Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T06:01:04.635Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Transaction Cost Economics: An Assessment of Empirical Research in the Social Sciences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jeffrey T. Macher
Affiliation:
Robert E. McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University
Barak D. Richman
Affiliation:
Duke University School of Law

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the empirical literature in transaction cost economics (TCE) across multiple social science disciplines and business fields. We show how TCE has branched out from its economic roots to examine empirical phenomena in several other areas. We find TCE is increasingly being applied not only to business-related fields such as accounting, finance, marketing, and organizational theory, but also to areas outside of business including political science, law, public policy, and agriculture and health. With few exceptions, however, the use of TCE reasoning to inform empirical research in these areas is piecemeal. We find that there is considerable support of many of the central tenets of TCE, but we also observe a number of lingering theoretical and empirical issues that need to be addressed. We conclude by discussing the implications of these issues and outlining directions for future theoretical and empirical work.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © V.K. Aggarwal 2008 and published under exclusive license to Cambridge University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, T. R., Scherer, R. F., Barton, S. L. and Katerberg, R. (1999). “An Empirical Test of Transaction Cost Theory: Validating Contract Typology.” Journal of Applied Management Studies 7 (2): 185200.Google Scholar
Ahmadjian, C. L. and Oxley, J. E. (2006). “Using Hostages to Support Exchange: Dependence Balancing and Partial Equity Stakes in Japanese Automotive Supply Relationships.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 22 (1): 213233.Google Scholar
Alger, D. and Toman, M. (1990). “Market-Based Regulation of Natural Gas Pipelines.” Journal of Regulatory Economics 2: 263280.Google Scholar
Allen, D. W. and Lueck, D. (1992a). “The ‘Back Forty’ on a Handshake: Specific Assets, Reputation and the Structure of Farmland.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 8 (2): 366376.Google Scholar
Allen, D. W. and Lueck, D. (1992b). “Contract Choice in Modern Agriculture: Cash Rent Versus Cropshare.” Journal of Law and Economics 35 (2): 397426.Google Scholar
Allen, D. W. and Lueck, D. (1993). “Transaction Costs and the Design of Cropshare Contracts.” RAND Journal of Economics 21 (1): 78100.Google Scholar
Allen, D. W. and Lueck, D. (1996). “The Transaction Cost Approach to Agricultural Contracts.” In Agricultural Markets: Mechanisms, Failures and Regulations, edited by Martimort, D. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Press.Google Scholar
Allen, D. W. and Lueck, D. (1998). “The Nature of the Farm.” Journal of Law and Organization 41 (2): 343386.Google Scholar
Allen, D. W. and Lueck, D. (2000). “A Transaction Cost Primer on Farm Organization.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 48 (4): 643652.Google Scholar
Allen, J. and Phillips, G. (2000). “Corporate Equity Ownership, Strategic Alliances, and Product Market Relationships.” Journal of Finance 55 (6): 27912815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alston, L. J. and Higgs, R. (1982). “Contractual Mix in Southern Agriculture Since the Civil War: Facts, Hypotheses and Tests.” Journal of Economic History 42: 327353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alt, J. E., Carlsen, F., Heum, P. and Johansen, K. (1999). “Asset Specificity and the Political Behavior of Firms: Lobbying for Subsidies in Norway.” International Organization 53 (1): 99116.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. (1985). “The Salesperson as Outside Agent or Employee: A Transaction Cost Analysis.” Marketing Science 4: 234254.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. (1988). “Transaction Costs as Determinants of Opportunism in Integrated and Independent Sales Forces.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 9: 247264.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. (1996). “Transaction Cost Analysis and Marketing.” In Transaction Cost Economics and Beyond, edited by Groenewegen, J. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. and Coughlan, A. T. (1987). “International Market Entry and Expansion Via Independent or Integrated Channels of Distribution.” Journal of Marketing 51: 7182.Google Scholar
Anderson, E., Ross, W. T. and Weitz, B. (1998). “Commitment and its Consequences in the American Agency System of Selling Insurance.” Journal of Risk and Insurance 65 (4): 637669.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. and Schmittlein, D. C. (1984). “Integration of the Sales Force: an Empirical Examination.” RAND Journal of Economics 15 (3): 385395.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. and Weitz, B. A. (1992). “The Use of Pledges to Build and Sustain Commitment in Distribution Channels.” Journal of Marketing Research 29 (February): 1834.Google Scholar
Argyres, N. S. (1995). “Technology Strategy, Governance Structure and Interdivisional Coordination.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 28: 337358.Google Scholar
Argyres, N. S. (1996). “Capabilities, Technological Diversification and Divisionalization.” Strategic Management Journal 17: 395410.3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrighetti, A., Bachmann, R. and Deakin, S. (1997). “Contract Law, Social Norms and Inter-firm Cooperation.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 21 (2): 171195.Google Scholar
Artz, K. W. and Brush, T. H. (2000). “Asset Specificity, Uncertainty and Relational Norms: An Examination of Coordination Costs in Collaborative Strategic Alliances.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 42 (4): 337362.Google Scholar
Ashton, T. (1998). “Contracting for Health Services in New Zealand: A Transaction Cost Analysis.” Social Science Medicine 46 (3): 357367.Google Scholar
Aubert, B. A., Rivard, S. and Patry, M. (1996). “A Transaction Cost Approach to Outsourcing Behavior: Some Empirical Evidence.” Information and Management 30 (2): 5164.Google Scholar
Baker, G. R. and Chapman, R. B. (1989). “Evaluating Labor Market Contracting and Regulation: A Transaction Costs Perspective with Particular Reference to New Zealand.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 145: 317342.Google Scholar
Balakrishnan, S. and Fox, I. (1993). “Asset Specificity, Firm Heterogeneity, and Capital Structure.” Strategic Management Journal 14: 316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balakrishnan, S. and Wernerfelt, B. (1986). “Technical Change, Competition and Vertical Integration.” Strategic Management Journal 7: 347359.Google Scholar
Baranoff, E. and Sager, T. (2002). “The Relations among Asset Risk, Product Risk, and Capital in the Life Insurance Industry.” Journal of Banking and Finance 26 (6): 11811197.Google Scholar
Baranoff, E. and Sager, T. (2003). “The Relations among Organizational and Distributional Forms and Capital and Asset Risk Structures in the Life Insurance Industry.” Journal of Risk and Insurance 70: 375400.Google Scholar
Bariletti, A. and France, G. (1996). “Transaction Cost Economics and Efficiency in Health Reform: The Case of Italy.” Dipartmento di Scienze Economiche, Studi e Discussioni: Universita di Fireze 103.Google Scholar
Barton, J. N., Burton, M. D. and Hannan, M. T. (1999). “The Road Taken: Origins and Evolution of Employment Systems in Emerging Companies.” In Firms, Markets and Hierarchies, edited by Carroll, G. R. and Teece, D. J. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barzel, Y. (1982). “Measurement Cost and the Organization of Markets.” Journal of Law and Economics 25 (April): 2748.Google Scholar
Bazzoli, G. J., Chan, B., Shortell, S. M., and D'Aunno, T. (2000). “The Financial Performance of Hospitals Belonging to Health Networks and Systems.” Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision and Financing 37 (3): 234252.Google Scholar
Beatty, A., Ramesh, K. and Weber, J. (2002). “The Importance of Accounting Changes in Debt Contracts.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 33: 205227.Google Scholar
Benmelech, E., Garmaise, M. and Moskowitz, T. (2005). “Do Liquidation Values Affect Financial Constraints? Evidence from Commercial Loan Contracts and Zoning Regulation.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 120: 11211154.Google Scholar
Bensaou, B. M. and Anderson, E. (1999). “Buyer-Supplier Relations in Industrial Markets: When Do Buyers Enter the Trap of Making Idiosyncratic Investments?Organization Science 10 (4): 460481.Google Scholar
Bergara, M. E., Henisz, W. J. and Spiller, P. T. (1998). “Political Institutions and Electric Utility Investment: A Cross-National Analysis.” California Management Review 40 (2): 1835.Google Scholar
Bergh, D. and Lawless, M. (1998). “Portfolio Restructuring and Limits to Hierarchical Governance: Effects of Environmental Uncertainty and Diversification Strategy.” Organization Science 9 (1): 87102.Google Scholar
Bertero, E. (1997). “Restructuring Financial Systems in Transition and Developing Economies: An Approach Based on the French Financial System.” Economics of Transition 5 (2): 367393.Google Scholar
Bethel, J. E. and Liebeskind, J. P. (1998). “Diversification and the Legal Organization of the Firm.” Organization Science 9 (1): 4967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigelow, L. S. 2006. “Technology Choice, Transaction Alignment and Survival: The Impact of Sub-Population Governance Structure.” In Advances in Strategic Management, edited by Baum, J. A. C. and Dobrev, S. 23: 301334. New York, NY: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Bindseil, U. (1997). “Vertical Integration in the Long Run: The Provision of Physical Assets to the London and New York Stock Exchanges.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 153: 641656.Google Scholar
Bjuggren, P. O. (1995). “A Transaction Cost Perspective on Financial Distress and Capital Structure.” International Review of Law and Economics 15 (4): 395404.Google Scholar
Brickley, J. A. (1999). “Incentives, Conflicts and Contractual Restraints: Evidence from Franchising.” Journal of Law and Economics 42 (2): 745774.Google Scholar
Brouthers, K. D. and Brouthers, L. E. (2000). “Acquisition or Greenfield Start-up? Institutional, Cultural and Transaction Cost Influences.” Strategic Management Journal 21 (1): 8997.Google Scholar
Brown, J. H. and Partridge, M. (1998). “The Death of a Market: Standard Oil and the Demise of the 19th Century Crude Oil Exchanges.” Review of Industrial Organization 13 (5): 569587.Google Scholar
Brown, J. R. and Dev, C. S. and Lee, D. J. (2000). “Managing Marketing Channel Opportunism: The Efficacy of Alternative Governance Mechanisms.” Journal of Marketing 64 (2): 5165.Google Scholar
Bucklin, L. P. and Sengupta, S. (1993). “Organizing Successful Co-Marketing Alliances.” Journal of Marketing 57 (April): 3246.Google Scholar
Buvik, A. and John, G. (2000). “When Does Vertical Coordination Improve Industrial Purchasing Relationships?Journal of Marketing 64: 5264.Google Scholar
Buvik, A. and Reve, T. (2001). “Asymmetrical Deployment of Specific Assets and Contractual Safeguarding in Industrial Purchasing Relationships.” Journal of Business Research 51: 101113.Google Scholar
Cameron, S. and Collins, A. (1997). “Transaction Costs and Partnerships: The Case of Rock Bands.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 32: 171183.Google Scholar
Carr, J. and Landa, J. T. (1983). “The Economics of Symbols, Clan Names, and Religion.” Journal of Legal Studies 12 (1): 135156.Google Scholar
Carroll, G. R., Spiller, P. T. and Teece, D. J. (1999). “Transaction Cost Economics: Its Influence on Organizational Theory, Strategic Management, and Political Economy.” In Firms, Markets and Hierarchies, edited by Carroll, G. R. and Teece, D. J. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Carroll, G. R. and Teo, A. C. Y. (1999). “Creative Self-Destruction Among Organizations.” In Firms, Markets and Hierarchies, edited by Carroll, G. R. and Teece, D. J. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Carter, R. and Hodgson, G. M. (2006). “The Impact of Empirical Tests of Transaction Cost Economics on the Debate on the Nature of the Firm.” Strategic Management Journal 27 (5): 461476.Google Scholar
Casciaro, T. (2003). “Determinants of Governance Structure in Alliances: the Role of Strategic, Task, and Partner Uncertainties.” Industrial and Corporate Change 12 (6): 12231251.Google Scholar
Cavanaugh, J. K. (1998). “Asset-Specific Investment and Unionized Labor.” Industrial Relations 37 (1): 3550.Google Scholar
Caves, R. E. and Bradburd, R. E. (1988). “The Empirical Determinants of Vertical Integration.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 9: 265279.Google Scholar
Che, J. and Qian, Y. (1998). “Institutional Environment, Community Government, and Corporate Governance: Understanding China's Township-Village Enterprises.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 14 (1): 123.Google Scholar
Chi, T. 1994. “Trading in Strategic Resources: Necessary Conditions, Transaction Cost Problems, and Choice of Exchange Structure.” Strategic Management Journal 15: 271290.Google Scholar
Chi, T. and Roehl, T. W. (1997). “The Structuring of Interfirm Exchanges in Business Know-How: Evidence from International Collaborative Ventures.” Managerial and Decision Economics 18: 279294.Google Scholar
Choi, C. J., Lee, S. H. and Kim, J. B. (1999). “A Note on Countertrade: Contractual Uncertainty and Transaction Governance in Emerging Economies.” Journal of International Business Studies 30 (1): 189202.Google Scholar
Ciccotello, C. S., Hornyak, M. J., and Piwowar, M. S.Research and Development Alliances: Evidence from a Federal Contracts Repository.” Journal of Law and Economics 47 (1): 123166.Google Scholar
Coase, R. H. (1937). “The Nature of the Firm.” Econometrica 4 (16): 386405.Google Scholar
Coase, R. H. (1990). “Accounting and the Theory of the Firm.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 12: 313.Google Scholar
Coase, R. H. (2000). “The Acquisition of Fisher Body By General Motors.” Journal of Law and Economics 43: 1530.Google Scholar
Coff, R. (2003). “Bidding Wars Over R&D-Intensive Firms: Knowledge, Opportunism, and the Market for Corporate Control.” Academy of Management Journal 46 (1): 7485.Google Scholar
Coles, J. and Hesterly, W. S. (1998). “The Impact of Firm-Specific Assets and the Interaction of Uncertainty: An Examination of Make or Buy Decisions in Public and Private Hospitals.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 36: 383409.Google Scholar
Cooke, W. (1997). “The Influence of Industrial Relations Factors on U.S. Foreign Direct Investment Abroad.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 50 (1): 317.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. and Slagmulder, R. (2004). “Interorganizational Cost Management and Relational Context.” Accounting Organizations and Society 29: 126.Google Scholar
Crocker, K. J. and Masten, S. E. (1988). “Mitigating Contractual Hazards: Unilateral Options and Contract Length.” RAND Journal of Economics 19: 327343.Google Scholar
Crocker, K. J. and Masten, S. E. (1991). “Pretia Ex Machina? Prices and Process in Long-Term Contracts.” Journal of Law and Economics 23: 6999.Google Scholar
Crocker, K. J. and Masten, S. E. (1996). “Regulation and Administered Contracts Revisited: Lessons from Transaction-Cost Economics for Public Utility Regulation.” Journal of Regulatory Economics 9: 539.Google Scholar
Crocker, K. J. and Reynolds, K. J. (1993). “The Efficiency of Incomplete Contracts: An Empirical Analysis of Air Force Engine Procurement.” RAND Journal of Economics 24: 126146.Google Scholar
Dahl, C. A. and Matson, T. K. (1998). “Evolution of the US Natural Gas Industry in Response to Changes in Transaction Costs.” Land Economics 74 (3): 390408.Google Scholar
Dansky, K. (1996). “Understanding Hospital Referrals to Home Health Agencies.” Hospital and Health Services Administration 41 (3): 331342.Google ScholarPubMed
Datta, S. and Donald, J. O. H. K., and Nugent, J. (1986). “Choice of Agricultural Tenancy.” Land Economics 62: 145158.Google Scholar
David, R. J. and Han, S. K. (2004). “A Systematic Assessment of the Empirical Support for Transaction Cost Economics.” Strategic Management Journal 25 (1): 3958.Google Scholar
DeBruin, A. and Dupuis, A. (1999). “Toward a Synthesis of Transaction Cost Economics and a Feminist Oriented Network Analysis: An Application to Women's Street Commerce.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58 (4): 807827.Google Scholar
de Figueiredo, J. M. and Kim, J. J. (2004). “Why Do Firms Hire Lobbyists? The Organization of Lobbying at the Federal Communications Commission.” Industrial and Corporate Change 13 (6): 883900.Google Scholar
Delmas, M. and Marcus, A. (2004). “Firms’ Choice of Regulatory Instruments to Reduce Pollution: A Transaction Cost Approach.” Business and Politics 6 (3): 120.Google Scholar
Delios, A. and Henisz, W. J. (2000). “Japanese Firms’ Investment Strategies in Emerging Economies.” Academy of Management Journal 43 (3): 305323.Google Scholar
Delios, A. and Henisz, W. J. (2003). “Political Hazards, Experience, And Sequential Entry Strategies: The International Expansion Of Japanese Firms, 1980-1998.” Strategic Management Journal 24 (11): 11531164.Google Scholar
DiMaggio, P. J. and Powell, W. W. (1991). The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dixit, A. K. (1996). The Making of Economic Policy: A Transaction-Cost Politics Perspective. Boston, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Doh, J. P., Teegen, H., and Mudambi, R. (2004). “Balancing Private and State Ownership in Emerging Markets’ Telecommunications Infrastructure.” Journal of International Business Studies 35 (3): 233250.Google Scholar
Dutta, S. and John, G. (1995). “Combining Lab Experiments and Industry Data in Transaction Cost Analysis: The Case of Competition as a Safeguard.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 11 (1): 87111.Google Scholar
Dutta, S., Bergen, M., Heide, J. B. and John, G. (1995). “Understanding Dual Distribution: The Case of Reps and House Accounts.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 11: 189204 Google Scholar
Dyer, J. H. (1996). “Does Governance Matter? Keiretsu Alliances and Asset Specificity as Sources of Japanese Competitive Advantage.” Organization Science 7 (6): 649666.Google Scholar
Dyer, J. H. and Chu, W. J. (2003). “The Role of Trustworthiness in Reducing Transaction Costs and Improving Performance: Empirical Evidence from the United States, Japan, and Korea.” Organization Science 14 (1): 5768.Google Scholar
Eccles, R. G. and White, H. C. (1988). “Price and Authority in Inter-Profit Center Transactions.” American Journal of Sociology 94: S17S51.Google Scholar
Elfenbein, D. W. and Lerner, J. (2003). “Ownership and Control Rights in Internet Portal Alliances.” Rand Journal of Economics 34 (2): 356369.Google Scholar
Erramilli, M. and Rao, C. P. (1993). “Service Firms’ International Entry Mode Choice: A Modified Transaction Cost Approach.” Journal of Marketing 57 (July): 1938.Google Scholar
Erridge, A., Fee, R. and Mcilroy, J. (1999). “An Assessment of Competitive Tendering Using Transaction Cost Analysis.” Public Money and Management 19 (3): 3742.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F. (1980). “Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm.” Journal of Political Economy 88: 288307.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F. and Jensen, M. D. (1983). “Separation of Ownership and Control.” Journal of Law and Economics 26: 301326.Google Scholar
Fein, A. J. and Anderson, E. (1997). “Patterns of Credible Commitments: Territory and Brand Selectivity in Industrial Distribution Channels.” Journal of Marketing 61 (2): 1934.Google Scholar
Fisher, L. M. (2004). “The Wealth Effects of Sale and Leasebacks: New Evidence.” Real Estate Economics 32 (4): 619643.Google Scholar
Frank, S. D. and Henderson, D. R. (1992). “Transaction Costs as Determinants of Vertical Coordination in the U.S. Food Industries.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 74: 941950.Google Scholar
Freeland, R. F. (1996). “The Myth of the M-Form? Governance, Consent, and Organizational Change.” American Journal of Sociology 102 (2): 483526.Google Scholar
Freeman, J., Carroll, G. R. and Hannan, M. T. (1983). “The Liability of Newness: Age Dependence in Organizational Death Rates.” American Sociological Review 48: 692710.Google Scholar
Gallick, E. C. (1996). “Exclusive Dealing and Vertical Integration: The Efficiency of Contracts in the Tuna Industry.” In Case Studies in Contracting and Organization, edited by Masten, S. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Galunic, D. C. and Anderson, E. (2000). “From Security to Mobility: Generalized Investments in Human Capital and Agent Commitment.” Organization Science 11 (1): 120.Google Scholar
Gatignon, H. and Anderson, E. (1988). “The Multinational Corporation's Degree of Control Over Foreign Subsidiaries: An Empirical Test of a Transaction Cost Explanation.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 4: 305336.Google Scholar
Globerman, S. and Schwindt, R. (1986). “The Organization of Vertically Related Transactions in the Canadian Forest Products Industries.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 7 (2): 199212.Google Scholar
Goedecke, E. J. and Ortmann, G. F. (1993). “Transaction Costs and Labour Contracting in the South African Forestry Industry.” South African Journal of Economics 61 (1): 6783.Google Scholar
Goldberg, V. B. (1976). “Regulation and Administered Contracts.” Bell Journal of Economics 7 (2): 426448.Google Scholar
Goldberg, V. B. (1980). “Relational Exchange: Economics and Complex Contracts.” American Behavioral Scientist 23 (3): 337352.Google Scholar
Goldberg, V. P. and Erickson, J. R. (1987). “Quantity and Price Adjustment in Long-Term Contracts: A Case Study of Petroleum Coke.” Journal of Law and Economics 30 (October): 369398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomes-Casseres, B. (1989). “Ownership Structures of Foreign Subsidiaries: Theory and Evidence.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 11: 125.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Diaz, M., Arrunada, B. and Fernandez, A. (2000). “Causes of Subcontracting: Evidence from Panel Data on Construction Firms.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 42 (2): 167187.Google Scholar
Grandy, C. (1989). “Can Government Be Trusted to Keep Its Part of a Social Contract? New Jersey and the Railroads, 1825-1888.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 5: 249269.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. (1985). “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91 (November): 481510.Google Scholar
Grossman, S. J. and Hart, O. D. (1986). “The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration.” Journal of Political Economy 94 (August): 691719.Google Scholar
Gulati, R. and Singh, H. (1998). “The Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Costs and Appropriation Concerns in Strategic Alliances.” Administrative Science Quarterly 43 (4): 781814.Google Scholar
Hamilton, H. (1999). “Property Rights and Transaction Costs in Marriage: Evidence from Prenuptial Contracts.” The Journal of Economic History 59 (1): 68103.Google Scholar
Hannan, M. T., Buron, M. D. and Baron, J. N. (1999). “Inertia and Change in the early Years.” In Firms, Markets and Hierarchies, edited by Carroll, G. R. and Teece, D. J. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hannan, M. T. and Freeman, J. (1984). Organization Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Harrigan, K. R. (1986). “Matching Vertical Integration Strategies to Competitive Conditions.” Strategic Management Journal 7: 535555.Google Scholar
Harris, D. G. and Livingstone, J. R. (2002). “Federal Tax Legislation as an Implicit Contracting Cost Benchmark.” Accounting Review 77: 9971018.Google Scholar
Hart, O. (1995). Firms Contracts and Financial Structure. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hart, O. D. and Moore, J. (1990). “Property Rights and the Nature of the Firm.” The Journal of Political Economy 98 (6): 11191158.Google Scholar
Heide, J. B., Dutta, S. and Bergen, M. (1998). “Exclusive Dealing and Business Efficiency: Evidence From Industry Practice.” Journal of Law and Economics 41 (2): 387407.Google Scholar
Heide, J. B. and John, G. (1988). “The Role of Dependence Balancing in Safeguarding Transaction-Specific Assets.” Journal of Marketing 52: 2035.Google Scholar
Heide, J. B. and John, G. (1990). “Alliances in Industrial Purchasing: The Determinants of Joint Action in Buyer-Supplier Relationships.” Journal of Marketing Research 27 (1): 2436.Google Scholar
Heide, J. B. and John, G. (1992). “Do Norms Matter in Relationship Marketing.” Journal of Marketing 56 (2): 3245.Google Scholar
Helfat, C. and Teece, D. J. (1987). “Vertical Integration and Risk Reduction.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 3: 4767.Google Scholar
Henisz, W. J. (2000). “The Institutional Environment for Multinational Investment.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 16 (2): 334364.Google Scholar
Henisz, W. J. and Zelner, B. A. (2001). “The Institutional Environment for Telecommunications Investment.” Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 10 (1): 123147.Google Scholar
Hill, C. W. (1988). “Internal Capital Market Controls and Financial Performance in Multidivisional Firms.” Journal of Industrial Economics 37 (1): 6783.Google Scholar
Hobbs, J. (2003). “Information, Incentives and Institutions in the Agri-Food Sector.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 51 (3): 413430.Google Scholar
Hodgkin, D., Horgan, C. M. and Garnick, D. W. (1997). “Make or Buy: HMOs’ Contracting Arrangement for Mental Health Care.” Administration and Policy in Mental Health 24 (4): 359376.Google Scholar
Hoetker, G. (2005). “How Much You Know versus How Well I Know You: Selecting a Supplier for a Technically Innovative Component.” Strategic Management Journal 26 (1): 7596.Google Scholar
Hu, M. and Chen, H. (1993). “Foreign Ownership in Chinese Joint Ventures.” Journal of Business Research 26 (2): 500513.Google Scholar
Hubbard, T. N. (2001). “Contractual Form and Market Thickness in Trucking.” Rand Journal of Economics 32 (2): 369386.Google Scholar
Hughes, D., Griffiths, Lesley and McHale, J. V. (1997). “Do Quasi-Markets Evolve? Institutional Analysis and the NHS.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 21: 259276.Google Scholar
Husted, B. W. (1994). “Transaction Costs, Norms and Social Networks.” Business and Society 33 (1): 3057.Google Scholar
Inderst, R. and Muller, H. M. (2003). “Internal Versus External Financing: An Optimal Contracting Approach.” Journal of Finance 58: 10331062.Google Scholar
Jensen, J. B. and Rothwell, G. S. (1998). “Transaction Costs, Regulation, and Subcontracting at Nuclear Power Plants.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 36: 369381.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. and Meckling, W. (1976). “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Capital Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics 3 (October): 305360.Google Scholar
John, G. and Weitz, B. A. (1988). “Forward Integration into Distribution: An Empirical Test of Transaction Cost Analysis.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 4: 337355.Google Scholar
John, G. and Weitz, B. A. (1989). “Salesforce Compensation: An Empirical Investigation of Factors Related to Use of Salary Versus Incentive Compensation.” Journal of Marketing Research 26 (February): 114.Google Scholar
Jones, P. and Hudson, J. (1998). “The Role of Political Parties: An Analysis Based on Transaction Costs.” Public Choice 94: 175189.Google Scholar
Joshi, A. W. and Stump, R. L. (1999). “The Contingent Effect Of Specific Asset Investments On Joint Action In Manufacturer-Supplier Relationships: An Empirical Test Of The Moderating Role Of Reciprocal Asset Investments, Uncertainty, And Trust.” Academy of Marketing Science 27 (3): 291305.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. (1985). “Vertical Integration and Long-Term Contracts: The Case of Coal-Burning Electric Generating Plants.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 1 (Spring): 3380.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. (1987). “Contract Duration and Relation Specific Investments: Empirical Evidence from Coal Markets.” American Economic Review 17 (March): 168185.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. (1988a). “Asset Specificity and the Structure of Vertical Relationships: Empirical Evidence.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 4 (1): 95117.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. (1988b). “Price Adjustment in Long-Term Contracts: The Case of Coal.” Journal of Law and Economics 31: 4783.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. (1990). “The Performance of Long-Term Contracts: Further Evidence from the Coal Markets.” RAND Journal of Economics 21: 251274.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. (1991). “The Role of Transaction Cost Economics in Antitrust and Public Utility Regulatory Policies.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 7 (Special Issue): 5383.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. (1996). “Introducing Competition into Regulated Network Industries: From Hierarchies to Markets in Electricity.” Industrial and Corporate Change 5 (2): 341382.Google Scholar
Joskow, P. L. (2002). “Transaction Cost Economics, Antitrust Rules, and Remedies.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 18 (1): 95116.Google Scholar
Kalnins, A. and Mayer, K. J. (2004). “Relationships and Hybrid Contracts: An Analysis of Contract Choice in Information Technology.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 20: 207229.Google Scholar
Kashlak, R., Cahandran, R. and Di Benedetto, C. A. (1998). “Reciprocity in International Business: A Study of Telecommunications Alliances and Contracts.” Journal of International Business Studies 29 (2): 281304.Google Scholar
Kaufman, P. and Lafontaine, F. (1994). “Costs of Control: The Source of Economic Rents for McDonalds Franchisees.” Journal of Law and Economics 37: 417453.Google Scholar
Kavanagh, I. and Parker, D. (1999). “Managing the Contract: A Transaction Cost Analysis of Externalization.” Local Government Studies 26 (4): 122.Google Scholar
Kim, K. (1999). “On Determinants of Joint Action in Industrial Distributor-Supplier Relationships: Beyond Economic Efficiency.” International Journal of Research in Marketing 16 (3): 217236.Google Scholar
Klein, B. (2000). “Fisher-General Motors and the Nature of the Firm.” Journal of Law and Economics 43: 105141.Google Scholar
Klein, B., Crawford, R. G. and Alchian, A. A. (1978). “Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process.” Journal of Law and Economics 21 (October): 297326.Google Scholar
Klein, S. (1989). “A Transaction Cost Explanation of Vertical Control in International Markets.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 17: 530560.Google Scholar
Klein, S., Frazer, G. L. and Roth, V. J. (1990). “A Transaction Cost Analysis Model of Channel Integration in International Markets.” Journal of Marketing Research 27: 196208.Google Scholar
Klein, S. and Roth, V. J. (1990). “Determinants of Export Channel Structure: The Effects of Experience and Psychic Distance Reconsidered.” International Marketing Review 7 (5): 2738.Google Scholar
Klein, S. and Roth, V. J. (1993). “Satisfaction With International Marketing Channels.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 29 (Winter): 3944.Google Scholar
Knoeber, C. (1983). “An Alternative Mechanism to Assure Contractual Reliability.” Journal of Legal Studies 12: 333343.Google Scholar
Kochar, R. (1996). “Explaining Firm Capital Structure: The Role of Agency Theory vs. Transaction Cost Economics.” Strategic Management Journal 17: 712728.Google Scholar
Lafontaine, F. (1992). “Agency Theory and Franchising: Some Empirical Results.” RAND Journal of Economics 23: 263283.Google Scholar
Lajili, K., Barry, Peter J., Sonka, Steven T. and Mahoney, J. T. (1997). “Farmers’ Preferences for Crop Contracts.” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 22 (2): 264280.Google Scholar
Landa, J. T. (1981). “A Theory of the Ethnically Homogenous Middleman Group: An Institutional Alternative to Contract Law.” Journal of Legal Studies 10 (2): 349362.Google Scholar
Landa, J. T. (1988). “Underground Economies: Generic or Sui Generis?” In Beyond the Informal Section: Including the Excluded in Developing Economies, edited by Jenkins, J. Oakland, CA: ICS Press.Google Scholar
Landa, J. T. (1994). Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Larue, B., Gervais, J., and Lapan, H.E. (2004). “Low-Price Low-Capacity Traps and Government Intervention in the Quebec Hog Market.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 52 (3): 237256.Google Scholar
Lee, K.S., Lim, G.H. and Lim, W.S. (2003). “Family Business Succession: Appropriation Risk and Choice of Successor.” Academy of Management Review 28 (4): 657666.Google Scholar
Leiblein, M.J. and Miller, D. J. (2003). “An Empirical Examination of Transaction- and Firm-Level Influences on the Vertical Boundaries of the Firm.” Strategic Management Journal 24 (9): 839859.Google Scholar
Leiblein, M. J., Reuer, J. J., Dalsace, F. (2002). “Do Make or Buy Decisions Matter? The Influence of Organizational Governance on Technological Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 23 (9) 817834.Google Scholar
Leffler, K. and Rucker, R. (1991). “Transaction Costs and the Efficient Organization of Production: A Study of Timber-Harvesting Contracts.” Journal of Political Economy 99 (October): 10601087.Google Scholar
Lehrman, S. and Shore, K. K. (1998). “Hospitals’ Vertical Integration into Skilled Nursing: A Rational Approach to Controlling Transaction Costs.” Inquiry 35: 303314.Google Scholar
Levy, B. and Spiller, P. T. (1994). “The Institutional Foundations of Regulatory Commitment: A Comparative Analysis of Telecommunications Regulation.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 10 (2): 201246.Google Scholar
Levy, D. (1985). “The Transaction Cost Approach to Vertical Integration: An Empirical Examination.” Review of Economics and Statistics 67: 438445.Google Scholar
Lewis, T. and Sappington, D. (1991). “Incentives for Monitoring Quality.” Rand Journal of Economics 22 (3): 370384.Google Scholar
Libecap, G. D. and Smith, J. L. (1999). “The Self Enforcing Provision of Oil and Gas Unit Operating Agreements: Theory and Evidence.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 15 (2): 526548.Google Scholar
Lieberman, M. B. (1991). “Determinants of Vertical Integration: An Empirical Test.” Journal of Industrial Economics 39: 451466.Google Scholar
Liker, J. K., Kamath, R. R., Wasti, S. N. and Nagamachi, M. (1996). “Supplier Involvement in Automotive Component Design: Are There Really Large US Japan Differences?Research Policy 25 (1): 5989.Google Scholar
Lyons, B. R. (1995). “Specific Investment, Economies of Scale, and the Make-or-Buy Decision: A Test of Transaction Cost Theory.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 26: 431443.Google Scholar
Lyons, B. R. (1996). “Empirical Relevance of Efficient Contract Theory: Inter-Firm Contracts.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 12 (4): 2752.Google Scholar
MacDonald, J. M. (1985). “Market Exchange or Vertical Integration: An Empirical Analysis.” Review of Economics and Statistics 67: 327331.Google Scholar
Macher, J. T. (2006) “Technological Development and the Boundaries of the Firm: A Knowledge-Based Examination in Semiconductor Manufacturing.” Management Science 52 (6): 826843.Google Scholar
MacNeil, I. R. (1978). “Contracts: Adjustments of Long-Term Economic Relations Under Classical, Neoclassical and Relational Contract Law.” Northwestern University Law Review 72: 854906.Google Scholar
Maher, M. E. (1997). “Transaction Cost Economics and Contractual Relations.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 21: 147170.Google Scholar
Maltz, A. (1993). “Private Fleet Use: A TC Approach.” Transportation Journal 32: 4653.Google Scholar
Maltz, A. (1994). “Outsourcing the Warehousing Function.” Logistics and Transportation Review 30: 245265.Google Scholar
Masten, S. E. (1984). “The Organization of Production: Evidence from the Aerospace Industry.” Journal of Law and Economics 27: 403417.Google Scholar
Masten, S. E. (1988). “A Legal Basis for the Firm.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 4 (Spring): 181198.Google Scholar
Masten, S. E. (1993). “Transaction Costs, Mistakes, and Performance: Assessing the Importance of Governance.” Managerial and Decision Economics 14: 119129.Google Scholar
Masten, S. E. (2000). “Transaction-Cost Economics and the Organization of Agricultural Transactions.” Industrial Organization 9: 173195.Google Scholar
Masten, S. E. and Crocker, K. J. (1985). “Efficient Adaptation in Long-Term Contracts: Take-or-Pay Provisions for Natural Gas.” American Economic Review 75: 10831093.Google Scholar
Masten, S. E., Meehan, J. W. and Snyder, E. A. (1989). “Vertical Integration in the U.S. Auto Industry: A Note on the Influence of Specific Assets.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 12: 265273.Google Scholar
Masten, S. E., Meehan, J. W. and Snyder, E. A. (1991). “The Costs of Organization.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 7: 125.Google Scholar
Masten, S. E. and Saussier, S. (2000). “Econometrics of Contracts: An Assessment of Developments in the Empirical Literature on Contracting.” Revue d'Economie Industrielle 0 (92): 215236.Google Scholar
Masten, S. E. and Snyder, E. A. (1993). “United States Versus United Shoe Machinery Corporation: On the Merits.” Journal of Law and Economics 36: 3370.Google Scholar
Matthews, R. C. O. (1986). “The Economics of Institutions and the Sources of Economic Growth.” Economic Journal 96 (December): 903918.Google Scholar
Mayer, K. J. and Argyres, N. (2004). “Learning to Contract: Evidence from the Personal Computer Industry.” Organization Science, 15: 394410.Google Scholar
Mayer, K. J. and Nickerson, J. A. (2005). “Antecedents and Performance Implications of Contracting for Knowledge Workers: Evidence from Information Technology Services.” Organization Science 1 (3): 225242.Google Scholar
Mayer, K.J. and Salomon, R. (2006). “Capabilities, Contractual Hazards And Governance: Integrating Resource-Based And Transaction Cost Frameworks.” Academy of Management Journal 49 (4): 138.Google Scholar
McMillan, J. and Woodruff, C. (1999). “Dispute Prevention Without Courts in Vietnam.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15 (3): 637658.Google Scholar
Menard, C. (1996). “On Clusters, Hybrids and Other Strange Forms: The Case of the French Poultry Industry.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 152: 154183.Google Scholar
Menard, C. and Shirley, M. (2000). “Reforming Urban Water Systems Within Different Institutional Environments.” In Economic Policy Reform: The Second Stage, edited by Krueger, A. O. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. and Rowan, B. (1994). “Institutional Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.” The American Journal of Sociology 83: 340363.Google Scholar
Minkler, A. and Park, T. (1994). “Asset Specificity and Vertical Integration in Franchising.” Review of Industrial Organization 9 (4): 409423.Google Scholar
Mocnik, D. (2001). “Asset Specificity and a Firm's Borrowing Ability: An Empirical Analysis of Manufacturing Firms.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 45: 6981.Google Scholar
Moe, T. M. (1990). “The Politics of Structural Choice: Toward a Theory of Public Bureaucracy.” In Organization Theory: From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond, edited by Williamson, O. E. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mohrman, M. B. (1993). “Debt Contracts and FAS 19: A Test of the Debt Covenant Hypothesis.” The Accounting Review 68 (2): 273288.Google Scholar
Mohrman, M. B. (1996). “The Use of Fixed GAAP Provisions in Debt Contracts.” Accounting Horizons 10 (3): 7891.Google Scholar
Monteverde, K. (1995). “Technological Dialog as an Incentive for Vertical Integration in the Semiconductor Industry.” Management Science 41 (10): 16241638.Google Scholar
Monteverde, K. and Teece, D. J. (1982a). “Supplier Switching Costs and Vertical Integration in the Automobile Industry.” Bell Journal of Economics 13: 206213.Google Scholar
Monteverde, K. and Teece, D. J. (1982b). “Appropriable Rents and Quasi-Vertical Integration.” Journal of Law and Economics 25: 321328.Google Scholar
Montignola, G., Qian, Y. and Weingast, B. (1993). “Federalism Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China.” World Politics 48 (1): 5081.Google Scholar
Murray, J. Y. (2001). “Strategic Alliance-Based Global Sourcing Strategy for Competitive Advantage.” Journal of International Marketing 9 (4): 3058.Google Scholar
Murray, J. Y. and Kotabe, M. (1999). “Sourcing Strategies of U.S. Service Companies: A Modified Transaction-Cost Analysis.” Strategic Management Journal 20: 791809.Google Scholar
Murtha, T. P. (1991). “Surviving Industrial Targeting: State Credibility and Public Policy Competencies in Multinational Subcontracting.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 7: 117143.Google Scholar
Murtha, T. P. (1993). “Credible Enticements: Can Host Governments Tailor Multinational Firms’ Organizations to Suit National Objectives?Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 20: 171186.Google Scholar
Nee, V. (1992). “Organizational Dynamics of Market Transition: Hybrid Forms, Property Rights, and Mixed Economy in China.” Administrative Science Quarterly 37: 127.Google Scholar
Nelson, M. (1997). “Municipal Government Approaches to Service Delivery: An Analysis From a Transactions Cost Perspective.” Economic Inquiry 35 (1): 8296.Google Scholar
Ngwenyama, O. K. and Bryson, N. (1999). “Making the Information Systems Outsourcing Decision: A Transaction Cost Approach to Analyzing Outsourcing Decision Problems.” European Journal of Operational Research 115: 351367.Google Scholar
Nickerson, J. A., Hamilton, B. H. and Wada, T. (2001). “Market Position, Resource Profile and Governance: Integrating Porter and Williamson in the Context of International Courier and Small Package Services in Japan.” Strategic Management Journal 22 (3): 251273.Google Scholar
Nickerson, J. A. and Silverman, B. (1999). “Why Aren't All Truck Drivers Owner-Operators? Asset Ownership and the Employment Relation in Interstate For-Hire Trucking.” Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 12 (1): 91118.Google Scholar
Nickerson, J. A. and Silverman, B. S. (2003). “Why Firms Want to Organize Efficiently and What Keeps them from Doing So: Inappropriate Governance, Performance, and Adaptation in a Deregulated Industry,” Administrative Science Quarterly 48 (3): 433465.Google Scholar
Nickerson, J. A. and Vanden Bergh, R. (2001). “Economizing in the Context of Strategizing: Governance Mode Choice in Cournot Competition.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 40: 115.Google Scholar
Nickerson, J. A. and Zenger, T. R. 2004. “A Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm: The Problem-Solving Perspective.” Organization Science 15 (6): 617632.Google Scholar
Noordewier, T. G., John, G. and Nevin, J. R. (1990). “Performance Outcomes of Purchasing Arrangement in Industrial Buy-Vendor Relationships.” Journal of Marketing 54: 8093.Google Scholar
North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ohanian, N. K. (1994). “Vertical Integration in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry 1900-1940.” Review of Economics and Statistics 76 (1): 202207.Google Scholar
Osborn, R. N. and Baughn, C. C. (1990). “Forms of Interorganizational Governance for Multinational Alliances.” Academy of Management Journal 33 (3): 503519.Google Scholar
Oxley, J. E. (1997). “Appropriability Hazards and Governance in Strategic Alliances: A Transaction Cost Approach.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 13 (2): 387409.Google Scholar
Oxley, J. E. (1999). “Institutional Environment and the Mechanisms of Governance: The Impact of Intellectual Property Protection on the Structure of Inter-Firm Alliances.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 28: 283309.Google Scholar
Palay, T. M. (1984). “Comparative Institutional Economics: The Governance of Rail Freight Contracting.” Journal of Legal Studies 13: 265288.Google Scholar
Palay, T. M. (1985). “Avoiding Regulatory Constraints: Contracting Safeguards and the Role of Informal Agreements.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 1: 155176.Google Scholar
Park, S. H. and Russo, M. V. (1996). “When Competition Eclipses Cooperation: An Event History Analysis of Joint Venture Failure.” Management Science 42 (6): 875890.Google Scholar
Pelletier-Fleury, N., Fargeon, V., Lanoe, J. L. and Fardeau, M. (1997). “Transaction Costs Economics as a Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of Barriers to the Diffusion of Telemedicine.” Health Policy 42: 114.Google Scholar
Peltzman, S. (1991). “The Handbook of Industrial Organization: A Review Article.” Journal of Political Economy 99: 201217.Google Scholar
Penrose, E. T. (1959). The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Press.Google Scholar
Perry, R. L. and Robertson, J. D. (1998). “Political Markets, Bond Markets and the Effects of Uncertainty: A Cross National Analysis.” International Studies Quarterly 42: 131160.Google Scholar
Phillips, L. T. (1991). “Contractual Relationships in the Deregulated Transportation Marketplace.” Journal of Law and Economics 34 (2): 535564.Google Scholar
Pilling, B. K., Crosby, L. A. and Jackson, D. W. (1994). “Relational Bonds in Industrial Exchange: An Experimental Test of the Transaction Cost Economics Framework.” Journal of Business Research 30 (July): 237251.Google Scholar
Pirrong, S. C. (1993). “Contracting Practices in Bulk Shipping Markets: A Transaction Cost Explanation.” Journal of Law and Economics 36: 937976.Google Scholar
Pisano, G.P. (1989). “Using Equity Participation to Support Exchange: Evidence from the Biotechnology Industry.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 5 (1): 109126.Google Scholar
Pisano, G. P. (1990a). “The Governance of Innovation: Vertical Integration and Collaborative Arrangements in the Biotechnology Industry.” Research Policy 20: 237249.Google Scholar
Pisano, G. P. (1990b). “The R&D Boundaries of the Firm: An Empirical Analysis.” Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1): 153176.Google Scholar
Poppo, L. and Zenger, T. (1998). “Testing Alternative Theories of the Firm: Transaction Cost, Knowledge-Based, and Measurement Explanations for Make-or-Buy Decisions in Information Services.” Strategic Management Journal 19: 853877.Google Scholar
Prager, R. A. (1989). “Franchise Bidding for Natural Monopolies: The Case of Cable Television in Massachusetts.” Journal of Regulatory Economics 1 (2): 115132.Google Scholar
Prager, R. A. (1990). “Firm Behavior in Franchise Monopoly Markets.” RAND Journal of Economics 21: 211225.Google Scholar
Purcell, W. D. (1990). “Economics of Consolidation in the Beef Sector: Research Challenges.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 72: 12101218.Google Scholar
Purcell, W. D. and Hudson, W. T. (2004). “Risk Sharing and Compensation Guides for Managers and Members of Vertical Beef Alliances.” Review of Agricultural Economics 25 (1): 4465.Google Scholar
Read, R. A. (1983). “The Growth and Structure of Multinationals in the Banana Export Trade.” In The Growth of International Business, edited by Casson, M. C. Unwin Hyman Press.Google Scholar
Regan, L. (1997). “Vertical Integration in the Property-Liability Insurance Industry: A Transaction Cost Approach.” The Journal of Risk and Insurance 64 (1): 4162.Google Scholar
Reuer, J. J. and Arino, A. (2002). “Contractual Renegotiations in Strategic Alliances.” Journal of Management 28 (1): 4768.Google Scholar
Axinn, Rialp A. C. and Thach, S. (2002). “Exploring Channel Internationalization Among Spanish Exporters.” International Marketing Review 19 (2): 133155.Google Scholar
Richman, B. D. (2006). “How Communities Create Economic Advantage: Jewish Diamond Merchants in New York.” Law and Social Inquiry 31 (2): 383420.Google Scholar
Richman, B. D. and Boerner, C. (2006). “A Transaction Cost Economizing Approach to Regulation: Understanding the NIMBY Problem and Improving Regulatory Responses.” Yale Journal on Regulation 23 (1): 2976.Google Scholar
Rindfleisch, A. and Heide, J. B. (1997). “Transaction Cost Analysis: Past, Present and Future Applications.” Journal of Marketing 61 (4): 3055.Google Scholar
Riordan, M. H. and Williamson, O. E. (1985). “Asset Specificity and Economic Organization.” International Journal of Industrial Organization 3: 365378.Google Scholar
Robertson, T. S. and Gatignon, H. (1998). “Technology Development Mode: A Transaction Cost Conceptualization.” Strategic Management Journal 19 (6): 515531.Google Scholar
Robinson, J. and Casalino, L. (1996). “Vertical Integration and Organizational Networks in California Medical Care.” Health Affairs 15: 722.Google Scholar
Saalfeld, T. (2000). “Members of Parliament and Government in Western Europe: Agency Relations and Problems of Oversight.” European Journal of Political Research 37 (3): 353376.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. C. (2004). “The Cost of Misaligned Governance in R&D Alliances.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 20 (2): 484526.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. C. (2007). “R&D Alliances and Firm Performance: The Impact of Technological Diversity and Alliance Organization on Innovation.” Academy of Management Journal 50 (2): 364386.Google Scholar
Saussier, S. (2000). “Transaction Costs and Contractual Incompleteness: The Case of Electricite de France.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 42: 189206.Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. P. (1987). “The Social Control of Impersonal Trust.” American Journal of Sociology 93 (November): 623658.Google Scholar
Shelanski, H. A. (2004). “Transaction-Level Determinants of Transfer Pricing Policy: Evidence from the High-Technology Sector.” Industrial and Corporate Change 13 (6): 953966.Google Scholar
Shelanski, H. A. and Klein, P. G. (1995). “Empirical Research in Transaction Cost Economics.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 11: 335361.Google Scholar
Shirley, M. and Xu, C. (1998). “Information, Incentives, and Commitment: An Empirical Analysis of Contracts Between Government and State Enterprises.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 14 (12): 358378.Google Scholar
Silverman, B. S. (1999). “Technological Resources and the Direction of Corporate Diversification: Toward an Integration of the Resource-Based View and Transaction Cost Economics.” Management Science 45 (8): 11091124.Google Scholar
Silverman, B. S., Nickerson, J. A. and Freeman, J. (1997). “Profitability, Transactional Alignment, and Organizational Mortality in the U.S. Trucking Industry.” Strategic Management Journal 18 (Summer Special Issue): 3152.Google Scholar
Simon, H. (1957). Administrative Behavior. New York, NY: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Simonin, B. L. (1999). “Transfer of Marketing Know-How in International Strategic Alliance: An Empirical Investigation of the Role and Antecedents of Knowledge Ambiguity.” Journal of International Business Studies 30 (3): 463490.Google Scholar
Slater, G. and Spencer, D. A. (2000). “The Uncertain Foundations of Transaction Cost Economics.” Journal of Economic Issues 34 (1): 6187.Google Scholar
Spiller, P. T. (1985). “On Vertical Mergers.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 1: 285312.Google Scholar
Spiller, P.T. and Tommasi, M. (2003). “The Institutional Foundations of Public Policy: A Transactions Approach with Application to Argentina.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 19 (2): 281306.Google Scholar
Spiller, P. T. and Vogelsang, I. (1994). “Regulation, Institutions and Commitment in the British Telecommunications Sector.” Washington, DC: World Bank Press.Google Scholar
Spiller, P. T. and Zelner, B. A. (1997). “Product Complementarities, Capabilities and Governance: A Dynamic Transaction Cost Perspective.” Industrial and Corporate Change 6 (3): 561594.Google Scholar
Stuckey, J. (1983). Vertical Integration and Joint Ventures in the Aluminum Industry. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Stump, R. L. and Heide, J. B. (1996). “Controlling Supplier Opportunism in Industrial Relationships.” Journal of Marketing Research 33 (November): 431441.Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, K. M. and Zaheer, A. (1998). “Uncertainty in the Transaction Environment: An Empirical Test.” Strategic Management Journal 19: 123.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. R., Zou, S. and Osland, G. E. (1998). “A Transaction Cost Perspective on Foreign Market Entry Strategies of US and Japanese Firms.” Thunderbird International Business Review 40 (4): 389412.Google Scholar
Teece, D. J. (1980). “Economies of Scope and the Scope of the Enterprise.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1: 223247.Google Scholar
Teece, D. J. (1986). “Profiting from Technological Innovation: Implications for Integration, Collaboration, Licensing and Public Policy.” Research Policy 15 (December): 285305.Google Scholar
Titman, S. and Wessels, R. (1998). “The Determinants of Capital Structure Choice.” Journal of Finance 43: 119.Google Scholar
Troesken, W. (1997). “The Sources of Public Ownership: Historical Evidence From the Gas Industry.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 13 (1): 125.Google Scholar
Ulset, S. (1996). “R&D Outsourcing and Contractual Governance: An Empirical Study of Commercial R&D Projects.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 30 (1): 6382.Google Scholar
Van Huylenbroeck, G., Verbeke, W., and Lauwers, L. (2004). Role of Institutions in Rural Policies and Agricultural Markets. Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Vatn, A. (1998). “Input Versus Emission Taxes: Environmental Taxes in a Mass Balance and Transaction Costs Perspective.” Land Economics 74 (4): 514525.Google Scholar
Verrnimmen, T., Verbeke, W., and van Huylenbroeck, G. (2000). “Transaction Cost Analysis of Outsourcing Farm Administration by Belgian Farmers.” European Review of Agriculture Economics 27 (3): 325345.Google Scholar
Villalonga, B. and McGahan, A. M. (2005). “The Choice among Acquisitions, Alliances, and Divestitures.” Art. 1. Strategic Management Journal 26 (13): 11831208.Google Scholar
Walker, G. and Weber, D. (1984). “A Transaction Cost Approach to Make-or-Buy Decisions.” Administrative Science Quarterly 29: 373391.Google Scholar
Walker, G. and Weber, D. (1987). “Supplier Competition, Uncertainty and Make-or-Buy Decisions.” Academy of Management Journal 30: 589596.Google Scholar
Warfield, T. D., Wild, J. J. and Wild, K. L. (1995). “Managerial Ownership, Accounting Choices, and Informativeness of Earnings.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 20 (1): 6191.Google Scholar
Wathne, K. H. and Heide, J. B. (2000). “Opportunism in interfirm relationships: Forms, outcomes, and solutions.” Journal of Marketing 64 (4): 3651.Google Scholar
Weingast, B. (1995). “The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-Preserving Federalism and Economic Development.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 11: 131.Google Scholar
Weingast, B. and Marshall, W. J. (1988). “The Industrial Organization of Congress; or, Why Legislators, like Firms are not Organized as Markets.” Journal of Political Economy 96 (1): 132163.Google Scholar
Weiss, A. M. and Anderson, E. (1992). “Converting from Independent to Employee Salesforces: The Role of Perceived Switching Costs.” Journal of Marketing Research 29 (February): 101115.Google Scholar
Weiss, A. M. and Kurland, N. (1997). “Holding Distribution Channel Relationships Together: The Role Of Transaction-Specific Assets And Length Of Prior Relationships.” Organization Science 8 (6): 612623.Google Scholar
Whinston, M. D. (2001). “Assessing the Property Rights and Transaction-Cost Theories of Firm Scope.” American Economic Review 91 (2): 184188.Google Scholar
Whinston, M. D. (2003). “On the Transaction Cost Determinants of Vertical Integration.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 19 (1): 122.Google Scholar
Wielhouwer, P. (1994). “Mobilizing Political Participation: Political Parties as Transaction Cost Minimizers.” In Political Science. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1964). The Economics of Discretionary Behavior: Managerial Objectives in a Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York, NY: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1976). “Franchise Bidding for Natural Monopolies: In General and with Respect to CATV.” Bell Journal of Economics 7 (1): 73104.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1979). “Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations.” Journal of Law and Economics 22 (October): 233261.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1981). “The Economics of Organizations: The Transaction Cost Approach.” American Journal of Sociology, 87: 548577.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York, NY: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1988). “Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance.” Journal of Finance 43 (3): 567591.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1991). “Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives.” Administrative Science Quarterly 36 (June): 269296.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1996). The Mechanisms of Governance. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1998). “Transaction Cost Economics: How it Works; Where it is Headed.” De Economist 146 (1): 2358.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1999). “Strategy Research: Governance and Competence Perspectives.” Strategic Management Journal 20: 10871108.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (2000). “The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead.” Journal of Economic Literature 38: 595613.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (2002). “The Theory of the Firm as Governance Structure.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 16: 171195.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (2003). “Examining Economic Organization Through the Lens of Contract.” Industrial and Corporate Change 12 (4): 917942.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (2007). “Corporate Board of Directors: In Principle and in Practice.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization. doi:10.1093/jleo/ewm 059: 126.Google Scholar
Woodward, S. (1988). “A Transaction Cost Analysis of Banking Activity and Deposit Insurance.” Cato Journal 4 (3): 683699.Google Scholar
Zaheer, A., McEvily, B. and Perrone, V. (1998). “Does Trust Matter? Exploring the Effects of Interorganizational and Interpersonal Trust on Performance.” Organization Science 9 (2): 141159.Google Scholar
Zaheer, A. and Venkatraman, N. (1995). “Relational Governance as an Interorganizational Strategy: An Empirical Test of the Role of Trust in Economic Exchange.” Strategic Management Journal 16: 373392.Google Scholar
Zhao, H., Luo, Y., and Suh, T. (2004). “Transaction Cost Determinants and Ownership-Based Entry Mode Choice.” Journal of International Business Studies 35 (6): 524544.Google Scholar
Ziedonis, R.H. (2004). “Don't Fence Me In: Fragmented Markets for Technology and the Patent Acquisition Strategies of Firms.” Management Science 50 (6): 804820.Google Scholar
Zinn, J.S., Mor, V., Intrator, O., Feng, Z.L., Angelelli, J., and Davis, J.A. (2003). “The Impact of the Prospective Payment System for Skilled Nursing Facilities on Therapy Service Provision: A Transaction Cost Approach.” Health Services Research 38 (6): 14671485.Google Scholar
Zupan, M. A. (1989). “Cable Franchise Renewals: Do Incumbent Firms Behave Opportunistically?RAND Journal of Economics 20 (4): 473482.Google Scholar
Zupan, M. A. (1989). “The Efficacy of Franchise Bidding Schemes in the Case of Cable Television: Some Systematic Evidence.” Journal of Law and Economics 32 (October): 401456.Google Scholar
Zylbersztajn, D. and Lazzarini, S. G. (2005). “On the Survival of Contracts: Assessing the Stability of Technology Licensing Agreements in the Brazilian Seed Industry.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 56 (1): 103120.Google Scholar