Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T19:35:10.618Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The United States' Race to Certify Sustainable Forestry: Non-State Environmental Governance and the Competition for Policy-Making Authority

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Benjamin Cashore ,
Graeme Auld  and
Deanna Newsom
Benjamin Cashore*
Affiliation:
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
Graeme Auld
Affiliation:
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
Deanna Newsom
Affiliation:
Rainforest Alliance
*
Program on Forest Certification, Global Institute of Sustainable Forestry, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 360 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511–2189, USA. Tel: + 1-203-432-3009; Fax: + 1-203-432-0026; E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In recent years a range of public policy (Howlett 2000) and international relations (Cutler et al., 1999; Hurd, 1999; Haufler, 2001) scholars have devoted attention to the emergence of voluntary (Kernaghan 1999; Prakash 1999), market-based, and “private” regulatory regimes that have emerged to address matters of concern to global civil society that previously were largely addressed through state-centered public policy instruments and processes.

Type
Research Article
Information
Business and Politics , Volume 5 , Issue 3 , November 2003 , pp. 219 - 259
Copyright
Copyright © V.K. Aggarwal 2003 and published under exclusive license to Cambridge University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1.

This article presents the US chapter, and relevant parts of Chapter One, to our book, Governing Through Markets: Forest Certification and the Emergence of Non-state Authority (New Haven: Yale University Press). Yale University Press has encouraged us to seek publication of this chapter in a peer-reviewed journal: the bulk of the research was carried out under a competitive grant from the USDA's National Research Initiative Markets and Trade Program and the Canadian Embassy's Canadian Studies Faculty Research Grant Program. We wish to thank the following individuals for comments on earlier versions: Scott Wallinger, Fran Raymond Price, John Heissenbuttel, Jamie Lawson, Errol Meidinger, Charlene Zietsma, Erika Sasser, Michele Michelleti, Rudi Rüdiger Wurzel, Magnus Bostrom, Ilan Vertinsky, Michael Conroy, Aseem Prakash, Kernaghan Webb, Jackie Best, Andy White, Jason McNichol, Connie McDermott, Ben Gunneburg, Justin Stead, Stuart Goodall, Tom Jorling, Tim Mealey, Nigel Sizer, Rick Cantrell, Richard Donovan and Heiko Leideker.

References

American Forest & Paper Association. 1996. Sustainable Forestry for Tommorow's World. Washington, DC: American Forest & Paper Association.Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 1999a. AF&PA's SFIsm Program to Receive National Award for Sustainability. Washington, DC: American Forest & Paper Association.Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 1999b. SFI: 4th Annual Progress Report. Washington DC: American Forest and Paper Association's SFI program.Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 1999c. SFIsm Program Introduces Interim Inconsistent Practices Reporting Protocol. Washington, DC: American Forest & Paper Association.Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2000a. Application of the Sustainable Forestry (SFI) Standard in Canada [Online document]. American Forest & Paper Association, August 2000a [cited October 22 2001]. Available from http://www.sfms.com/pdfs/sfiapplication.pdf Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2000b. Fifth Annual Progress Report. Washington, DC: SFI Program.Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2000c. Fraser 3rd Party Certifies All Its Forestlands: Lands in Canada First Outside US To Be Independently Audited under SFIsm. Washington, DC: American Forest & Paper Association's SFI Program.Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2000d. Maine Garners Second Annual SFIsm State Implementation Committee Award. Washington, DC: American Forest & Paper Association.Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2000e. Multi-Stakeholder Sustainable Forestry Board to Manage SFIsm Program. Washington, DC: American Forest & Paper Association.Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2000f. A Resolution Commending America's Forest & Paper Products Industry and the Sustainable Forestry Initiative Summary Statement [Online document]. American Forest & Paper Association, December 2000f [cited March 21 2001]. Available from http://www.afandpa.org Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2000g. Rules for the Use of AF&PA Owned Marks by Sustainable Forestry Initiative Program Participants. American Forest & Paper Association 2000g [cited October 15 2000]. Available from www.afandpa.org Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2000h. SFIsm AFF's American Tree Farm System® and AF&PA's Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI)Sm Program Collaborate to Expand the Practice of Sustainable Forestry. Washington, DC: American Forest & Paper Association's SFI Program.Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2001. Summary of Key Enhancements to the SFI Program in 2000 [Online pdf brochure]. American Forest & Paper Association 2001 [cited August 13 2001]. Available from http://www.afandpa.org/forestry/sfi_frame.html Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2002a. 2002–2004 Edition Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) Program (2002–2004) [pdf online document]. American Forest & Paper Association's Sustainable Forestry Initiative Program 2002a [cited January 14 2002]. Available from http://www.afandpa.org/forestry/sfi/Standard_0204.pdf Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2002b. Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) Program 2002 7th Annual Progress Report. External Review Panel 2002b [cited May 21 2002]. Available from http://www.afandpa.org/forestry/sfi/AnnualRep7_long.pdf Google Scholar
American Forest & Paper Association. 2002c. Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) Program Companies that have Completed Third-Party Certification. American Forest & Paper Association February 12 2002 [cited May 21 2002]. Available from http://www.afandpa.org/forestry/sfirsfi_comp_acreage21207.pdf Google Scholar
American Lands Alliance. 2000. Perspectives on AF&PA's “Sustainable Forestry Initiative” and Forest Certification. Portland, Oregon: American Lands Alliance.Google Scholar
American Society of Association Executives. 1999. Associations put muscle behind advocacy messages: AAA Awards hail heroes of association philanthropy. (profile of 1998 Summit Award recipients and qualifiers to the Associations Advance America Awards). Association Management 51 (1): 29–31.Google Scholar
American Tree Farm System. 2000. The American Tree Farm System: Voluntary Certification of Sustainable Forestry.Google Scholar
Auld, Graeme. 2001. Explaining certification legitimacy: an examination of forest sector support for forest certification programs in the United States Pacific Coast, the United Kingdom, and British Columbia, Canada. MS, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL.Google Scholar
Auld, Graeme, Cashore, Benjamin and Newsom, Deanna. 2003. Perspectives on Forest Certification: A Survey Examining Differences Among the US Forest Sectors’ Views of Their Forest Certification Alternatives. In Forest Policy for Private Forestry: Global and Regional Challenges, edited by Teeter, L., Cashore, B. and Zhang, D. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.Google Scholar
Bond, Patti. 2000. Lowe's to stop selling products from endangered forests. The Atlanta Constitution, 8 August, D1.Google Scholar
Bruce, Robert A. 1998. The Comparison of the FSC Forest Certification and ISO Environmental Management Schemes and Their Impact on a Small Retail Business. MBA, University of Edinburgh Management School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.Google Scholar
Carlton, Jim. 2000a. Against the Grain: How Home Depot and Activists Joined to Cut Logging Abuse – if a Tree Falls in the Forest, the Small, Powerful FSC Wants to Have its Say. Wall Street Journal, 26 September.Google Scholar
Carlton, Jim. 2000b. Home Builders Centex and Kaufman Agree Not to Buy Endangered Wood. Wall Street Journal, 31 March.Google Scholar
Cashore, Benjamin. 1997. Governing Forestry: Environmental Group Influence in British Columbia and the US Pacific Northwest. PhD, Political Science, University of Toronto, Toronto.Google Scholar
Cashore, Benjamin. 2002. Legitimacy and the Privatization of Environmental Governance: How Non State Market-Driven (NSMD) Governance Systems Gain Rule Making Authority. Governance 15 (4 [October]): 503–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cashore, Benjamin, Auld, Graeme and Newsom, Deanna. Governing Through Markets: Forest Certification and the Emergence of Non-state Authority. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cashore, Benjamin, Auld, Graeme and Newsom, Deanna. 2003. Forest Certification (Eco-Labeling) Programs and Their Policy-Making Authority: Explaining Divergence among North American and European Case Studies. Forest Policy and Economics 5 (3): 225–247.Google Scholar
Cashore, Benjamin and Lawson, James. 2003. Private Policy Networks and Sustainable Forestry Policy: Comparing Forest Certification Experiences in the US Northeast and the Canadian Maritimes. Canadian American Public Policy, 53 (March).Google Scholar
Cashore, Benjamin, Vertinsky, Ilan, and Raizada, Rachana. 2001. Firm Responses to External Pressures for Sustainable Forest Management in British Columbia and the US Pacific Northwest. In Sustaining the Pacific Coast Forests: Forging Truces in the War in the Woods, edited by Salazar, D. and Alper, D. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Certified Forest Products Council. 2001. How the CFPC operates [Online information]. Certified Forest Product Council 2001 [cited 21 March 2001]. Available from http://www.certifiedwood.org/ Google Scholar
Coulombe, Mary and Brown, Marvin. 1999. The Society of American Foresters Task Force on Forest Management Certification Programs: The Society of American Foresters.Google Scholar
Crossley, Rachel. 1996. A Review of Global Forest Management Certification Initiatives: Political and Institutional Aspects. Paper read at Conference on the Economic, Social and Political Issues in Certification of Forest Management, 12–16 May 1996, at Malaysia.Google Scholar
Cutler, Claire, Haufler, Virginia and Porter, Tony. 1999. Private Authority and International Affairs. In Private Authority in International Politics, edited by Cutler, C., Haufler, V. and Porter, T. New York: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Danks, Cecilia. 1996. Developing Institutions for Community Forestry in Northern California: Rural Development Forestry Network.Google Scholar
Dolcini, Marie. 1997. Task Force Advances ‘No-Cut’. The Planet May, June 1997.Google Scholar
Domask, Joe. 2003. Chapter Eight: From Boycotts to Partnership: NGOs, the Private Sector, and the World's Forests. In Globalization and NGOs: Transforming Business, Governments, and Society, edited by Doh, J. P. and Teegen, H. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Forest Stewardship Council. 1999a. FSC Principles and Criteria: Forest Stewardship Council.Google Scholar
Forest Stewardship Council. 1999b. FSC Process Guidelines for Developing Regional Certification Standards [FSC Document 4.2]. Forest Stewardship Council, January 19 1999b [cited October 22 2001]. Available from www.fscoax.org/html/4-2.html Google Scholar
Forest Stewardship Council. 1999c. Status of FSC-Endorsed Certification in the United States. Washington, DC: FSC. Google Scholar
Forest Stewardship Council Southeastern, US Working Group. 1999. Forest Certification Standards for the Southern US Gainsville, FL: Forest Stewardship Council US.Google Scholar
Forest Stewardship Council, United States. 2001. FSC-US National Indicators for Forest Stewardship. Forest Stewardship Council, United States, 2 May 2001 [cited 8 May 2002]. Available from http://www.fscstandards.org/downloads/fsc_national_indicators.pdf Google Scholar
ForestEthics. 2001. Employment Opportunities: Job Posting: Corporate Advisor – Traction Consultant [Online job information]. ForestEthics 2001 [cited 20 March 2001]. Available from http://www.forestethics.org/html/eng/939-AA.shtml Google Scholar
ForestEthics, and the Dogwood Alliance. 2002. taples Corporate Credibility Gap — Company Caught Lying about Destruction of Old-Growth Forests in New Report. San Francisco: ForestEthics, Dogwood Alliance.Google Scholar
Forsyth, Keith, Haley, David and Kozak, Robert. 1999. Will Consumers Pay More for Certified Wood Products? Journal of Forestry (2): 18–22.Google Scholar
Gereffi, Gary, Garcia-Johnson, Ronie and Sasser, Erika. 2001. The NGO-Industrial Complex. Foreign Policy (July/August): 56–65.Google Scholar
Grant, Wyn. 1989. Government and Industry: A Comparative Analysis of the US, Canada and the UK. Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.Google Scholar
Gunningham, Neil, Grabosky, Peter N. and Sinclair, Darren. 1998. Smart regulation – designing environmental policy, Oxford socio-legal studies. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press and Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hansen, Eric, Forsyth, Keith and Juslin, Heikki. 1999. A Forest Certification Update for the ECE Region. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Timber Section.Google Scholar
Hansen, Eric, and Juslin, Heikki. 1999. The Status of Forest Certification in the ECE Region. New York and Geneva: United Nations, Timber Section, Trade Division, UN-Economic Commission for Europe.Google Scholar
Haufler, Virginia. 2001. A Public Role for the Private Sector: Industry Self-Regulation in a Global Economy. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Hayward, Jeffrey and Vertinsky, Ilan. 1999. What Managers and Owners Think of Certification. Journal of Forestry (2): 13–17.Google Scholar
Howlett, Michael. 2000. Managing the ‘hollow state’: procedural policy instruments and modern governance. Canadian Public Administration 43 (4): 412–432.Google Scholar
Humphries, Shoana. 1999. Forest Certification Handbook: For the Southeastern United States. Gainesville, FL: The Forest Management Trust.Google Scholar
Hurd, Ian. 1999. Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics. International Organization 53 (2): 379–408.Google Scholar
Hyde, Bill and Stuart, William B. 1998. Chapter Two: US South. In Forest Policy: International Comparisons, edited by Wilson, B., Kooten, G. C. v., Vertinsky, I. and Arthur, L. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Island Press. 1998. The Business of Sustainable Forestry: Case Studies. 1 vol. Covelo, CA: Island Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, P. Devereaux and Zandbergen, Paul A. 1995. Ecologically Sustainable Organizations: An Institutional Approach. Academy of Management Review 20 (4): 1015–1052.Google Scholar
Jordan, David. 1999. Home Depot move pushes certification Forestry firms, environmentalists get different message. Business in Vancouver, 7 September 1999.Google Scholar
Kernaghan, . 1999. Voluntary Approaches, the Environment and the Law: A Canadian Perspective. In: Voluntary Approaches in Environmental Policy, edited by Leveque, C. C. A. F. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Kolk, Ans. 1996. Forests in International Environmental Politics: International Organisations, NGOs and the Brazilian Amazon. Alexander Numankade: International Books.Google Scholar
Lapointe, Gerald. 1998. Sustainable forest management certification: The Canadian programme. The Forestry Chronicle 74 (2): 227–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipschutz, Ronnie D. and Fogel, Cathleen. 2002. The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance. In: The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance, edited by Hall, R.B. and Biersteker, T.J. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lyke, Julie. 1996. Forest Product Certification Revisited: An Update. Journal of Forestry 94 (10): 15–20. MacCleery, Doug. 1999. NFS Certification Issues. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service.Google Scholar
Mater, C. 2002. Forest Certification Comparative Analysis: FSC & SFI Benchmark Field Results. Montreal, Canada. Presentation.Google Scholar
Mater, Catherine M., Alaric Sample, V., Grace, James R. and Rose, Gerald A. 1999. Third-Party, Performance-Based Certification: What Public Forestland Managers Should Know. Journal of Forestry 97 (2): 6–12.Google Scholar
McAlexander, James and Hansen, Eric. 1998. J Sainsbury plc and The Home Depot: Retailers’ Impact on Sustainability. The Business of Sustainable Forestry.Google Scholar
Meidinger, Errol E. 2000. Incorporating Environmental Certification Systems in North American Legal Systems. Buffalo: University of Buffalo.Google Scholar
Meridian Institute. 2001a. Comparative Analysis of the Forest Stewardship Council and Sustainable Forestry Initiative Certification Programs: Volume II, Description of the Forest Stewardship Council Program. Washington, DC: Meridian Institute.Google Scholar
Meridian Institute. 2001b. Comparative Analysis of the Forest Stewardship Council and Sustainable Forestry Initiative Certification Program. Volume III, Description of the Sustainable Forestry Initiative Program. Washington, DC: Meridian Institute.Google Scholar
Natural Resources Defense Council. 1993. Saving the Ancient Forests of British Columbia: Natural Resources Defense Council.Google Scholar
Newsom, Deanna. 2001. Achieving legitimacy? Exploring competing forest certification programs’ actions to gain forest manager support in the US Southeast, Germany, and British Columbia, Canada, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.Google Scholar
Newsom, Deanna, Cashore, Benjamin, Auld, Graeme and Granskog, Jim. 2003. Forest Certification in the Heart of Dixie: A Survey Of Alabama Landowners. In: Forest Policy for Private Forestry: Global and Regional Challenges, edited by Teeter, L., Cashore, B. and Zhang, D. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Ozanne, Lucie K. and Vlosky, Richard. 1997. Willingness to Pay for Environmentally Certified Wood Products: The Consumer Perspective. Forest Products Journal 47 (6): 1–8.Google Scholar
Ozanne, Lucie K. and Vlosky, Richard P. 1996. Wood Products Environmental Certification: The United States Perspective. The Forestry Chronicle 72 (2): 157–165.Google Scholar
Ozinga, Saskia. 2001. Behind the Logo, an Environmental and Social Assessment of Forest Certification Schemes. Moreton-in-Marsh: Fern, based on case studies by WWF France, Taiga Consulting, Taiga Rescue Network, Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), Fern, Finish Natural League, and Greenpeace.Google Scholar
Pan European Forest Certification. International. 2001. About the Pan European Forest Certification [Website]. Pan European Forest Certification Council, January 01 2001 [cited November 8 2001]. Available from http://www.pefc.org/about4.htm Google Scholar
Prakash, Aseem. 1999. A New-Institutional Perspective on ISO 14000 and Responsible Care. Business Strategy and the Environment 8: 322–335.Google Scholar
Prakash, Aseem. 2000. Greening of the Firm: the Politics of Corporate Environmentalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Price, Will. 2000. Forest Certification Pilot Projects Expanded on State and Tribal Lands. Washington DC: Pinchot Institute for Conservation.Google Scholar
Rainforest Action Network. Boise: An American Disgrace no date [cited. Available from www.ran.org/ran_campaigns/old_growth/bcresponse_printer.html Google Scholar
Salaman, Lester M. 2002. Introduction. In The Tools of Government: a Guide to the New Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sasser, Erika N. 2002. The Certification Solution: NGO Promotion of Private, Voluntary Self-Regulation. Paper read at 74th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, 29–31 May 2002, at Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
Sasser, Erika N. 2003. Gaining Leverage: NGO Influence on Certification Institutions in the Forest Products Sector. In: Forest Policy for Private Forestry, edited by Teeter, L., Cashore, B. and Zhang, D. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Scientific Certification Systems. 2001. Public Summary of Forest Management Certification Evaluation on the Plantation of Potlatch Hybrid Poplar Plantation Operation [Public Summary]. Scientific Certification Systems Forest Conservation Program, August 2001 [cited March 13 2002]. Available from http://www.scs1.com/pdfs/potlatch_hpp.pdf Google Scholar
Seattle Post-Intelligence Staff. 2000. Starbucks, Tully's offer fair trade, organic coffee Starbucks, Tully's offer fair trade, organic coffee. Seattle Post-Intelligence, 15 August.Google Scholar
Sierra Club. 1999. Sierra Club Warn of Green Scam by American Forest and Paper Association [Press release]. Sierra Club, 3 May 1999 [cited February 20 2000]. Available from http://lists.sierraclub.org/SCRIPTS/WA.EXE?A2=ind9905&L=ce-scnews-releases&P=R71 Google Scholar
Simula, Markku. 1998. Timber Certification: Progress and Issues. Yokohama: International Tropical Timber Organization.Google Scholar
Smith, Charles. 1995. Smartwood: Environmentally sound building materials include the new, the old, and the recycled. San Francisco Examiner, 18 January 1995, ZA.Google Scholar
Suchman, Mark C. 1995. Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches. Academy of Management Review 20 (3): 571–610.Google Scholar
The Forestry Source. 2000. Home Builders Give Preference to Certified Wood: Announcements Head Off Nationwide Protests [online magazine article]. Society of American Foresters, May 2000 [cited 2001]. Available from http://www.safnet.org/archive/home500.htm.Google Scholar
Thompson, Steve. 2001. Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Home Depot, Plum Creek and the effects of media spin. Independent 12 (5), 1 February. http://www.missoulanews.com/News/News.asp?no=735.Google Scholar
Transfair, USA. 2000. Starbucks Coffee Company Brings Fair Trade Certified Coffee to Retail Stores Through TransFair USA Alliance [press release]. TransFair USA, 25 September 2000 [cited March 2001]. Available from http://www.transfairusa.org/content/news/nws_story.jsp?type=prs&artid=00925 Google Scholar
United States. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. 2000. 1997 RPA Assessment: The United States Forest Resources Current Situation (Final Statistics). Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Vertinsky, Ilan B. and Zietsma, Charlene. 1998. Corporate Greening and Environmental Protection Performance: Static and Dynamic Analysis. Vancouver: Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration.Google Scholar
Viana, Virgilio, Ervin, Jamison, Donovan, Richard, Elliott, Chris and Gholz, Henry. 1996. Certification of Forest Products: Issues and Perspectives. Island Press.Google Scholar
Vlosky, Richard P. 2000a. Certification: Perceptions of Non-industrial Private Forestland Owners in Louisiana. Baton Rouge, LA, USA: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center.Google Scholar
Vlosky, Richard P. 2000b. Certification: Perceptions of Non-Industrial Private Forestland Owners in Louisiana. In Working Paper #41. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center.Google Scholar
Vlosky, Richard, Humphries, Shoana, and Douglas, Carter. 2001. Certified Wood Products Merchants in the United States: A Comparison Between 1995 and 1998. Forest Products Journal 51 (6): 32–39.Google Scholar
Wallinger, Scott. 1995. A Commitment to the Future: AF&PA's Sustainable Forestry Initiative. Journal of Forestry 93 (1): 16–19.Google Scholar
World Wildlife Fund. 1998. WWF's Global Annual Forest Report: Forests for Life. Washington DC: WWF.Google Scholar
Zietsma, Charlene and Vertinsky, Ilan B. 2001. Shades of Green: Cognitive Framing and the Dynamics of Corporate Environmental Response. Journal of Business Administration and Policy Analysis 27–29: 217–247.Google Scholar