^{page 444 note 1} Qur'ān XIX, 60. Citations from the Qur'ān are according to Flügel's edition.

^{page 444 note 2} Al-Ṭabarī, , Jāmi’ al-bayān, Cairo, Maymūnīya, A.H. 1323–1329, XVI, 66Google Scholar.

^{page 444 note 3} Ahrens, Karl, ‘Christliches im Qoran’, ZDMG, LXXXIV, 1930, 148–50Google Scholar; Torrey, C. C., The Jewish foundation of Islam, New York, 1933, 68Google Scholar; and Blachère, Régis, Introduction au Coran—Le Coran, Paris, 1947–1950, II, 120Google Scholar, n. 4.

^{page 444 note 4} Qur'ān VII, 44–6; Al-Bayḍäwī, Anwār al-tanzīl, Cairo, Halabī, A.H. 1306, III, 11Google Scholar; Andrae, Tor, Der Ursprung des Islams und das Christentum, Uppsala, 1926, 78Google Scholar.

^{page 444 note 5} See Qur'ān LXXXIII, 7–9. Ṭabarī (op. cit., XXX, 51–2) notes the wide difference of opinion on the meaning of sijjīn and cites several interpretations; e.g., the seventh underworld, a pit in Hell, or the rock beneath the earth.

^{page 444 note 6} Qur'ān LXXXIII, 16; cf. Blachère, op. cit., II, 105, n.

^{page 445 note 1} Qur'ān XXIII, 102. Barzakh in Qur'ān XXV, 55, and LV, 20 means an isthmus between two seas.

^{page 445 note 2} Ṭabarī, op. cit., VIII, 136.

^{page 445 note 3} ibid., XIX, 84.

^{page 445 note 4} Qur'ān LXXIV, 17. The contrast is with verse 14: ‘I have made things easy for him’.

^{page 445 note 5} Qur'ān LII, 27, and LVI, 41. In Qur'ān XV, 27, samūm does not refer to an infernal torment.

^{page 445 note 6} So in Qur'ān IX, 5, 35, 64, 69, 82, 110; XXXV, 33; LII, 13; LXXII, 24; XCVIII, 5.

^{page 445 note 7} Qur'ān XXV, 66; XLIII, 74; LXVII, 6; LXXXV, 10. Later, in the speculative theology of Islam, nār came to mean Hell in the strict sense, to some extent displacing jahannam.

^{page 445 note 8} Qur'ān XL, 7; XLIV, 56; LII, 18. When ‘adhāb is used with jaḥīm it signifies only the torment from which the just are preserved, never that to which the unjust are exposed.

^{page 445 note 9} Qur'ān XXII, 4; XXXI, 20; XXXIV, 11; LXVII, 5.

^{page 445 note 10} Qur'ān III, 177; VIII, 52; XXII, 9 and 22; LXXXV, 10.

^{page 445 note 11} Sūra LXXXV is Meccan but, according to Blachère (op. cit., II, 120–1) and Bell, Richard, The Qur'ān, Edinburgh, 1937–1939, II, 646Google Scholar, verse 10 is a much later insertion.

^{page 446 note 1} Qur'ān XV, 43–4. Ṭabarī (op. eit., XIV, 22) says that these verses indicate the seven ‘numerous parties’ (aṭbāq) sent to Hell. In commenting on Qur'ān XVI, 31 he (ibid., 63) explains the ‘gates of Gehenna’ as its ‘layers’ or ‘stories’ (ṭabaqāt). St. Matthew's Gospel (xvi, 18) refers to the gates of Hell and Rabbinic sources mention seven. See Strack, Hermann and Billerbeck, Paul, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, München, 1922–1928, IVGoogle Scholar, part 2, 1087 and 1089 h; in, 598; and cf. also IV, part 2, 1023–4 a.

^{page 446 note 2} Wood, Irving F., ‘State of the dead (Muhammadan)’, Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics, ed. Hastings, James, Edinburgh, XI, 1920, 850–1Google Scholar.

^{page 446 note 3} Rüling, J. B., Beiträge zur Eschatologie des Islam, Leipzig, 1895, 28Google Scholar.

^{page 446 note 4} Meyer, Jonas, Die Hōlle in Islam Basel, 1901, 5Google Scholar.

^{page 446 note 5} Andrae, op. cit., 76, and Henninger, Josef, Spuren christlicher Glaubenswahrheiten im Koran, Beckenried, 1951, 94Google Scholar.

^{page 447 note 1} Blachère (op. cit., II, 99–100) makes sūras 73 and 76 parts of one original sūra, thirty-fourth in chronological order.

^{page 447 note 2} When, as here, the noun for Hell is repeated in close sequence, it will be numbered as occurring once in that context.

^{page 449 note 1} Nunation in Arabic.

^{page 449 note 2} Brown, Francis, Driver, S. R. and Briggs, Charles A., A hebrew and English lexicon of the Old Testament, Oxford, 1906, 217Google Scholar. The Hebrew cognate of hāwiya occurs in context with ‘scales’ or ‘balance’ in Job vi, 2. Torrey, C. C., ‘Three difficult passages in the Koran’, A volume of oriental studies presented to Edward G. Browne, ed. Arnold, T. W. and Nicholsan, R. A., Cambridge 1922, 469–71Google Scholar, notes several other parallels in the Old Testament.

^{page 449 note 3} See Torrey, , ‘Three difficult passages’, 465Google Scholar and 471 on the use of this formula.

^{page 450 note 1} Ibn Manẓūr, , Lisān al-'arab, Cairo, A.H. 1300–1307, XX, 250Google Scholar.; Ṭabarl, op. cit., XXX, 182.

^{page 450 note 2} ibid.; Baydawl, op. cit., V, 194.

^{page 450 note 3} Blachere, op. cit., II, 26, n. on 6/9.

^{page 450 note 4} As read by Ṭalḥa b. Muṣarrif, Codex of, Jeffery, Arthur, Materials for the history of the text of the Qur'ān, Leiden, 1937, 111Google Scholar.

^{page 450 note 5} Torrey, , ‘Three difficult passages’, 468–9Google Scholar.

^{page 450 note 6} Torrey, , Jewish foundation, 51Google Scholar, and ‘Three difficult passages’, 470–1.

^{page 450 note 7} Jeffery, Arthur, The foreign vocabulary of the Koran, Baroda, 1938, 286Google Scholar.

^{page 450 note 8} Brünnow, R., Arabische Chrestomathie, ed. Fischer, August, fourth edition, Berlin, 1928, glossary, p. 144Google Scholar; Fischer, A., ‘Eine Qorān-Interpolation’, Orientalische Studien Theodor Nōldeke … gewidmet ed. Bezold, Carl, Gieszen, 1906, I, 50–3Google Scholar.

^{page 450 note 9} Jeffery, , Foreign vocabulary, 285–6Google Scholar.

^{page 451 note 1} Torrey, , ‘Three difficult passages’, 467Google Scholar; cf. Barth, J., ‘Studien zur Kritik und Exegese des Qorans’, Der Islam, VI, 1916, 120–1Google Scholar.

^{page 451 note 2} Qur'ān XLIV, 47 and 56.

^{page 451 note 3} Qur'ān XLIV, 43–59.

^{page 451 note 4} Blachére, op. cit., II, 172; cf. Spies, Otto, Der Sprachstil des Koran, Leipzig, 1940, 40Google Scholar.

^{page 451 note 5} Qur'ān XXVI, 91, and XL, 7.

^{page 451 note 6} Qur'ān LXXXI, 12, where the strengthened form of the verb is used.

^{page 452 note 1} Lisān al-'arab, XIV, 351.

^{page 452 note 2} Ṭabarī, op. cit., XXIII, 48.

^{page 452 note 3} Bayḍāwī, op. cit., v, 8.

^{page 452 note 4} ibid., 116.

^{page 452 note 5} Lane, E. W., An Arabic-English lexicon, Book I, Part 2, p. 384, col. 1Google Scholar.

^{page 452 note 6} Ṭabarī, op. cit., I, 410.

^{page 452 note 7} ibid., note.

^{page 452 note 8} Margoliouth, D. S., ‘The origins of Arabic poetry’ JRAS, 1925, 436–7Google Scholar, and Margoliouth, , The relations between Arabs and Israelites prior to the rise of Islam, London, 1924, 72Google Scholar. Cf. Fleisch, Henri, Introduction à l'étude des langues sémitiques Paris, 1947, 99Google Scholar, n. 2.

^{page 452 note 9} Frank-Kamenetzky, I., Untersuchungen über das Verhältnis der dem Umajja b. Abi ṣ Ṣalt zugeschriebenen Gedichte zum Qorān, Kirchhain, 1911, 48Google Scholar. See also Hirschberg, J. W., Jüdische und christliche Lehren in vor- und frühislamischen Arabien, Cracow, Polska Akademia Umiejetności, 1939, 77Google Scholar, and Schulthess, Friedrich, Umajja ibn Abi ṣ Ṣalt: die unter seinem Namen überlieferten Gedichtfragmente gesammelt und übersetzt, Leipzig, 1911, 51Google Scholar.

^{page 453 note 1} On the interchange of h and ḥ and the affinity of nūn andmīm see Wright, William, Lectures on the comparative grammar of the Semitic languages, Cambridge, 1890, 47, 66, 68Google Scholar.

^{page 453 note 2} For tasnīm see Jeffery, , Foreign vocabulary, 91–2Google Scholar, for Ibrāhīm, ibid., 45–6, for sijjīn, ibid., 165, for Ilyāsīn, Mingana, A., ‘Syriac influence on the style of the Ḳur'ān’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Manchester, XI 1, 1927, 83Google Scholar. Other examples of coined expressions with a similarly lengthened ending are Hārūn and Qārūn (for Aaron and Core), Yājūj and Mājūj (for Gog and Magog), and ‘Īsā, (paired with Mūsā for Jesus and Moses), iblīs (for diabolos), injīl (proximately from the Ethiopic wangēl and ultimately from the Greek euangelion). See Jeffery, Mingana, and Ahrens, opp. cit., under the respective terms.

^{page 453 note 3} Wright, William, A grammar of the Arabic language, revised by Smith, W. R. and Goeje, M. J. de, third edition, Cambridge, 1933, I, 113 and 136–7Google Scholar.

^{page 453 note 4} cf. Qur'ān LXVII, 7.

^{page 453 note 5} Strack-Billerbeck, op. cit., I, 673, 1 on Matt, xiii, 42.

^{page 453 note 6} ibid.

^{page 453 note 7} See Violet, Bruno, ed., Die Esra-Apokalypse (IV. Esra) Leipzig, 1910, p. xxixGoogle Scholar.

^{page 453 note 8} 4 Ezra vii, 36, in Charles, R. H., The apocrypha and pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, Oxford, 1913, II, 583Google Scholar; and compare Qur'ān XXVI, 90–1; XXVI, 100; LXXIX, 36.

^{page 453 note 9} See Ginzberg, Louis, The legends of the Jews, Philadelphia, 1925–1947, I, 201Google Scholar, and the Targum of Jonathan on Gen. xi, 28: Altschueler, M., ed., Die ararnaeischen Bibel- Versionen: Targum Jonatan Ben ‘Uzij'el…, Wien and Leipzig, 1909, I, 57Google Scholar.

^{page 454 note 1} See Grünbaum, Max, Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sagenkunde, Leiden, 1893, 129Google Scholar.

^{page 454 note 2} e.g., StJerome, , Divina bibliotheca, Lib. Ezrae (PL, XXVIII, col. 1496)Google Scholar, and StAugustine, , De civitate Dei, lib. XVI, c. 15, 1Google Scholar(PL, XLI, col. 495). Ahrens (op. cit., 185) gives other references.

^{page 454 note 3} See Hyde, Thomas, Historia religionis veterum Persarum (second edition, Oxford, 1760), 71–2Google Scholar. The event seems also to have been celebrated on 20 January—see ‘Abraham’, Dictionnaire de la Bible, ed. Vigouroux, F., Paris, 1895, I, col. 82Google Scholar, and cf. the mistranslation of Ur in 2 Esdras ix, 7.

^{page 454 note 4} No Semitic root resembling that of jaḥīm has a related sense. Jhm (with a lightly aspirated h) means ‘to be disagreeable’. See Ryckmans, G., Les noms propres Sud-Sémitiques, Louvain, 1934, I, 58Google Scholar, and compare the Arabic jaham ‘to meet one with a frown’.

^{page 454 note 5} Qur'ān LXXIV, 43. Chronologically this sūra follows immediately on sūra LXXXIII, where jaḥīm last occurs in this period.

^{page 454 note 6} See Buhl, Fr., ‘Al-Ḳor'ăn’, Encyclopédic de l'Islam, Paris, 1913–1938, II, 1128Google Scholar.

^{page 454 note 7} Nöldeke, Theodor and Schwally, Friedrich, Geschickte des Qorāns, second edition, Leipzig, 1909–1938, III, 78Google Scholar, n. 3.

^{page 455 note 1} Qur'ān XXV, 5 and 6; cf. Qur'ān XVI, 105 (early third Meccan).

^{page 455 note 2} Bell, op. cit., II, 468, and Blachere, op. cit., II, 482–3, n. 7; 485, n. 15.

^{page 455 note 3} Fück, Johann, ‘Die Originalität des arabischen Propheten’, ZDMG, XC, 1936, 515–25Google Scholar.

^{page 455 note 4} Qur'ān II, 113; V, 13; V, 88; IX, 114; XXII, 50; LVII, 18.

^{page 455 note 5} Qur'ān V, 13; V, 88; XXII, 50; LVII, 18.

^{page 456 note 1} Wright, , Grammar, I, 136Google Scholar.

^{page 456 note 2} Lisān al-'arab, VI, 30–1; cf. Lane, op. cit., Bk. I, Pt. 4, 1363–4.

^{page 456 note 3} Lisān, VI, 30–1.

^{page 456 note 4} Bayāwī, op. cit., IV, 168.

^{page 456 note 5} Ṭabarī, op. cit., XXI, 50.

^{page 456 note 6} Bayḍawī, op. cit., IV, 90.

^{page 456 note 7} Ṭabarī, op. cit., XXV, 7.

^{page 456 note 8} Lane, op. cit., Bk. I, Pt. 4,1363–4.

^{page 456 note 9} Schulthess, op. cit., 56, 114.

^{page 456 note 10} Hirschberg, op. cit., 74–5.

^{page 456 note 11} Winckler, Hugo, ‘Arabisch-semitisch-orientalisch’, Milteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft 1901, 176Google Scholar, n. 1. Sprenger, A., Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad, Berlin, 1869, II, 217Google Scholar, n. 1, also doubts that the word is Arabic.

^{page 457 note 1} (se'ar) ‘to visit’, ‘to do’, ‘to sow’, and (sa'6r) ‘to roar’, ‘to storm’, ‘to be troubled’, ‘to rage’. Brockelmann, C., Lexicon Syriacum, second edition, Halle, 1928, p. 488Google Scholar A, associates the Syriac and Arabic roets.

^{page 457 note 2} Bayḍāwī, op. cit., V, 82, in commenting on Qur'ān XLVIII, 13.

^{page 457 note 3} Bell, op. cit., II, 645. Nöldeke-Schwally make it twenty-ninth in chronological order and Rodwell thirty-third.

^{page 457 note 4} If Bell, op. cit., II, 468, and Blachère, op. cit., II, 482, 483, n. 7, and 485, n. 15, are correct in making Qur'ān XL, 7, a Medinian verse inserted here.

^{page 457 note 5} For Qur'ān LII, 13, see Bell, op. cit., II, 535; Sprenger, op. cit., I, 543; and Blachere, op. cit., II, 47, n. Bell, II, 550, n. 4, makes Qur'ān LV, 43, a later alteration and Blachère, II, 74, cites authorities who put the whole sura much later than the first Meccan period. Qur'ān LXXVIII, 21, according to Bell, II, 629–30, would be part of a passage added to the first draft of this sūra. Blachére, II, 120, Bell, II, 646–7, and Nöldeke, II, 3, agree in making Qur'ān LXXXV, 10, later than its context; and Blachère, II, 119, n. 24, and Bell, II, 655, pass the same judgment on Qur'ān LXXXIX, 24.

^{page 458 note 1} There are three smaller intervals in which jahannam is not used, i.e., from the eighty-fourth to the eighty-seventh, from the hundredth to the hundred and first, and in the hundred and fifteenth and hundred and sixteenth sūras, but these briefer intervals can be explained by insertions of earlier matter into later sūras or by exigencies of rhyme, or both. That Muḥammad did revise his revelations is admitted to-day even by Blachère, op. cit., I, 21, who is conservative in this matter. See Jeffery, , Materials, introd., p. 5Google Scholar, Buhl, , Encyclop. de I'Islam, II, 1126Google Scholar, and Bell, R., The origin of Islam in its Christian environment, London, 1926, 66Google Scholar.

^{page 458 note 2} See Blachère, op. cit., II, 131.

^{page 458 note 3} At about the time of the promulgation of the fifty-seventh sūra (Qur'ān XX). Bell, , Origin of Islam, 112–13Google Scholar.

^{page 459 note 1} ibid., 105, 115.

^{page 459 note 2} But Rudolph's proof for this—its use by Umayya ibn Abī '1-Ṣalt—is not conclusive. See Rudolph, Wilhelm, Die Abhängigkeit des Qorans von Judentnm und Christentum, Stuttgart, 1922, 34Google Scholar.

^{page 459 note 3} See Jeffery, , Foreign vocabulary, 106Google Scholar. Besides Nöldeke and the other authorities referred to by Jeffery, , Ahrens, ZDMG, LXXXIV, 1930, 22Google Scholar, and Fück, , ZDMG, XC, 1936, 520Google Scholar, and n. 1, hold this derivation.

^{page 459 note 4} 2 Esdras xi, 30, Josue xv, 8, and, in reference to the practice of human sacrifice, 4 Kings xxiii, 10, and Jeremias vii, 31–2.

^{page 459 note 5} For example, Matt, v, 29; x, 28; and Luke xii, 5.

^{page 459 note 6} Braun, Oscar, ‘Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eschatologie in den syrischen Kirchen’, Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie, XVI, 1892, 303Google Scholar.

^{page 459 note 7} For example, Qur'ān III, 156; III, 196; VIII, 16; XVI, 18; XVI, 31; XXXVIII, 56; XL, 76, etc.

^{page 459 note 8} For example, Qur'ān IV, 99; IV, 115; XLVIII, 6.

^{page 459 note 9} For example, Qur'ān III, 156; IV, 99; IX, 96; etc.

^{page 459 note 10} e.g., Qur'ān XXIX, 68; XXXIX, 33; XXXIX, 61.

^{page 459 note 11} e.g., Qur'ān II, 202; III, 10; VII, 39; XIII, 18; etc.

^{page 459 note 12} Qur'ān IV, 95; IV, 167; IX, 64; IX, 69; XXIII, 105; XXXIX, 72; XLIII, 74; LXXII, 24; XCVIII, 5.

^{page 459 note 13} Qur'ān VII, 17; XI, 120; XXXII, 13; XXXVIII, 85; L, 29.

^{page 460 note 1} Qur'ān XVII, 99. Summ ‘deaf’ has also the humiliating connotation of ‘made no account of’.

^{page 460 note 2} Qur'ān XVII, 19; XXXVIII, 56; LVIII, 9.

^{page 460 note 3} Qur'ān VII, 17; XVII, 19; XVII, 41.

^{page 460 note 4} Qur'ān VII, 17 and 19.

^{page 460 note 5} StSyrus, Ephraem, ‘In secundum Domini adventum’, Opera omnia … Graece, Syriace et Latine, Roma, 1732–1946, II, 194–5Google Scholar.

^{page 460 note 6} ibid., 200.

^{page 460 note 7} StSyrus, Ephraem, ‘Sermo de reprehensione’, Sancti Ephraem Syri hymni et sermones, ed. Lamy, Thomas Joseph, Mechlin, 1882–1902, II, 373, 1. 9Google Scholar.

^{page 460 note 8} James, Montague Rhodes, The apocryphal New Testament, Oxford, 1926, 517Google Scholar.

^{page 461 note 1} See p. 457, n. 2, supra.

^{page 461 note 2} e.g., Ṭabarī, op. cit., XXIX, 47 (on Qur'ān LXX, 15), and Lisān al-'arab, XX, 114.

^{page 461 note 3} Umayya ibn Abī '1-Ṣalt, XL, 3; Schulthess, op. cit., 50, 107.

^{page 461 note 4} Lisān, loc. cit.

^{page 461 note 5} Brockelmann, , Lexicon Syriacum, second edition, p. 365 AGoogle Scholar.

^{page 461 note 6} Ṭabarī, op. cit., XXIX, 47, and Bayḍāwī, op. cit., v, 151.

^{page 462 note 1} See p. 449, n. 3, supra.

^{page 462 note 2} See Buhl, , Encyc. de l'Islam, II, 1128Google Scholar, and Nöldeke-Schwally, op. cit., 89. Sprenger (op. cit., I, 558, n. 1) also regards saqar in sūra LIV, verse 48, as a later interpolation.

^{page 462 note 3} Bayḍāwī, op. cit., v, 108 (on Qur'ān LIV, 48), and Lisān, VI, 37.

^{page 462 note 4} See Wright, , Grammar, I, 106Google Scholar.

^{page 462 note 5} Umayya ibn Abī 'l-Ṣalt, XLIX, 9; Schulthess, op. cit., 56.

^{page 462 note 6} Frank-Kamenetzky, op. cit., 48; Hirschberg, op. cit., 77, 162.

^{page 462 note 7} Torrey, , ‘Three difficult passages’, 471Google Scholar.

^{page 462 note 8} Bell, Qur'ān, II, 547, n. 3.

^{page 462 note 9} Sprenger, op. cit., II, 113, n. 1.

^{page 463 note 1} Lisān, VI, 37, cited by Lane, op. cit., Bk. I, Pt. 4, 1379, col. 2, s.v. saqar.

^{page 463 note 2} Lisān, loc. cit., and Ṭabarī, op. cit., XXIX, 99 (on Qur'ān LXXIV, 26) and XXVII, 65 (on Qur'ān LIV, 48).

^{page 463 note 3} Syrus, S. Ephraem, Opera omnia…Oraece, Syriace et Latine, Roma, 1732—46Google Scholar, in, 459,1. 33 (cf. ibid., III, 634, 1. 25, and 635, 1. 4, and the Syriac version of Daniel iii, 22, where the same Syriac root is employed).

^{page 463 note 4} Sprenger, op. cit., II, 111, n. 1.

^{page 463 note 5} Grimme, Hubert, Mohammed, Münster, 1892–1895, I, 18, n. 1Google Scholar.

^{page 463 note 6} Blachère, op. cit., II, 112, n. 4.

^{page 464 note 1} Ṭabarī, op. cit., XXX, 190 (on Qur'ān CIV, 4).

^{page 464 note 2} Bayḍāwī op. cit., v, 195.

^{page 464 note 3} Lane, op. cit., Bk. I, Pt. 2, 594, col. 3.

^{page 464 note 4} If instead of al-ḥuṭama the less probable variant al-ḥāṭima, mentioned by Jeffery, (Materials, 12Google Scholar, and ‘The Qur'ān readings of Zaid b. 'Alī’, Rivista degli Studi Orientali, XVI, 1935–1936, 286Google Scholar), is adopted, the radical meaning remains and the word acquires a participial sense.

^{page 464 note 5} Qur'ān XXI, 98; LXXII, 15; and implicitly in vin, 38, a Medinian sūra.

^{page 464 note 6} Qur'ān XI, 120 XXXII, 13; XXXVIII, 85.

^{page 465 note 1} Hell is actually mentioned thirteen times in these sūras but, since the three occurrences of jahannam in Qur'ān LII, 13; LV, 43; and LXXVIII, 21 represent later interpolations (see p. 457, n. 3, supra), it can be said that jaḥīm is used eight out of ten times. If, moreover, sa'īr in Qur'ān LXXXIV, 12 (nineteenth in chronological order) is a later addition, as Bell thinks (p. 457, n. 3, supra), jaḥīm is used nine out of ten times.

^{page 465 note 2} Jahannam in Qur'ān LXXXV, 10, and LXXXIX, 24, has already been shown to have been inserted in later revisions. (See p. 457, n. 5, supra.)

^{page 465 note 3} The one occurrence of jaḥīm in a sūra of the third Meccan period (Qur'ān XL, 7) is in a Medinian verse later inserted here. See p. 455, n. 2.

^{page 465 note 4} Jaḥīm is used six times in thirty-one mentions of Hell in the Medinian sūras.