding of the duties of corporate beneficence and 2) helps to identify which duties of beneficence are imposed on managers when they are acting on behalf of shareholders.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for Business Ethics

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, Elizabeth. 2015. “Moral Bias and Corrective Practices: A Pragmatist Perspective.” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 89: 2147.Google Scholar
Arnold, Denis G. 2003. “Libertarian Theories of the Corporation and Global Capitalism.” Journal of Business Ethics 48 (2): 155–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchamp, Tom. 2019. “The Principle of Beneficence in Applied Ethics.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Zalta, Edward N.. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/principle-beneficence/.Google Scholar
Benabou, Roland, and Tirole, Jean. 2010. “Individual and Corporate Social Responsibility.” Economica 77 (305): 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, Margaret M., and Stout, Lynn A.. 1999. “A Team Production Theory of Corporate Law.” Virginia Law Review 85 (2): 247328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollier, David, Weiss, Stephanie, and Hanson, Kirk O.. 1991. Merck & Co., Inc. Boston: Business Enterprise Trust.Google Scholar
Bower, Joseph L., and Paine, Lynn S.. 2017. “The Error at the Heart of Corporate Leadership.” Harvard Business Review 95 (3): 5060.Google Scholar
Bowie, Norman E. 1999. Business Ethics: A Kantian Perspective. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bowie, Norman E. 2010. “A Kantian Approach to Business Ethics.” In A Companion to Business Ethics, edited by Frederick, Robert E., 316. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Brophy, Matthew. 2015. “Spirituality Incorporated: Including Convergent Spiritual Values in Business.” Journal of Business Ethics 132 (4): 779–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, Allen. 1996. “Perfecting Imperfect Duties: Collective Action to Create Moral Obligations.” Business Ethics Quarterly 6 (1): 2742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciepley, David. 2013. “Beyond Public and Private: Toward a Political Theory of the Corporation.” American Political Science Review 107 (1): 139–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummiskey, David. 1996. Kantian Consequentialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de los Reyes, Gaston. 2019. “The Political Imperative to Do the Good There Is No Business Reason Not to Do.” Paper presented at the 79th annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Boston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, Thomas. 1992. “The Language of International Corporate Ethics.” Business Ethics Quarterly 2 (3): 271–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubbink, Wim. 2018. “The Bystander in Commercial Life: Obliged by Beneficence or Rescue?Journal of Business Ethics 149 (1): 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunfee, Thomas W. 2006. “Do Firms with Unique Competencies for Rescuing Victims of Human Catastrophes Have Special Obligations? Corporate Responsibility and the AIDS Catastrophe in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Business Ethics Quarterly 16 (2): 185210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elhauge, Einer. 2005. “Sacrificing Corporate Profits in the Public Interest.” New York University Law Review 80 (3): 733869.Google Scholar
Evan, William M., and Freeman, R. Edward. 1993. “A Stakeholder Theory of the Modern Corporation: Kantian Capitalism.” In Ethical Theory and Business, edited by Beauchamp, Tom L. and Bowie, Norman E., 97106. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Freeman, R. Edward. 2007. “Managing for Stakeholders.” Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, January. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.1186402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, R. Edward, Harrison, Jeffrey S., Wicks, Andrew C., Parmar, Bidhan, and de Colle, Simone. 2010. Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1962. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1970. “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.” New York Times Magazine, September 13.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton, Mackey, John, and Rodgers, T. J.. 2005. “Rethinking the Social Responsibility of Business.” Reason, October. https://reason.com/archives/2005/10/01/rethinking-the-social-responsi/.Google Scholar
Ghoshal, Sumantra. 2005. “Bad Management Theories Are Destroying Good Management Practices.” Academy of Management Learning and Education 4 (1): 7591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodpaster, Kenneth E. 1991. “Business Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis.” Business Ethics Quarterly 1 (1): 5373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansmann, Henry, and Kraakman, Reinier. 2001. “The End of History for Corporate Law.” Georgetown Law Journal 89 (2): 439–68.Google Scholar
Hansmann, Henry, and Kraakman, Reinier. 2012. “Reflections on the End of History for Corporate Law.” In The Convergence of Corporate Governance Promise and Prospects, edited by Rasheed, Abdul A. and Yoshikawa, Toru, 3248. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, Oliver, and Zingales, Luigi. 2017a. “Companies Should Maximize Shareholder Welfare Not Market Value.” Journal of Law, Finance, and Accounting 2 (2): 247–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, Oliver, and Zingales, Luigi. 2017b. “Serving Shareholders Doesn’t Mean Putting Profit Above All Else.” Harvard Business Review 1: 26.Google Scholar
Heath, Joseph. 2007. “An Adversarial Ethic for Business: Or When Sun-Tzu Met the Stakeholder.” Journal of Business Ethics 72 (4): 359–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, Joseph. 2011. “Business Ethics and the ‘End of History’ in Corporate Law.” Journal of Business Ethics 102 (1): 520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, Joseph. 2014a. “A Market Failures Approach to Business Ethics.” In Morality, Competition, and the Firm: The Market Failures Approach to Business Ethics, 2541. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, Joseph. 2014b. Morality, Competition and the Firm: The Market Failures Approach to Business Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, Barbara. 1993. “Mutual Aid and Respect for Persons.” In The Practice of Moral Judgment, 4572. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Herman, Barbara. 2019. “Making Others’ Ends Our Own: The Challenges of Kantian Beneficence.” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 93: 191207.Google Scholar
Hessen, Robert. 1979. “A New Concept of Corporations: A Contractual and Private Property Model.” Hastings Law Journal 30: 1327–50.Google Scholar
Hill, Thomas E. Jr. 1971. “Kant on Imperfect Duty and Supererogation.” Kant-Studien 62: 5576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsieh, Nien-hê. 2004. “The Obligations of Transnational Corporations: Rawlsian Justice and the Duty of Assistance.” Business Ethics Quarterly 14 (4): 643–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsieh, Nien-hê. 2009a. “Corporate Social Responsibility and the Priority of Shareholders.” Journal of Business Ethics 88 (4): 553–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsieh, Nien-hê. 2009b. “Does Global Business Have a Responsibility to Promote Just Institutions?Business Ethics Quarterly 19 (2): 251–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsieh, Nien-hê. 2017a. “Corporate Moral Agency, Positive Duties, and Purpose.” In The Moral Responsibility of Firms, edited by Orts, Eric W. and Smith, Craig, 188205. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsieh, Nien-hê. 2017b. “The Responsibilities and Role of Business in Relation to Society: Back to Basics?Business Ethics Quarterly 27 (2): 293314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ireland, Paddy. 1999. “Company Law and the Myth of Shareholder Ownership.” Modern Law Review 62 (1): 3257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, Michael C., and Meckling, William H.. 1976. “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics 3 (4): 305–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaler, John. 2003. “Differentiating Stakeholder Theories.” Journal of Business Ethics 46 (1): 7183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1998. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by Gregor, Mary J.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langtry, Bruce. 1994. “Stakeholders and the Moral Responsibilities of Business.” Business Ethics Quarterly 4 (4): 431–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lea, David. 2004. “The Imperfect Nature of Corporate Responsibilities to Stakeholders.” Business Ethics Quarterly 14 (2): 201–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Jooho. 2020. “Entrepreneurial Stewardship: Why Some Profits Should Be Used to Benefit Others.” Business Ethics Quarterly. DOI:10.1017/beq.2019.51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansell, Samuel. 2013. “Shareholder Theory and Kant’s ‘Duty of Beneficence.’” Journal of Business Ethics 117 (3): 583–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansell, Samuel. 2015. Capitalism, Corporations and the Social Contract: A Critique of Stakeholder Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Marcoux, Alexei M. 2003. “A Fiduciary Argument against Stakeholder Theory.” Business Ethics Quarterly 13 (1): 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, Christopher. 1981. “Morality and the Invisible Hand.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 10 (3): 247–77.Google Scholar
McNew, Bradley Seth. 2015. “Just How Charitable Is Whole Foods Inc.? And Is Their Charity a Reason to Invest?” The Motley Fool, July 16. https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/07/16/just-how-charitable-is-whole-foods-inc.aspx.Google Scholar
Mejia, Santiago. 2019. “Weeding Out Flawed Versions of Shareholder Theory: A Reflection on the Moral Obligations That Carry Over from Principals to Agents.” Business Ethics Quarterly 29 (4): 519–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Richard W. 2004. “Beneficence, Duty and Distance.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 32 (4): 357–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minow, Nell. 1999. “Corporate Charity: An Oxymoron?Business Lawyer 54 (3): 9971005.Google Scholar
Ohreen, David E., and Petry, Roger A.. 2012. “Imperfect Duties and Corporate Philanthropy: A Kantian Approach.” Journal of Business Ethics 106 (3): 367–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirson, Micheal. 2017. Humanistic Management: Protecting Dignity and Promoting Well-Being. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pufendorf, Samuel. (1672) 1964. On the Law of Nature and of Nations. Translated by Oldfather, C. H. and Oldfather, W. A.. New York: Oceana Publication.Google Scholar
Rainbolt, George. 2000. “Perfect and Imperfect Obligations.” Philosophical Studies 98 (3): 233–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodin, David. 2005. “The Ownership Model of Business Ethics.” Metaphilosophy 36 (1/2): 163–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, William David. 1954. Kant’s Ethical Theory: A Commentary on the “Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten.” Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Scanlon, Thomas M. 1998. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schmitz, David. 2000. “Islands in a Sea of Obligation: Limits of the Duty to Rescue.” Law and Philosophy 19 (6): 683705.Google Scholar
Schneewind, J. B. 1990. “The Misfortunes of Virtue.” Ethics 101 (1): 4263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, S. Andrew. 2014. “Imperfect Duties, Group Obligations, and Beneficence.” Journal of Moral Philosophy 11 (5): 557–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, Peter. 1972. “Famine, Affluence, and Morality.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (3): 229–43.Google Scholar
Sison, Alejo José G., and Fontrodona, Joan. 2012. “The Common Good of the Firm in the Aristotelian–Thomistic Tradition.” Business Ethics Quarterly 22 (2): 211–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Jeffrey. 2012. “Corporate Duties of Virtue: Making (Kantian) Sense of Corporate Social Responsibility.” In Kantian Business Ethics: Critical Perspectives, edited by Arnold, Denis and Harris, Jared, 5875. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Sternberg, Elaine. 2000. Just Business: Business Ethics in Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, Elaine. 2010. “The Need for Realism in Business Ethics.” Reason Papers 31: 3348.Google Scholar
Stohr, Karen. 2011. “Kantian Beneficence and the Problem of Obligatory Aid.” Journal of Moral Philosophy 8 (1): 4567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stout, Lynn. 2012. The Shareholder Value Myth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Strudler, Alan. 2017. “What to Do with Corporate Wealth.” Journal of Political Philosophy 25 (1): 108–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Target. 2012. “$4 Million Every Week: A Brief History of Target’s Community Giving.” October 30. https://corporate.target.com/article/2012/10/4-million-every-week-a-brief-history-of-Target-s-c.Google Scholar
Von Kriegstein, Hasko. 2015. “Shareholder Primacy and Deontology.” Business and Society Review 120 (3): 465–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Kriegstein, Hasko. 2016. “Professionalism, Agency, and Market Failures.” Business Ethics Quarterly 26 (4): 445–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, Mark D. 2019. “With All Due Respect: A Kantian Approach to Economics.” In Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics, edited by White, Mark D., 5476. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. (1953) 1967. Philosophical Investigations. New York: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar