^{page 409 note 2} Sā'id al-Andalusi, Kitāb fabaqāt al-Umam, part I. The Arabic text was edited by Father L. Cheikho in in 1911. A French translation by R. Blachére appeared in Paris in 1935.

^{page 410 note 1} This adaptation formed the subject of an important study by C. A. Nallino,‘Al-Khuwārizmi e il suo rifacimento della Geografia di Tolomeo’, Mem. R.Ac, dei Lincei, Cl. Sci. mor., Ser. v, Vol. II, part la. Reprinted in Nallino, C.A., Raccolta di scritti editi e inediti, v, Roma, 1944,458–532.Google Scholar

^{page 410 note 2} de Goeje, M.J. (ed.), Bibliotheca geographorum arabicorum, Leiden, VI, 1889, 155.Google Scholar

^{page 410 note 3} ibid., VII, 1892, 85.

^{page 410 note 4} Murūj , Les prairies d'or, Paris, 1861 ff., III, 66–7,Google Scholar 69–72

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^{page 412 note 1} Lévi-Provençal, E., ‘Un échange d'ambassades entre Cordoue et Byzance au IX^e siécle’, Byzantion, XII, 1937, 15–16 Google Scholar( Islam d'Occident, Paris, 1948, 95–8Google Scholar).

^{page 412 note 2} cf. Majīd, , , Baghdad, 1939.Google Scholar

^{page 412 note 3} Hamidullah, M., ‘Embassy of Queen Bertha to Caliph al-Muktafi billah in Baghdad 293/906’, Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, I, 1953, 272–300;Google Scholar Levi della Vida, G., ‘ La corrispondenza di Berta di Toscana col Califfo Muktafi’, Rivista Storica Italiana, LXVI, 1954, 21–38.Google Scholar

^{page 412 note 4} Bibl. geog. ar., VII, 1892, 127–30.Google Scholar This passage was discussed and translated by Marquart, J., Osteuropäische und ostasiatische Streifzūge, Leipzig, 1903,Google Scholar 260 ff.

^{page 412 note 5} Yāqūt, Mu'jam al-buldān, s.v. Rūmiya. Yāqūt's text was studied and translated by Guidi, Ignazio,‘La descrizione di Roma nei geografi arabi’, Archivio della Societā romana di Storia patria, I, 1877, 173–218.Google Scholar

^{page 412 note 6} Kowalski, T., Relacja Ibrahima b. Ja'kūba z podrózy do krajów slowiańskich w prekazic al-Bekriego, Cracow, 1946.Google Scholar My thanks are due to my colleague Mr. B. W. Andrzejewski, who very generously translated several chapters of this book to me.

^{page 413 note 1} cf. Southern, R.W., The making of the Middle Ages, London, 1953,Google Scholar 36 ff.

^{page 413 note 2} For an example of Idrīsī's geography see Beeston, A.F.L., ‘Idrisi's account of the British Isles’, BSOAS, XIII, 2, 1950, 265–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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^{page 414 note 2} Muqaddima (ed. Quatremére), III, 93 (translation, De Slane, III, 129).

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