Article contents
The way of the peasant
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009
Extract
The book under review here is to be compared with the volume published over ten years ago under the editorship of Michael Cook, Studies in the economic history of the Middle East (London, 1970). It covers essentially the same subject over the same period of time in the same fashion, by a series of papers contributed to a major international conference. It differs first of all in the length of time it has taken to produce the work, seven years from the original conference at Princeton in 1974, compared with three from the conference at S.O.A.S. in 1967 to the publication of the earlier collection. It is in fact much longer, with more space and time allowed to the contributors to rewrite their papers and annotate them, in great and often discursive detail. The editor is to be complimented on the very high standard of the production of the mammoth tome which results. The weight is heavily on the countryside and the agricultural economy; neither trade, nor industry, nor urban life make much of an appearance except as their adjuncts. Only historical demography (4 articles) stands in any way as a separate subject. More usual is the emphasis upon Egypt, which once again receives the greatest attention, in ten or eleven out of the total twenty-four contributions. Atypical as the Nile valley may seem, its source materials continue to influence the pattern of research in the much wider field of the book's title. Elsewhere it is something of a shock to find, in the papers of Morony on seventh-century Iraq, Talbi on ninth-century Ifrīqiya, Burns on fourteenth-century Valencia, and Rafeq on eighteenth-century Syria, the wealth of detail that comes from a legal literature, an archive or court records, and to realize how few and far between such studies are outside Egypt.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 47 , Issue 1 , February 1984 , pp. 44 - 56
- Copyright
- Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1984
References
1 Udovitch, A.L. (ed.): The Islamic Middle East, 700–1900: studies in economic and social history (Princeton Studies on the Near East), 838 pp. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1981. $24.95Google Scholar
2 A form of hereditary slavery without hope of release by sale or emancipation: al-Maqrīzī, , Khiṭaṭ, ed. Wiet, G., Cairo, II, 1911, 14Google Scholar
3 Khiṭaṭ, II, 1–2Google Scholar
4 Becker, , Islamstudien, I, 239Google Scholar
5 cf.e.g. Khiṭaṭ, II, 13–14Google Scholar
6 Sc. akāra; Ibn, Ḥawqal, ṧūrat al-Arḁ, ed. Kramers, J. H., Leiden, 1938–1939, 163Google Scholar
7 Khiṭaṭ, II, 14Google Scholar
8 ibid., II, 1–2; cf. Rabie, H., The financial system of Egypt, A.H. 564–741/A.D. 1169–1341, London, 1972, 133–4Google Scholar
9 cf. Becker, , Islamstudien, I, 244Google Scholar; ‘Welche Rolle dieser (Unternehmer, sc. tax-farmer) den Lokalbehörden gegenüber spielt, ist unbekannt’; Morimoto, Fiscal administration, 244
10 Khiṭaṭ, II, 14Google Scholar
11 ibid., II, 2
12 ibid., II, 10–12; for the mushārif in the post-Fāṭimid period. see Rabie, , Financial system, 153, 157–8, 160Google Scholar
13 Cairo, 1919, s.v. Miṣr
14 Becker, , Islamstudien, I, 167–9Google Scholar; cf. Ashtor, E., A social and economic history of the Near East in the Middle Ages, London, 1976, 208Google Scholar
15 Al-Maqrīzī, , Itti‘āṩ al-ḥunafā’, ed.al-Shayyāl, J. and Aḥmad, M., Damascus, 1967–1973, II, 472Google Scholar
16 ṧūrat al-Ard, 138 ff. The a'māl themselves were grouped in five divisions—Qṣ, Sharqiya, Gharbiya, Alexandria, and presumably Cairo; cf. al-Qalqashandi, , ṧubḥubh al-A'shā, Cairo, 1914, III, 497–8Google Scholar
17 The kūra continues to appear in the work of al-Makhzūmā at the end of the twelfth century as a unit of tax-collection, beaded by a subordinate of the mushārif; cf. Cahen, C., ‘Contribution à l'étude des impôts dans l'Egypte médiévale’, JESHO, V, 1962, 244–78Google Scholar
18 Khiṭaṭ, II, 5–6Google Scholar
19 Rabie, Financial system, 28; Ashtor, Social and economic history, 208; Halm, Heinz, Ägypten nach den mamlukischen Lehensregistern, I, Wiesbaden, 1979, 11–13Google Scholar; cf. Cahen, C., ‘L'administration financière de l'armée fatimide d'après al-Makhzūmī’, JESHO, XV, 1972, 1Google Scholar
20 Khiṭaṭ, II, 6–9, 25Google Scholar. Ibid., 9–10
21 ibid., 9–10
22 Becker, , Islamstudien, I, 234–47Google Scholar
23 cf. Goitein, S. D., A Mediterranean society, II, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1971, 359–63Google Scholar
24 Khiṭaṭ, II, 10–11Google Scholar
25 ibid., 11–13
26 Udovitch, Islamic Middle East (Princeton, 1981), 63–4. For rural properties of townspeople, cf. Goitein, , A Mediterranean society, I, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1967, 116–7Google Scholar
27 Becker, , Islamstudien, I, 220–29Google Scholar
28 As arbāb al-amlāk min ghayr intizā'i shay'in minhā wa lā irtijā'ihi: Khiṭaṭ, II, 12Google Scholar
29 ibid., II, 13–14
30 ibid., II, 10
31 see above, n. 19
32 Poliak, A. N., ‘La féodalité islamique’, Revue des Études Islamiques, x, 1936, 247–65, pp.260–1Google Scholar; Morimoto, Fiscal administration, 262–3; cf. Ashtor, E., Histoire des prix et des salaires dans l'Orient médiéval, Paris, 1969, 116Google Scholar
33 cf. e.g. Ashtor, Histoire des prix, 117; idem, Social and economic history, 237; C. Cahen, El (2nd ed.), s. v. Iḳṭā'; Poliak, ‘Féodalité’, 261
34 Poliak, ‘Féodalité’, 261–2; idem, Feudalism in Egypt, Syria, Palestine and the Lebanon, 1250–1900, London, 1939, 64–5Google Scholar
35 Morimoto, Fiscal administration, p. 262, n. 3
36 Rabie, Financial system, 63
37 Goitein, , Mediterranean society, I, 117Google Scholar
38 Wodarg, Notably H. Mller, ‘Die Landwirtschaft Ägvptens in der friihen 'Abbāsidenzeit’, Der Islam, XXXI, 1954, 174–227; XXXII, 1955, 14–78, 141–67Google Scholar
- 7
- Cited by