Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T19:34:04.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Studies in dhāraṇī literature II: Pragmatics of dhāraṇīs1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2014

Ronald M. Davidson
Ronald M. Davidson*
Affiliation:
Fairfield University
*
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article is one of a series that reassesses the dhāraṇī texts of Mahāyāna Buddhism. The article seeks to examine dhāraṇī texts by using the linguistic tools of pragmatics, especially historical pragmatics, to assist the understanding of their statements. Rather than the meaning of the term dhāraṇī as a subject term, the domain of truth-conditional semantics, this paper examines statements in texts labelled dhāraṇī. Pragmatics examines meaning in context, and the categories of speech acts developed by Searle has been especially helpful in mapping out differences within such texts and the formalization of statements across texts. The grammaticalization of specific speech elements, especially interjections, in the context of mantra-dhāraṇīs is also discussed.

Keywords

MantraDhāraṇīHistorical pragmaticsTantraBuddhismSpeech acts
Type
Articles
Information
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 77 , Issue 1 , February 2014 , pp. 5 - 61
Copyright
Copyright © SOAS, University of London 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

I thank George Thompson for glancing at the Vedic-related sections of the paper, a branch of Indology about which I have much uncertainty. I also thank Sean Gleason for suggestions on the pragmatics, especially grammaticalization. An anonymous reviewer also provided several useful suggestions. Needless to say, I remain responsible for all errors, great and small.

References

Bibliography

T. =

Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō. Takakusu Junjirō and Watanabe Kaikyoku (eds). 1924–35. Tokyo.

To. =

Ui, Hakuju et al. (eds). 1934. A Complete Catalogue of the Tibetan Buddhist Canons (BKaḥ-ḥgyur and Bstan-ḥgyur). Sendai.

Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō. Takakusu Junjirō and Watanabe Kaikyoku (eds). 1924–35. Tokyo.

Ui, Hakuju et al. (eds). 1934. A Complete Catalogue of the Tibetan Buddhist Canons (BKaḥ-ḥgyur and Bstan-ḥgyur). Sendai.

Abhidharmasamuccaya. Pradhan, Pralhad. 1950. Abhidharma Samuccaya of Asanga. (Visva-Bharati Studies 12.) Santiniketan.Google Scholar
Abhidharmasamuccayabhāṣya. Tatia, Nathmal. 1976. Abhidharmasamuccaya-bhāṣyam. (Tibetan Sanskrit Works Series No. 17.) Patna.Google Scholar
Aitareya-brāhmaṇa. Aufrecht, Theodor. 1879. Das Aitareya Brahmana: Mit Auszuegen aus dem Commentare von Sayanacarya und anderen Beilagen. Bonn.Google Scholar
Śāstri, R. Anantakriṣṇa (ed.). 1942. Aitareya Brāhmaṇa with the Vṛtti Sukhapradā of Ṣaḍguruśiṣya. (University of Travancore Sanskrit Series No. 149.) Trivandrum.Google Scholar
Āpte, Hari Nārāyaṇa (ed.). 1896. The Aitareya Brāhmaṇam with the Bhāshya of Śrimat Sāyaṇāchārya. (Ānandāśrama Sanskrita Series, No. 32, part II.)Google Scholar
Keith, Arthur Berriedale (trans.) 1920. Rigveda Brahmanas: The Aitareya and Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇas of the Rigveda. (Harvard Oriental Series, Vol. 25.) Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Amoghapāśahṛdaya-dhāraṇī. Meisezahl, R.O. 1962. “The Amoghapāśahṛdaya-dhāraṇī: the early Sanskrit manuscript of the Reiunji critically edited and translated”, Monumenta Nipponica 17: 265–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Āpastambīyadharmasūtra. Bühler, Georg. 1932. Āpastamba's Aphorisms on the Sacred Law of the Hindus. (Bombay Sanskrit Series, Nos. XLIV and L.) Poona.Google Scholar
Aṣṭādaśasāhasrikā. Conze, Edward. 1962. The Gilgit Manuscript of the Aṣṭādaśasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā: Chapters 55 to 70 Corresponding to the 5th Abhisamaya. (Rome Oriental Series 26.) Rome.Google Scholar
Aṣṭādhyāyī. Sastri, C. Sankara Rama. 1937. Aṣṭāḍhyāyīsūtrapāṭha of Pāṇini. 2nd ed.Madras.Google Scholar
Aṣṭasāhasrikā. Vaidya, P.L. 1960. Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā with Haribhadra's Commentary Called Āloka. (Buddhist Sanskrit Texts, No. 4.) Darbhanga.Google Scholar
Āṭānāṭikasūtra. Hoffmann, Helmut. 1939. Bruchstücke des Āṭānāṭikasūtra aus dem Zentralasiatischen Sanskritkanon der Buddhisten. Reprinted in Lore Sander (ed.) 1987. Nachträge zu “Kleinere Sanskrit-Text, Hefte III–V”. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Aupapātikasūtra. Leumann, Ernst. 1883. Das Aupapātika Sūtra, erstes Upānga der Jaina. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Āyāraṃgasutta. Jacobi, Hermann. 1882. The Āyāraṃga Sutta of the Çvetāmbara Jains. London.Google Scholar
Baudhāyana-dharmasūtra. Hultzsch, E. 1884. The Baudhâyanadharmaśâstra. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Bhaddālisutta. Trenckner, V. et al. 1888–1925. Majjhimanikāya. (Pali Text Society, vol. 1.) London. pp. 437–47. T.26.1.746b17-749b29.Google Scholar
Bhaiṣajyavastu. Dutt, Nalinaksha. 1947. Gilgit Manuscripts, vol. III/1. Srinagar. To.1, vols ka 277b6–ga, 50a7; T. 1448.Google Scholar
Bodhisattvabhūmi. Wogihara, Unrai. 1971. Bodhisattvabhūmi: A Statement of the Whole Course of the Bodhisattva. Tokyo. To. 4037; T. 1579 (15); T. 1581; T. 1582.Google Scholar
Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣad. Śāstri, Govinda. 1964. Ten Principal Upaniṣads with Śāṅkarabhāṣya. Delhi, vol. 1, pp. 608–1012.Google Scholar
Bṛhaddevatā. Macdonnell, Arthur Anthony. 1904. The Bṛhad-devatā attributed to Śaunaka. (Harvard Oriental Series Vols 5–6.) Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgrha. Lacôte, Félix. 1908. Brhat-katha Çlokasamgraha I–IX. Paris.Google Scholar
Dhāraṇīsaṃgraha. T. 901.Google Scholar
Dhāraṇīsaṃgraha. T. 1336.Google Scholar
Druma-kinnara-rāja-paripṛcchā-sūtra. Harrison, Paul. 1992. Druma-kinnara-rāja-paripṛcchā-sūtra: A Critical Edition of the Tibetan Text (Recension A) based on Eight Editions of the Kanjur and the Dunhuang Manuscript Fragment. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Ekādaśamukhahṛdaya-dhāraṇī. Dutt, Nalinaksha. 1939. Gilgit Manuscripts. Srinagar, vol. I, pp. 35–40.Google Scholar
Vira, Raghu and Lokesh, Chandra. 1995. Gilgit Buddhist Manuscripts, Revised and Enlarged Compact Facsimile Edition. Delhi, vol. 2, fols 2417.1–2444.3. To. 694; T. 1070–71.Google Scholar
Gaṇapatihṛdaya. Iwamoto, Yutaka. 1937. Kleinere Dhāraṇī Texte. Kyoto, vol. 2, pp. 10–12. (Substantially different recension from To. 665.)Google Scholar
Gautama-dharmaśāstra. Pāṇḍeya, Umeśacandra. 1966. Gautamadharmasūtrāṇī Hindīvyākhyāvibhūṣita-haradattakṛta-mitākṣarāvṛti-sahitāni. Vārāṇasī.Google Scholar
Gopathabrāhmaṇa. Gaastra, Dieuke. 1919. Das Gopatha Brāhmaṇa. Leiden.Google Scholar
Hiraṇyakeśigṛhyasūtra. Kirste, J. 1889. The Gṛihyasūtra of Hiraṇyakeśin with Extracts from the Commentary of Mātṛidatta. Vienna.Google Scholar
Jaiminimīmāṃṣā-sūtra. Nyáyaratna, Paṇḍita Maheśachandra. 1873–87. Aphorisms of the Mímáḿsa by Jaimini, with the Commentary of Śavara-Svámin. 2 vols. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Jaiminīya-upaniṣad-brāhmaṇa. Oertel, Hanns. 1896. “The Jāiminīya or Talavakāra Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa: text, translation, and notes”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 16: 79–260.Google Scholar
Karuṇāpuṇḍarīka-sūtra. Yamada, Issi. 1968. Karuṇāpuṇḍarīka: The White Lotus of Compassion. 2 vols. London.Google Scholar
Kāśikāvṛtti. Sharma, Aryendra. 1969–85. Kasika – a Commentary on Pāṇini's Grammar by Vamana and Jayaditya. Hyderabad.Google Scholar
Khādiragṛhyasūtra. Singh, Thakur Udaya Narain. 1991. Khādiragṛhya sūtram and Drāhyayaṇa Gṛhya Sūtram with the Commentary of Rudraskanda and Hindi Commentary. Delhi.Google Scholar
Mahābhāṣya. Kielhorn, F. 1880–85. Vyākaraṇa-mahābhāṣya of Patañjali. Reprinted Pune, 1962–72. 3 vols.Google Scholar
Mahāmaṇivipulavimānasupratiṣṭhitaguhyaparamarahasyakalparāja-nāma-dhāraṇī. To. 506; T. 1005, 1006, 1007 [entitled *Mūlyamantra]. See Matsumura for the Gilgit fragments.Google Scholar
Mahāmantrānusāriṇī. Skilling, Peter. 1994. Mahāsūtras: Great Discourses of the Buddha, Vol. 1, 608–22.Google Scholar
Mahāmāyūrīvidyārājñī. Takubo, Shūyo. 1972. Ārya-Mahā-Māyūrī Vidyā-Rājñī. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Mahāmegha-sūtra. 1880. Bendall, Cecil. “The Megha-Sūtra”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, n.s. 12/2: 286–311. (Partial edition.)Google Scholar
Mahāpadāna. Rhys Davids, T. W. and Carpenter, J. Estlin. 1890–1911. The Dīgha Nikāya. London: Pali Text Society, vol. 2, 1–54.Google Scholar
Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra. Waldschmidt, Ernst. 1951. 3 vols. Berlin.Google Scholar
Mahāpratisarā-dhāraṇī. Hidas, Gergely. 2012. Mahāpratisarā-Mahāvidyārājñī. The Great Amulet, Great Queen of Spells. New Delhi.Google Scholar
Mahāsāhasrapramardanī. Iwamoto, Yutaka. 1937. Kleinere Dhāraṇī Texte, vol. 1. Kyoto. To. 558; T. 999.Google Scholar
Mahāsāhasrapramardanīsūtraśatasahasraṭīkā. Attributed Karmavajra. To. 2690.Google Scholar
Mahāśītavatī-dhāraṇī. Iwamoto, Yutaka. 1937. Kleinere Dhāraṇī Texte. Kyoto, vol. 2, pp. 1–6. To. 606 (identified as the Mahādaṇḍadhāraṇī); T. 1392.Google Scholar
Mahāśītavanavidyārājñīsūtraśatasahasraṭīkā. Attributed Karmavajra. To. 2693.Google Scholar
Mahāvadāna. Fukita, Takamichi. 2003. The Mahāvadānasūtra: A New Edition Based on Manuscripts Discovered in Northern Turkestan. Göttingen.Google Scholar
Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā. Sāṃtavalekara, Śrīpādaśarma Damodara. 1942. Yajruvedīya Maitrāyaṇī-Saṃhitā. Svādhāyamaṇḍala.Google Scholar
Mālatīmādhava. Kāle, M.R. 1928. Bhavabhūti's Mālatīmādhava, with the Commentary of Jagaddhara. Reprint, Delhi.Google Scholar
Mānava-dharmaśāstra. Olivelle, Patrick. 2005. Manu's Code of Law. A Critical Edition and Translation of the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra. New York.Google Scholar
Mekhalā-dhāraṇī. Tripathi, Chandrabha. 1981. “Gilgit-Blätter der Mekhalā-dhāraṇī”, Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 7: 153–61. To. 772; T. 1377.Google Scholar
Milindapañha. Trenckner, Vilhelm. 1880. The Milindapañho: Being Dialogues between King Milinda and the Buddhist Sage Nāgasena. London.Google Scholar
Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinayavibhaṅga. To. 2.Google Scholar
*Mūlyamantra. T. 1007; T.1006; To. 506.Google Scholar
Nirukta. Sarup, Lakshman. 1920–34. The Nighaṇṭu and the Nirukta: The Oldest Indian Treatise on Etymology, Philology, and Semantics. 6 vols. London.Google Scholar
Nirvikalpapraveśadhāraṇī. Matsuda, Kazunobu. 1996. “Nirvikalpapraveśadhāraṇī: Sanskrit Text and Japanese Translation”, Bulletin of the Research Institute of Bukkyo University (Bukkyō Daigaku Sōgō Kenkyūjo Kiyō) 3: 89–113.Google Scholar
Pañcaviṃśabrāhmaṇa. Vadantavagisa, Anandachandra. 1870–74. Tāṇdya Mahābrāhmaṇa with the Commentary of Sāyana Ācārya. 2 vols. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Ratnaketuparivarta. Kurumiya, Y. 1978. Ratnaketuparivarta: Sanskrit Text. Kyoto. To. 138; T. 397(9), T. 402.Google Scholar
Ṛgveda. Van Nooten, Barend A. and Holland, Gary B.. 1994. Rig Veda: A Metrically Restored Text with an Introduction and Notes. (Harvard Oriental Series, Vol. 50.) Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra. Kern, H. and Nanjio, Bunyiu. 1914. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka. (Bibliotheca Buddhica X.) St. Petersburg.Google Scholar
Samyuktāgama. T.99.Google Scholar
Śāṅkhāyanagṛhyasūtra. Sehgal, S.R. 1987. Śāṅkhāyana Gṛhya Sūtram. Delhi.Google Scholar
Ṣaṇmukhīdhāraṇī. Mimaki, Katsumi. 1977. “La Ṣaṇmukhī-dhāraṇī or ‘Incantation des Six Portes’, texte attribué aux Sautrāntika (II)”. Japanese Association for Tibetan Studies 23: 9–13.Google Scholar
Saptabuddhaka-dhāraṇī. T. 1147, 1133, 1134; To. 693, 694, 899.Google Scholar
*Saptabuddhāṣṭabodhisattva-dhāraṇī. T. 1332.Google Scholar
Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna. Mukhopadyaya, Sujitkumar. 1954. The Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna. Santiniketan.Google Scholar
Sarvajñatākāra-dhāraṇī. Yamada, Issi. 1968. Karuṇāpuṇḍarīka, vol. 2. Appendix.Google Scholar
Sarvatathāgatādhiṣṭhāna-satvāvalokana-buddhakṣetrasandarśana-vyūha. Cohen, Richard S. 2010. “The Sarvatathāgatādhiṣṭhāna-satvāvalokana-buddhakṣetrasandarśana-vyūha: a Mahāyāna Sūtra from Gilgit”, Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 11: 199–251.Google Scholar
Śatapathabrāhmaṇa. Weber, Albrecht. 1855. The Çatapatha-Brāhmaṇa in the Madhyandina-Çakha. Reprinted Varanasi, 1964.Google Scholar
Suttanipāta. Fauisbøll, Viggo. 1884–93. The Sutta-Nipāta, being a Collection of Some of Gotama Buddha's Dialogues and Discourses. 2 vols. London.Google Scholar
Suvarṇabhāsottamasūtra. Nobel, Johannes. 1937. Suvarṇabhāsottamasūtra: Das Goldglanz-Sūtra, Ein Sanskrittext des Mahāyāna-Bhuddhismus. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Taittirīya-brāhmaṇa. Sastri, A. Mahadeva et al. 1908–21. The Taittiriya Brahmana with the Commentary of Bhattabhaskaramisra. 4 vols. Mysore.Google Scholar
Tarkajvālā. To. 3856.Google Scholar
Uṣṇīṣa-vijayā dhāraṇī. Yuyama, Akira. 2000. “An Uṣṇīṣa-Vijayā Dhāraṇī text from Nepal”, Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 3: 165–75.Google Scholar
Müller, F. Max and Nanjio, Bunyiu (eds). 1884. The Ancient Palm-Leaves Containing the Pragñâ-Pâramitâ-Hridaya-Sûtra and the Ushnîsha-Vigaya-Dhâranî. Anecdota Oxioniensia, vol. I, Part III. Oxford, 31–44.Google Scholar
Vājasaneyi-mādhyandina-śukla-yajurveda-saṃhitā. Shastri, Pandit Jagdishlal. 1978. Śukla-Yajurveda-Saṃhitā with the Mantra-Bhāṣya of Uvaṭa, the Vedadīpa-Bhāṣya of Mahīdhara. Delhi.Google Scholar
Vajravidāraṇī dhāraṇī. Iwamoto, Yutaka. 1937. Kleinere Dhāraṇī Texte. Kyoto, vol. 2, 7–9. To. 750 (identified as the Vajravidāraṇā-dhāraṇī); T. 1416, 1417.Google Scholar
Vasudhārādhāraṇī. Samten, Ngawang and Bahulkar, S.S.. 2007. “Vasudhārādhāraṇīsūtra”, Dhīḥ 44: 129–47.Google Scholar
Vinayavibhaṅga. Oldenberg, H. 1879–83. Vinaya Piṭakaṃ. 5 vols. London, vols 3–4.Google Scholar
Viṣṇusmṛti. Olivelle, Patrick (ed. and trans.). 2009. The Law Code of Viṣṇu: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of the Vaiṣṇava-Dharmaśāstra. (Harvard Oriental Series, vol. 73.) Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Alper, Harvey P. (ed.). 1989. Understanding Mantras. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Ameka, Felix. 1992a. “Interjections: the universal yet neglected part of speech”, Journal of Pragmatics 18: 101–18.Google Scholar
Ameka, Felix. 1992b. “The meaning of phatic and conative interjections”, Journal of Pragmatics 18: 245–71.Google Scholar
Archer, Dawn. 2010. “Speech acts”, in Jucker and Taavitsainen 2010: 379–417.Google Scholar
Austin, J. L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Atlas, Jay David. 2004. “Presupposition”, in Horn and Ward 2004: 29–52.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Franz. 1967. “Zur Entstehung einer Dhāraṇī”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 117: 148–65.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Maurice. 1890. “On the etymology of the Particle oṁ” (Proceedings of the American Oriental Society), Journal of the American Oriental Society 14: clii.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Maurice and Franceschini, Marco. 1906, 2000, 2005. A Vedic Concordance. Revised electronic version: http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/VedicConcordance/ReadmeEng.html Accessed 27 January 2012.Google Scholar
Blutner, Reinhard. 2004. “Pragmatics and the lexicon”, in Horn and Ward 2004: 488–514.Google Scholar
Brinton, Laurel. 2005. Lexicalization and Language Change. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Brinton, Laurel. 2010. “Discourse markers”, in Jucker and Taavitsainen 2010: 285–314.Google Scholar
Van Buitenen, J. A. B. 1959. “Akṣara”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 79/3: 176–87.Google Scholar
Burgess, James. 1881. Inscriptions from the Cave-Temples of Western India. Bombay.Google Scholar
Carston, Robyn. 2004. “Truth-conditional content and conversational implicature”, in Bianchi, Claudia (ed.), The Semantics/Pragmatics Distinction. Stanford, CA, 65–100.Google Scholar
Clapp, Lenny. 2009. “The rhetorical relations approach to indirect speech acts: problems and prospects”, Pragmatics & Cognition 17/1: 43–76.Google Scholar
Cohen, Richard S. 2006. “Ajanta's inscriptions”, in Walter Spink, M., Ajanta: History and Development, vol. 2: Arguments about Ajanta. Leiden, 273–339.Google Scholar
Copp, Paul. 2008. “Notes on the term ‘Dhāraṇī’ in medieval Chinese Buddhist thought”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 71/3: 493–508.Google Scholar
Culpeper, Jonathan. 2010. “Historical sociopragmatics”, in Jucker and Taavitsainen 2004: 69–94.Google Scholar
Dahl, Eystein. 2008. “Performative sentences and the morphosyntax-semantics interface in archaic Vedic”, Journal of South Asian Linguistics 1/1: 7–27. url: http://tiger.sprachwiss.uni-konstanz.de/~jsal/ojs/index.php/jsal/pages/view/complete Accessed 1 February 2012Google Scholar
Davidson, Ronald M. 1990. “An introduction to the standards of scriptural authenticity in Indian Buddhism”, in Buswell, Robert (ed.), Chinese Buddhist Apocrypha. Honolulu, 291–325.Google Scholar
Davidson, Ronald M. 2009. “Studies in Dhāraṇī literature I: revisiting the meaning of the term Dhāraṇī”, Journal of Indian Philosophy 37/2: 97–147.Google Scholar
Davidson, Ronald M. Forthcoming. “Studies in Dhāraṇī literature III: seeking the parameters of a Dhāraṇī-piṭaka: the formation of the Dhāraṇīsaṃgrahas and the place of the seven Buddhas”, in Payne, Richard (ed.), Buddhist Studies in Honor of Lewis Lancaster, special issue of Pacific World – Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies.Google Scholar
Eltschinger, V. 2008. “Dharmakīrti on mantras and their efficiency”, in ICEBS (ed.), Esoteric Buddhist Studies: Identity in Diversity. Koyasan, 273–89.Google Scholar
Findly, Ellison Banks. 1989. “Mántra kaviśastá: speech as performative in the Ṛgveda”, in Alper 1989: 15–47.Google Scholar
Van Fintel, Kai. 2004. “Would you believe it? The king of France is back! Presuppositions and truth-value intuitions”, in Reimer, Marga and Bezuidenhout, Anne (eds), Descriptions and Beyond. Oxford, 315–41.Google Scholar
Van Fintel, Kai. 2008. “What is presupposition accommodation, again?”, Philosophical Perspectives 22: 137–70.Google Scholar
Fraser, Bruce. 1996. “Pragmatic markers”, Pragmatics 6/2: 167–90.Google Scholar
Fussman, Gérard and König, Ditte (eds). 1997. Die Felsbildestation Shatial. (Materialien zur Archäologie der Nordgebiete Pakistans, Band 2.) Mainz.Google Scholar
Gaskill, Nicholas M. 2008. “Experience and signs: towards a pragmatist literary criticism”, New Literary History 39: 165–83.Google Scholar
Gehweiler, Elke. 2010. “Interjections and expletives”, in Jucker and Taavitsainen 2010: 315–49.Google Scholar
Gonda, Jan. 1963. “The Indian Mantra”, Oriens 16: 244–97.Google Scholar
Gorman, David. 1999. “The use and abuse of speech-act theory in criticism”, Poetics Today 20/1: 93–119.Google Scholar
Grey, Leslie. 1994. A Concordance of Buddhist Birth Stories. Oxford.Google Scholar
Hara, Minoru. 2009. “Divine witness”, Journal of Indian Philosophy 37: 253–72.Google Scholar
Harlan, Lindsey. 2003. The Goddesses’ Henchmen: Gender in Indian Hero Worship. New York.Google Scholar
Harrison, Paul and Coblin, W. South. 2012. “The oldest Buddhist incantation in Chinese? A preliminary study of the Chinese transcriptions of the Mantra in the Druma-kinnara-rāja-paripṛcchā”, in McRae, John R. and Nattier, Jan (eds), Buddhism across Boundaries. (Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 222.) Philadelphia, 61–85.Google Scholar
Von Hinüber, Oskar. 1987/88. “Dhāraṇīs aus Zentralasien”, Indologica Taurinensia 14: 231–49.Google Scholar
Von Hinüber, Oskar. 1989. “Buddhistische Inschriften aus dem Tal des Obern Indus”, in Jettmar, Karl (ed.), Antiquities of Northern Pakistan, Reports and Studies. Mainz, vol. 1, 73–106.Google Scholar
Von Hinüber, Oskar. 1991. “Nochmals zu Dhāraṇīs aus Zentralasien”, in Zhang, Li et al. (eds), Papers in Honour of Professor Dr. Ji Xianlin on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday. Nanchang Shi: Jiangxi renmin chu ban she, vol, 1, 163–74.Google Scholar
Hoernle, A. F. R. 1897. “Three further collections of ancient manuscripts from Central Asia”, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 66: 213–60.Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul J. and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2003. Grammaticalization. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics, 2nd ed.) New York.Google Scholar
Horn, Laurence. R. 2004. “Implicature”, in Horn and Ward (eds), 3–28.Google Scholar
Horn, Laurence R. and Ward, Gregory (eds). 2004. Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford.Google Scholar
Houben, Jan E. M. 2000. “The ritual pragmatics of a Vedic hymn: the ‘riddle hymn’ and the Pravargya ritual”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 120/4: 499–536.Google Scholar
Howell, Signe. 1986. “Formal speech acts as one discourse”, Man n.s. 21/1: 79–101.Google Scholar
Hughes, Justin. 1984. “Group speech acts”, Linguistics and Philosophy 7/4: 379–95.Google Scholar
Ilieva, Gabriela Nik. 2003. “The Ṛg Vedic hymn as a ritual speech event: about some grammatical-rhetorical features of 10.39 from a pragmatic perspective”, Journal of Historical Pragmatics 4/2: 171–93.Google Scholar
Insler, Stanley. 1989–90. “The shattered head split and the Epic tale of Śakuntalā”, Bulletin d'Études Indiennes 7–8: 97–139.Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith T. 1979. “Formality and informality in communicative events”, American Anthropologist 81: 773–90.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Andreas and Jucker, Andreas H.. 1995. “The historical perspective in pragmatics”, in Historical Pragmatics: Pragmatic Developments in the History of English. Amsterdam, 1–33.Google Scholar
Janda, Richard D. 2001. “Beyond ‘pathways’ and ‘unidirectionality’: on the discontinuity of language transmission and the counterability of grammaticalization”, Language Sciences 23: 265–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, Brian D. 2001. “Is there such a thing as ‘grammaticalization’?”, Language Sciences 23: 163–86.Google Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. and Taavitsainen, Irma (eds). 2010. Historical Pragmatics. Berlin and New York.Google Scholar
Keith, A. B. 1908–26. “Oṃ”, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. New York, vol. 9, 490–92.Google Scholar
Lamotte, Étienne. 1949. “La critique d'interprétation dans le bouddhisme”, Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves IX: 341–61.Google Scholar
Lamotte, Étienne. 1958. History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era. Trans. Sara Webb-Boin. Louvain and Paris.Google Scholar
Lehmann, Christian. 2002. Thoughts on Grammaticalization. 2nd rev. ed. Erfurt: Seminar für Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lüders, H. (ed.) 1963. Bharhut Inscriptions. Corups Inscriptionum Indicarum vol. II, part II. New Delhi.Google Scholar
Manné, Joy. 1990. “Categories of Sutta in the Pāli Nikāyas”, Journal of the Pali Text Society 15: 29–87.Google Scholar
Marshall, John and Foucher, Alfred. 1940. The Monuments of Sāñchī. 3 vols. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Matsumura, H. 1983. “A text on esoteric iconography from the Gilgit manuscripts”, Mikkyō Zuzō 2/1: 71–9.Google Scholar
Mauri, Caterina and Sansò, Andrea. 2011. “How directive constructions emerge: grammaticalization, constructionalization, cooptation”, Journal of Pragmatics 43: 3489–521.Google Scholar
McDermott, A. C. S. 1975. “Towards a pragmatics of Mantra recitation”, Journal of Indian Philosophy 3/3–4: 283–98.Google Scholar
Mirashi, V. V. 1963. Inscriptions of the Vākāṭakas. (Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum v. 5.) Ootacamund.Google Scholar
Nevala, Minna. 2010. “Politeness”, in Jucker and Taavitsainen 2010: 420–50.Google Scholar
Newmeyer, Frederick J. 2001. “Deconstructing grammaticalization”, Language Sciences 23: 187–229.Google Scholar
Padoux, André. 1989. “Mantras – what are they?”, in Alper 1999: 295–318.Google Scholar
Parpola, Asko. 1981. “On the primary meaning and etymology of the sacred syllable ŌM”, Proceedings of the Nordic South Asian Conference Held in Helsinki, June 10–12, 1980. (Studia Orientalia vol. 50.) Helsinki, 195–213.Google Scholar
Patton, Laurie L. 1995. “Speech acts and kings’ edicts: Vedic words and rulership in taxonomical perspective”, History of Religions 34/4: 329–50.Google Scholar
Pischel, R. 1981. A Grammar of the Prākrit Languages (trans. Jhā, Subhadra). Delhi.Google Scholar
Proferes, Theodore N. 2003. “Poetics and pragmatics in the Vedic liturgy for the installation of the sacrificial post”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 123/2: 317–50.Google Scholar
Recanati, François. 2004. “Pragmatics and semantics”, in Horn and Ward 2004: 442–62.Google Scholar
Roberts, Craige. 2004. “Context in dynamic interpretation”, in Horn and Ward 2004: 197–220.Google Scholar
Roberts, Ian. 2010. “Grammaticalization, the clausal hierarchy and semantic bleaching”, in Traugott, Elizabeth C. (ed.), Gradiance, Gradualness and Grammaticalization. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, 45–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salgueiro, Antonio Blanco. 2010. “Promises, threats, and the foundations of speech act theory”, Pragmatics 20/2: 213–28.Google Scholar
Sbisà, Marina. 2009. “Uptake and conventionality in illocution”, Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 5/1: 33–52.Google Scholar
Searle, John R. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Searle, John R. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Searle, John R. 1989. “How performatives work”, Linguistics and Philosophy 12: 535–58.Google Scholar
Searle, John R. and Vanderveken, Daniel. 1985. Foundations of Illocutionary Logic. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Shanon, Benny. 1976. “On the two kinds of presuppositions in natural language”, Foundations of Language 14: 247–9.Google Scholar
Siebel, Mark. 2003. “Illocutionary acts and attitude expression”, Linguistics and Philosophy 26/3: 351–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silk, Jonathan A. 2007. “Good and evil in Indian Buddhism: the five sins of immediate retribution”, Journal of Indian Philosophy 35: 253–86.Google Scholar
Skilling, Peter. 1992. “The Rakṣā literature of the Śrāvakayāna”, Journal of the Pali Text Society 16: 109–82.Google Scholar
Skilling, Peter. 1994–97. Mahāsūtras: Great Discourses of the Buddha. 2 vols. Oxford.Google Scholar
Staal, Frits. 1986a. “The sound of religion”, Numen 33/1: 33–64.Google Scholar
Staal, Frits. 1986b. “The sound of religion (continued)”, Numen 33/2: 185–224.Google Scholar
Staal, Frits. 1989. “Vedic Mantras”, in Alper 1999: 48–995.Google Scholar
Staal, Frits. 2008. Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights. New Delhi.Google Scholar
Stiles, William B. 1981. “Classification of intersubjective illocutionary acts”, Language in Society 10/2: 227–49.Google Scholar
Taber, John. 1989. “Are Mantras speech acts? The Mīmāṃsā point of view”, in Alper 1999: 144–64.Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley J. 1979. “A performative approach to ritual”, Proceedings of the British Academy 65: 113–69.Google Scholar
Thompson, George. 1998. “On truth-acts in Vedic”, Indo-Iranian Journal 41: 125–53.Google Scholar
Tieken, Herman. 2000. “Aśoka and the Buddhist Saṃgha: a study of Aśoka's schism edict and minor rock edict I”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63/1: 1–30.Google Scholar
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 2004. “Historical pragmatics”, in Horn and Ward 2004: 538–61.Google Scholar
Traugott, Elizabeth C. and Dasher, Richard B.. 2002. Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wakahara, Yusho. 2002. “The truth-utterance (satyavacana) in Mahāyāna Buddhism”, Bukkyōgaku Kenyū 56: 58–69.Google Scholar
Van de Walle, Lieve. 1993. Pragmatics and Classical Sanskrit: A Pilot Study in Linguistic Politeness. Amsterdam and Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Wayman, Alex. 1975. “The significance of Mantras, from the Veda down to Buddhist tantric practice”, Adyar Library Bulletin 39: 65–89.Google Scholar
Wayman, Alex. 1985. “Imperatives in the Buddhist Tantra Mantras”, Berliner Indologische Studien 1: 35–40.Google Scholar
Weber, Albrecht. 1853. “Analyse der in Anquetil du Perrons Uebersetzung enthaltenen Upanishad. Vierter Artikel”, Indische Studien 2: 170–236.Google Scholar
Wessels-Mevissen, Corinna. 2001. The Gods of the Directions in Ancient India. Berlin.Google Scholar
Wheelock, Wade T. 1982. “The problem of ritual language: from information to situation”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 50/1: 49–71.Google Scholar
White, Beatrice. 1963. “Decline and fall of interjections”, Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 64: 356–72.Google Scholar
Whitney, William Dwight. 1881. “Index verborum to the published text of the Atharva-Veda”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 12: 1–383.Google Scholar
Wilke, Annette and Moebus, Oliver. 2011. Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Berlin.Google Scholar
Wilkins, David P. 1992. “Interjections as deictics”, Journal of Pragmatics 18: 119–58.Google Scholar
Witzel, Michael. 1987. “The case of the shattered head”, Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 13/14: 363–415.Google Scholar
Abhidharmasamuccaya. Pradhan, Pralhad. 1950. Abhidharma Samuccaya of Asanga. (Visva-Bharati Studies 12.) Santiniketan.Google Scholar
Abhidharmasamuccayabhāṣya. Tatia, Nathmal. 1976. Abhidharmasamuccaya-bhāṣyam. (Tibetan Sanskrit Works Series No. 17.) Patna.Google Scholar
Aitareya-brāhmaṇa. Aufrecht, Theodor. 1879. Das Aitareya Brahmana: Mit Auszuegen aus dem Commentare von Sayanacarya und anderen Beilagen. Bonn.Google Scholar
Śāstri, R. Anantakriṣṇa (ed.). 1942. Aitareya Brāhmaṇa with the Vṛtti Sukhapradā of Ṣaḍguruśiṣya. (University of Travancore Sanskrit Series No. 149.) Trivandrum.Google Scholar
Āpte, Hari Nārāyaṇa (ed.). 1896. The Aitareya Brāhmaṇam with the Bhāshya of Śrimat Sāyaṇāchārya. (Ānandāśrama Sanskrita Series, No. 32, part II.)Google Scholar
Keith, Arthur Berriedale (trans.) 1920. Rigveda Brahmanas: The Aitareya and Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇas of the Rigveda. (Harvard Oriental Series, Vol. 25.) Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Amoghapāśahṛdaya-dhāraṇī. Meisezahl, R.O. 1962. “The Amoghapāśahṛdaya-dhāraṇī: the early Sanskrit manuscript of the Reiunji critically edited and translated”, Monumenta Nipponica 17: 265–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Āpastambīyadharmasūtra. Bühler, Georg. 1932. Āpastamba's Aphorisms on the Sacred Law of the Hindus. (Bombay Sanskrit Series, Nos. XLIV and L.) Poona.Google Scholar
Aṣṭādaśasāhasrikā. Conze, Edward. 1962. The Gilgit Manuscript of the Aṣṭādaśasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā: Chapters 55 to 70 Corresponding to the 5th Abhisamaya. (Rome Oriental Series 26.) Rome.Google Scholar
Aṣṭādhyāyī. Sastri, C. Sankara Rama. 1937. Aṣṭāḍhyāyīsūtrapāṭha of Pāṇini. 2nd ed.Madras.Google Scholar
Aṣṭasāhasrikā. Vaidya, P.L. 1960. Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā with Haribhadra's Commentary Called Āloka. (Buddhist Sanskrit Texts, No. 4.) Darbhanga.Google Scholar
Āṭānāṭikasūtra. Hoffmann, Helmut. 1939. Bruchstücke des Āṭānāṭikasūtra aus dem Zentralasiatischen Sanskritkanon der Buddhisten. Reprinted in Lore Sander (ed.) 1987. Nachträge zu “Kleinere Sanskrit-Text, Hefte III–V”. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Aupapātikasūtra. Leumann, Ernst. 1883. Das Aupapātika Sūtra, erstes Upānga der Jaina. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Āyāraṃgasutta. Jacobi, Hermann. 1882. The Āyāraṃga Sutta of the Çvetāmbara Jains. London.Google Scholar
Baudhāyana-dharmasūtra. Hultzsch, E. 1884. The Baudhâyanadharmaśâstra. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Bhaddālisutta. Trenckner, V. et al. 1888–1925. Majjhimanikāya. (Pali Text Society, vol. 1.) London. pp. 437–47. T.26.1.746b17-749b29.Google Scholar
Bhaiṣajyavastu. Dutt, Nalinaksha. 1947. Gilgit Manuscripts, vol. III/1. Srinagar. To.1, vols ka 277b6–ga, 50a7; T. 1448.Google Scholar
Bodhisattvabhūmi. Wogihara, Unrai. 1971. Bodhisattvabhūmi: A Statement of the Whole Course of the Bodhisattva. Tokyo. To. 4037; T. 1579 (15); T. 1581; T. 1582.Google Scholar
Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣad. Śāstri, Govinda. 1964. Ten Principal Upaniṣads with Śāṅkarabhāṣya. Delhi, vol. 1, pp. 608–1012.Google Scholar
Bṛhaddevatā. Macdonnell, Arthur Anthony. 1904. The Bṛhad-devatā attributed to Śaunaka. (Harvard Oriental Series Vols 5–6.) Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgrha. Lacôte, Félix. 1908. Brhat-katha Çlokasamgraha I–IX. Paris.Google Scholar
Dhāraṇīsaṃgraha. T. 901.Google Scholar
Dhāraṇīsaṃgraha. T. 1336.Google Scholar
Druma-kinnara-rāja-paripṛcchā-sūtra. Harrison, Paul. 1992. Druma-kinnara-rāja-paripṛcchā-sūtra: A Critical Edition of the Tibetan Text (Recension A) based on Eight Editions of the Kanjur and the Dunhuang Manuscript Fragment. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Ekādaśamukhahṛdaya-dhāraṇī. Dutt, Nalinaksha. 1939. Gilgit Manuscripts. Srinagar, vol. I, pp. 35–40.Google Scholar
Vira, Raghu and Lokesh, Chandra. 1995. Gilgit Buddhist Manuscripts, Revised and Enlarged Compact Facsimile Edition. Delhi, vol. 2, fols 2417.1–2444.3. To. 694; T. 1070–71.Google Scholar
Gaṇapatihṛdaya. Iwamoto, Yutaka. 1937. Kleinere Dhāraṇī Texte. Kyoto, vol. 2, pp. 10–12. (Substantially different recension from To. 665.)Google Scholar
Gautama-dharmaśāstra. Pāṇḍeya, Umeśacandra. 1966. Gautamadharmasūtrāṇī Hindīvyākhyāvibhūṣita-haradattakṛta-mitākṣarāvṛti-sahitāni. Vārāṇasī.Google Scholar
Gopathabrāhmaṇa. Gaastra, Dieuke. 1919. Das Gopatha Brāhmaṇa. Leiden.Google Scholar
Hiraṇyakeśigṛhyasūtra. Kirste, J. 1889. The Gṛihyasūtra of Hiraṇyakeśin with Extracts from the Commentary of Mātṛidatta. Vienna.Google Scholar
Jaiminimīmāṃṣā-sūtra. Nyáyaratna, Paṇḍita Maheśachandra. 1873–87. Aphorisms of the Mímáḿsa by Jaimini, with the Commentary of Śavara-Svámin. 2 vols. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Jaiminīya-upaniṣad-brāhmaṇa. Oertel, Hanns. 1896. “The Jāiminīya or Talavakāra Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa: text, translation, and notes”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 16: 79–260.Google Scholar
Karuṇāpuṇḍarīka-sūtra. Yamada, Issi. 1968. Karuṇāpuṇḍarīka: The White Lotus of Compassion. 2 vols. London.Google Scholar
Kāśikāvṛtti. Sharma, Aryendra. 1969–85. Kasika – a Commentary on Pāṇini's Grammar by Vamana and Jayaditya. Hyderabad.Google Scholar
Khādiragṛhyasūtra. Singh, Thakur Udaya Narain. 1991. Khādiragṛhya sūtram and Drāhyayaṇa Gṛhya Sūtram with the Commentary of Rudraskanda and Hindi Commentary. Delhi.Google Scholar
Mahābhāṣya. Kielhorn, F. 1880–85. Vyākaraṇa-mahābhāṣya of Patañjali. Reprinted Pune, 1962–72. 3 vols.Google Scholar
Mahāmaṇivipulavimānasupratiṣṭhitaguhyaparamarahasyakalparāja-nāma-dhāraṇī. To. 506; T. 1005, 1006, 1007 [entitled *Mūlyamantra]. See Matsumura for the Gilgit fragments.Google Scholar
Mahāmantrānusāriṇī. Skilling, Peter. 1994. Mahāsūtras: Great Discourses of the Buddha, Vol. 1, 608–22.Google Scholar
Mahāmāyūrīvidyārājñī. Takubo, Shūyo. 1972. Ārya-Mahā-Māyūrī Vidyā-Rājñī. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Mahāmegha-sūtra. 1880. Bendall, Cecil. “The Megha-Sūtra”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, n.s. 12/2: 286–311. (Partial edition.)Google Scholar
Mahāpadāna. Rhys Davids, T. W. and Carpenter, J. Estlin. 1890–1911. The Dīgha Nikāya. London: Pali Text Society, vol. 2, 1–54.Google Scholar
Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra. Waldschmidt, Ernst. 1951. 3 vols. Berlin.Google Scholar
Mahāpratisarā-dhāraṇī. Hidas, Gergely. 2012. Mahāpratisarā-Mahāvidyārājñī. The Great Amulet, Great Queen of Spells. New Delhi.Google Scholar
Mahāsāhasrapramardanī. Iwamoto, Yutaka. 1937. Kleinere Dhāraṇī Texte, vol. 1. Kyoto. To. 558; T. 999.Google Scholar
Mahāsāhasrapramardanīsūtraśatasahasraṭīkā. Attributed Karmavajra. To. 2690.Google Scholar
Mahāśītavatī-dhāraṇī. Iwamoto, Yutaka. 1937. Kleinere Dhāraṇī Texte. Kyoto, vol. 2, pp. 1–6. To. 606 (identified as the Mahādaṇḍadhāraṇī); T. 1392.Google Scholar
Mahāśītavanavidyārājñīsūtraśatasahasraṭīkā. Attributed Karmavajra. To. 2693.Google Scholar
Mahāvadāna. Fukita, Takamichi. 2003. The Mahāvadānasūtra: A New Edition Based on Manuscripts Discovered in Northern Turkestan. Göttingen.Google Scholar
Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā. Sāṃtavalekara, Śrīpādaśarma Damodara. 1942. Yajruvedīya Maitrāyaṇī-Saṃhitā. Svādhāyamaṇḍala.Google Scholar
Mālatīmādhava. Kāle, M.R. 1928. Bhavabhūti's Mālatīmādhava, with the Commentary of Jagaddhara. Reprint, Delhi.Google Scholar
Mānava-dharmaśāstra. Olivelle, Patrick. 2005. Manu's Code of Law. A Critical Edition and Translation of the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra. New York.Google Scholar
Mekhalā-dhāraṇī. Tripathi, Chandrabha. 1981. “Gilgit-Blätter der Mekhalā-dhāraṇī”, Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 7: 153–61. To. 772; T. 1377.Google Scholar
Milindapañha. Trenckner, Vilhelm. 1880. The Milindapañho: Being Dialogues between King Milinda and the Buddhist Sage Nāgasena. London.Google Scholar
Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinayavibhaṅga. To. 2.Google Scholar
*Mūlyamantra. T. 1007; T.1006; To. 506.Google Scholar
Nirukta. Sarup, Lakshman. 1920–34. The Nighaṇṭu and the Nirukta: The Oldest Indian Treatise on Etymology, Philology, and Semantics. 6 vols. London.Google Scholar
Nirvikalpapraveśadhāraṇī. Matsuda, Kazunobu. 1996. “Nirvikalpapraveśadhāraṇī: Sanskrit Text and Japanese Translation”, Bulletin of the Research Institute of Bukkyo University (Bukkyō Daigaku Sōgō Kenkyūjo Kiyō) 3: 89–113.Google Scholar
Pañcaviṃśabrāhmaṇa. Vadantavagisa, Anandachandra. 1870–74. Tāṇdya Mahābrāhmaṇa with the Commentary of Sāyana Ācārya. 2 vols. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Ratnaketuparivarta. Kurumiya, Y. 1978. Ratnaketuparivarta: Sanskrit Text. Kyoto. To. 138; T. 397(9), T. 402.Google Scholar
Ṛgveda. Van Nooten, Barend A. and Holland, Gary B.. 1994. Rig Veda: A Metrically Restored Text with an Introduction and Notes. (Harvard Oriental Series, Vol. 50.) Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra. Kern, H. and Nanjio, Bunyiu. 1914. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka. (Bibliotheca Buddhica X.) St. Petersburg.Google Scholar
Samyuktāgama. T.99.Google Scholar
Śāṅkhāyanagṛhyasūtra. Sehgal, S.R. 1987. Śāṅkhāyana Gṛhya Sūtram. Delhi.Google Scholar
Ṣaṇmukhīdhāraṇī. Mimaki, Katsumi. 1977. “La Ṣaṇmukhī-dhāraṇī or ‘Incantation des Six Portes’, texte attribué aux Sautrāntika (II)”. Japanese Association for Tibetan Studies 23: 9–13.Google Scholar
Saptabuddhaka-dhāraṇī. T. 1147, 1133, 1134; To. 693, 694, 899.Google Scholar
*Saptabuddhāṣṭabodhisattva-dhāraṇī. T. 1332.Google Scholar
Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna. Mukhopadyaya, Sujitkumar. 1954. The Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna. Santiniketan.Google Scholar
Sarvajñatākāra-dhāraṇī. Yamada, Issi. 1968. Karuṇāpuṇḍarīka, vol. 2. Appendix.Google Scholar
Sarvatathāgatādhiṣṭhāna-satvāvalokana-buddhakṣetrasandarśana-vyūha. Cohen, Richard S. 2010. “The Sarvatathāgatādhiṣṭhāna-satvāvalokana-buddhakṣetrasandarśana-vyūha: a Mahāyāna Sūtra from Gilgit”, Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 11: 199–251.Google Scholar
Śatapathabrāhmaṇa. Weber, Albrecht. 1855. The Çatapatha-Brāhmaṇa in the Madhyandina-Çakha. Reprinted Varanasi, 1964.Google Scholar
Suttanipāta. Fauisbøll, Viggo. 1884–93. The Sutta-Nipāta, being a Collection of Some of Gotama Buddha's Dialogues and Discourses. 2 vols. London.Google Scholar
Suvarṇabhāsottamasūtra. Nobel, Johannes. 1937. Suvarṇabhāsottamasūtra: Das Goldglanz-Sūtra, Ein Sanskrittext des Mahāyāna-Bhuddhismus. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Taittirīya-brāhmaṇa. Sastri, A. Mahadeva et al. 1908–21. The Taittiriya Brahmana with the Commentary of Bhattabhaskaramisra. 4 vols. Mysore.Google Scholar
Tarkajvālā. To. 3856.Google Scholar
Uṣṇīṣa-vijayā dhāraṇī. Yuyama, Akira. 2000. “An Uṣṇīṣa-Vijayā Dhāraṇī text from Nepal”, Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 3: 165–75.Google Scholar
Müller, F. Max and Nanjio, Bunyiu (eds). 1884. The Ancient Palm-Leaves Containing the Pragñâ-Pâramitâ-Hridaya-Sûtra and the Ushnîsha-Vigaya-Dhâranî. Anecdota Oxioniensia, vol. I, Part III. Oxford, 31–44.Google Scholar
Vājasaneyi-mādhyandina-śukla-yajurveda-saṃhitā. Shastri, Pandit Jagdishlal. 1978. Śukla-Yajurveda-Saṃhitā with the Mantra-Bhāṣya of Uvaṭa, the Vedadīpa-Bhāṣya of Mahīdhara. Delhi.Google Scholar
Vajravidāraṇī dhāraṇī. Iwamoto, Yutaka. 1937. Kleinere Dhāraṇī Texte. Kyoto, vol. 2, 7–9. To. 750 (identified as the Vajravidāraṇā-dhāraṇī); T. 1416, 1417.Google Scholar
Vasudhārādhāraṇī. Samten, Ngawang and Bahulkar, S.S.. 2007. “Vasudhārādhāraṇīsūtra”, Dhīḥ 44: 129–47.Google Scholar
Vinayavibhaṅga. Oldenberg, H. 1879–83. Vinaya Piṭakaṃ. 5 vols. London, vols 3–4.Google Scholar
Viṣṇusmṛti. Olivelle, Patrick (ed. and trans.). 2009. The Law Code of Viṣṇu: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of the Vaiṣṇava-Dharmaśāstra. (Harvard Oriental Series, vol. 73.) Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Alper, Harvey P. (ed.). 1989. Understanding Mantras. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Ameka, Felix. 1992a. “Interjections: the universal yet neglected part of speech”, Journal of Pragmatics 18: 101–18.Google Scholar
Ameka, Felix. 1992b. “The meaning of phatic and conative interjections”, Journal of Pragmatics 18: 245–71.Google Scholar
Archer, Dawn. 2010. “Speech acts”, in Jucker and Taavitsainen 2010: 379–417.Google Scholar
Austin, J. L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Atlas, Jay David. 2004. “Presupposition”, in Horn and Ward 2004: 29–52.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Franz. 1967. “Zur Entstehung einer Dhāraṇī”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 117: 148–65.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Maurice. 1890. “On the etymology of the Particle oṁ” (Proceedings of the American Oriental Society), Journal of the American Oriental Society 14: clii.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Maurice and Franceschini, Marco. 1906, 2000, 2005. A Vedic Concordance. Revised electronic version: http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/VedicConcordance/ReadmeEng.html Accessed 27 January 2012.Google Scholar
Blutner, Reinhard. 2004. “Pragmatics and the lexicon”, in Horn and Ward 2004: 488–514.Google Scholar
Brinton, Laurel. 2005. Lexicalization and Language Change. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Brinton, Laurel. 2010. “Discourse markers”, in Jucker and Taavitsainen 2010: 285–314.Google Scholar
Van Buitenen, J. A. B. 1959. “Akṣara”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 79/3: 176–87.Google Scholar
Burgess, James. 1881. Inscriptions from the Cave-Temples of Western India. Bombay.Google Scholar
Carston, Robyn. 2004. “Truth-conditional content and conversational implicature”, in Bianchi, Claudia (ed.), The Semantics/Pragmatics Distinction. Stanford, CA, 65–100.Google Scholar
Clapp, Lenny. 2009. “The rhetorical relations approach to indirect speech acts: problems and prospects”, Pragmatics & Cognition 17/1: 43–76.Google Scholar
Cohen, Richard S. 2006. “Ajanta's inscriptions”, in Walter Spink, M., Ajanta: History and Development, vol. 2: Arguments about Ajanta. Leiden, 273–339.Google Scholar
Copp, Paul. 2008. “Notes on the term ‘Dhāraṇī’ in medieval Chinese Buddhist thought”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 71/3: 493–508.Google Scholar
Culpeper, Jonathan. 2010. “Historical sociopragmatics”, in Jucker and Taavitsainen 2004: 69–94.Google Scholar
Dahl, Eystein. 2008. “Performative sentences and the morphosyntax-semantics interface in archaic Vedic”, Journal of South Asian Linguistics 1/1: 7–27. url: http://tiger.sprachwiss.uni-konstanz.de/~jsal/ojs/index.php/jsal/pages/view/complete Accessed 1 February 2012Google Scholar
Davidson, Ronald M. 1990. “An introduction to the standards of scriptural authenticity in Indian Buddhism”, in Buswell, Robert (ed.), Chinese Buddhist Apocrypha. Honolulu, 291–325.Google Scholar
Davidson, Ronald M. 2009. “Studies in Dhāraṇī literature I: revisiting the meaning of the term Dhāraṇī”, Journal of Indian Philosophy 37/2: 97–147.Google Scholar
Davidson, Ronald M. Forthcoming. “Studies in Dhāraṇī literature III: seeking the parameters of a Dhāraṇī-piṭaka: the formation of the Dhāraṇīsaṃgrahas and the place of the seven Buddhas”, in Payne, Richard (ed.), Buddhist Studies in Honor of Lewis Lancaster, special issue of Pacific World – Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies.Google Scholar
Eltschinger, V. 2008. “Dharmakīrti on mantras and their efficiency”, in ICEBS (ed.), Esoteric Buddhist Studies: Identity in Diversity. Koyasan, 273–89.Google Scholar
Findly, Ellison Banks. 1989. “Mántra kaviśastá: speech as performative in the Ṛgveda”, in Alper 1989: 15–47.Google Scholar
Van Fintel, Kai. 2004. “Would you believe it? The king of France is back! Presuppositions and truth-value intuitions”, in Reimer, Marga and Bezuidenhout, Anne (eds), Descriptions and Beyond. Oxford, 315–41.Google Scholar
Van Fintel, Kai. 2008. “What is presupposition accommodation, again?”, Philosophical Perspectives 22: 137–70.Google Scholar
Fraser, Bruce. 1996. “Pragmatic markers”, Pragmatics 6/2: 167–90.Google Scholar
Fussman, Gérard and König, Ditte (eds). 1997. Die Felsbildestation Shatial. (Materialien zur Archäologie der Nordgebiete Pakistans, Band 2.) Mainz.Google Scholar
Gaskill, Nicholas M. 2008. “Experience and signs: towards a pragmatist literary criticism”, New Literary History 39: 165–83.Google Scholar
Gehweiler, Elke. 2010. “Interjections and expletives”, in Jucker and Taavitsainen 2010: 315–49.Google Scholar
Gonda, Jan. 1963. “The Indian Mantra”, Oriens 16: 244–97.Google Scholar
Gorman, David. 1999. “The use and abuse of speech-act theory in criticism”, Poetics Today 20/1: 93–119.Google Scholar
Grey, Leslie. 1994. A Concordance of Buddhist Birth Stories. Oxford.Google Scholar
Hara, Minoru. 2009. “Divine witness”, Journal of Indian Philosophy 37: 253–72.Google Scholar
Harlan, Lindsey. 2003. The Goddesses’ Henchmen: Gender in Indian Hero Worship. New York.Google Scholar
Harrison, Paul and Coblin, W. South. 2012. “The oldest Buddhist incantation in Chinese? A preliminary study of the Chinese transcriptions of the Mantra in the Druma-kinnara-rāja-paripṛcchā”, in McRae, John R. and Nattier, Jan (eds), Buddhism across Boundaries. (Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 222.) Philadelphia, 61–85.Google Scholar
Von Hinüber, Oskar. 1987/88. “Dhāraṇīs aus Zentralasien”, Indologica Taurinensia 14: 231–49.Google Scholar
Von Hinüber, Oskar. 1989. “Buddhistische Inschriften aus dem Tal des Obern Indus”, in Jettmar, Karl (ed.), Antiquities of Northern Pakistan, Reports and Studies. Mainz, vol. 1, 73–106.Google Scholar
Von Hinüber, Oskar. 1991. “Nochmals zu Dhāraṇīs aus Zentralasien”, in Zhang, Li et al. (eds), Papers in Honour of Professor Dr. Ji Xianlin on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday. Nanchang Shi: Jiangxi renmin chu ban she, vol, 1, 163–74.Google Scholar
Hoernle, A. F. R. 1897. “Three further collections of ancient manuscripts from Central Asia”, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 66: 213–60.Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul J. and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2003. Grammaticalization. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics, 2nd ed.) New York.Google Scholar
Horn, Laurence. R. 2004. “Implicature”, in Horn and Ward (eds), 3–28.Google Scholar
Horn, Laurence R. and Ward, Gregory (eds). 2004. Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford.Google Scholar
Houben, Jan E. M. 2000. “The ritual pragmatics of a Vedic hymn: the ‘riddle hymn’ and the Pravargya ritual”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 120/4: 499–536.Google Scholar
Howell, Signe. 1986. “Formal speech acts as one discourse”, Man n.s. 21/1: 79–101.Google Scholar
Hughes, Justin. 1984. “Group speech acts”, Linguistics and Philosophy 7/4: 379–95.Google Scholar
Ilieva, Gabriela Nik. 2003. “The Ṛg Vedic hymn as a ritual speech event: about some grammatical-rhetorical features of 10.39 from a pragmatic perspective”, Journal of Historical Pragmatics 4/2: 171–93.Google Scholar
Insler, Stanley. 1989–90. “The shattered head split and the Epic tale of Śakuntalā”, Bulletin d'Études Indiennes 7–8: 97–139.Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith T. 1979. “Formality and informality in communicative events”, American Anthropologist 81: 773–90.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Andreas and Jucker, Andreas H.. 1995. “The historical perspective in pragmatics”, in Historical Pragmatics: Pragmatic Developments in the History of English. Amsterdam, 1–33.Google Scholar
Janda, Richard D. 2001. “Beyond ‘pathways’ and ‘unidirectionality’: on the discontinuity of language transmission and the counterability of grammaticalization”, Language Sciences 23: 265–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, Brian D. 2001. “Is there such a thing as ‘grammaticalization’?”, Language Sciences 23: 163–86.Google Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. and Taavitsainen, Irma (eds). 2010. Historical Pragmatics. Berlin and New York.Google Scholar
Keith, A. B. 1908–26. “Oṃ”, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. New York, vol. 9, 490–92.Google Scholar
Lamotte, Étienne. 1949. “La critique d'interprétation dans le bouddhisme”, Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves IX: 341–61.Google Scholar
Lamotte, Étienne. 1958. History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era. Trans. Sara Webb-Boin. Louvain and Paris.Google Scholar
Lehmann, Christian. 2002. Thoughts on Grammaticalization. 2nd rev. ed. Erfurt: Seminar für Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lüders, H. (ed.) 1963. Bharhut Inscriptions. Corups Inscriptionum Indicarum vol. II, part II. New Delhi.Google Scholar
Manné, Joy. 1990. “Categories of Sutta in the Pāli Nikāyas”, Journal of the Pali Text Society 15: 29–87.Google Scholar
Marshall, John and Foucher, Alfred. 1940. The Monuments of Sāñchī. 3 vols. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Matsumura, H. 1983. “A text on esoteric iconography from the Gilgit manuscripts”, Mikkyō Zuzō 2/1: 71–9.Google Scholar
Mauri, Caterina and Sansò, Andrea. 2011. “How directive constructions emerge: grammaticalization, constructionalization, cooptation”, Journal of Pragmatics 43: 3489–521.Google Scholar
McDermott, A. C. S. 1975. “Towards a pragmatics of Mantra recitation”, Journal of Indian Philosophy 3/3–4: 283–98.Google Scholar
Mirashi, V. V. 1963. Inscriptions of the Vākāṭakas. (Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum v. 5.) Ootacamund.Google Scholar
Nevala, Minna. 2010. “Politeness”, in Jucker and Taavitsainen 2010: 420–50.Google Scholar
Newmeyer, Frederick J. 2001. “Deconstructing grammaticalization”, Language Sciences 23: 187–229.Google Scholar
Padoux, André. 1989. “Mantras – what are they?”, in Alper 1999: 295–318.Google Scholar
Parpola, Asko. 1981. “On the primary meaning and etymology of the sacred syllable ŌM”, Proceedings of the Nordic South Asian Conference Held in Helsinki, June 10–12, 1980. (Studia Orientalia vol. 50.) Helsinki, 195–213.Google Scholar
Patton, Laurie L. 1995. “Speech acts and kings’ edicts: Vedic words and rulership in taxonomical perspective”, History of Religions 34/4: 329–50.Google Scholar
Pischel, R. 1981. A Grammar of the Prākrit Languages (trans. Jhā, Subhadra). Delhi.Google Scholar
Proferes, Theodore N. 2003. “Poetics and pragmatics in the Vedic liturgy for the installation of the sacrificial post”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 123/2: 317–50.Google Scholar
Recanati, François. 2004. “Pragmatics and semantics”, in Horn and Ward 2004: 442–62.Google Scholar
Roberts, Craige. 2004. “Context in dynamic interpretation”, in Horn and Ward 2004: 197–220.Google Scholar
Roberts, Ian. 2010. “Grammaticalization, the clausal hierarchy and semantic bleaching”, in Traugott, Elizabeth C. (ed.), Gradiance, Gradualness and Grammaticalization. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, 45–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salgueiro, Antonio Blanco. 2010. “Promises, threats, and the foundations of speech act theory”, Pragmatics 20/2: 213–28.Google Scholar
Sbisà, Marina. 2009. “Uptake and conventionality in illocution”, Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 5/1: 33–52.Google Scholar
Searle, John R. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Searle, John R. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Searle, John R. 1989. “How performatives work”, Linguistics and Philosophy 12: 535–58.Google Scholar
Searle, John R. and Vanderveken, Daniel. 1985. Foundations of Illocutionary Logic. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Shanon, Benny. 1976. “On the two kinds of presuppositions in natural language”, Foundations of Language 14: 247–9.Google Scholar
Siebel, Mark. 2003. “Illocutionary acts and attitude expression”, Linguistics and Philosophy 26/3: 351–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silk, Jonathan A. 2007. “Good and evil in Indian Buddhism: the five sins of immediate retribution”, Journal of Indian Philosophy 35: 253–86.Google Scholar
Skilling, Peter. 1992. “The Rakṣā literature of the Śrāvakayāna”, Journal of the Pali Text Society 16: 109–82.Google Scholar
Skilling, Peter. 1994–97. Mahāsūtras: Great Discourses of the Buddha. 2 vols. Oxford.Google Scholar
Staal, Frits. 1986a. “The sound of religion”, Numen 33/1: 33–64.Google Scholar
Staal, Frits. 1986b. “The sound of religion (continued)”, Numen 33/2: 185–224.Google Scholar
Staal, Frits. 1989. “Vedic Mantras”, in Alper 1999: 48–995.Google Scholar
Staal, Frits. 2008. Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights. New Delhi.Google Scholar
Stiles, William B. 1981. “Classification of intersubjective illocutionary acts”, Language in Society 10/2: 227–49.Google Scholar
Taber, John. 1989. “Are Mantras speech acts? The Mīmāṃsā point of view”, in Alper 1999: 144–64.Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley J. 1979. “A performative approach to ritual”, Proceedings of the British Academy 65: 113–69.Google Scholar
Thompson, George. 1998. “On truth-acts in Vedic”, Indo-Iranian Journal 41: 125–53.Google Scholar
Tieken, Herman. 2000. “Aśoka and the Buddhist Saṃgha: a study of Aśoka's schism edict and minor rock edict I”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63/1: 1–30.Google Scholar
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 2004. “Historical pragmatics”, in Horn and Ward 2004: 538–61.Google Scholar
Traugott, Elizabeth C. and Dasher, Richard B.. 2002. Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wakahara, Yusho. 2002. “The truth-utterance (satyavacana) in Mahāyāna Buddhism”, Bukkyōgaku Kenyū 56: 58–69.Google Scholar
Van de Walle, Lieve. 1993. Pragmatics and Classical Sanskrit: A Pilot Study in Linguistic Politeness. Amsterdam and Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Wayman, Alex. 1975. “The significance of Mantras, from the Veda down to Buddhist tantric practice”, Adyar Library Bulletin 39: 65–89.Google Scholar
Wayman, Alex. 1985. “Imperatives in the Buddhist Tantra Mantras”, Berliner Indologische Studien 1: 35–40.Google Scholar
Weber, Albrecht. 1853. “Analyse der in Anquetil du Perrons Uebersetzung enthaltenen Upanishad. Vierter Artikel”, Indische Studien 2: 170–236.Google Scholar
Wessels-Mevissen, Corinna. 2001. The Gods of the Directions in Ancient India. Berlin.Google Scholar
Wheelock, Wade T. 1982. “The problem of ritual language: from information to situation”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 50/1: 49–71.Google Scholar
White, Beatrice. 1963. “Decline and fall of interjections”, Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 64: 356–72.Google Scholar
Whitney, William Dwight. 1881. “Index verborum to the published text of the Atharva-Veda”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 12: 1–383.Google Scholar
Wilke, Annette and Moebus, Oliver. 2011. Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Berlin.Google Scholar
Wilkins, David P. 1992. “Interjections as deictics”, Journal of Pragmatics 18: 119–58.Google Scholar
Witzel, Michael. 1987. “The case of the shattered head”, Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 13/14: 363–415.Google Scholar