¹ see BSOAS, XXIX, 3, 1966, 483–505.Google Scholar 001

² see al-Hilāl, XIV, 2, 1905, 97–8.Google Scholar 002

³ jabrİ, Shafiq, admitted thisl fact in his book Anā ωa ‘l-shi, r, Cairo, 1959, 9–11. See also the arguments of Māzinī, defending himself againsy the accusation of plagiarism in his preface to his second Dīwān, Cairo, 1917, p.m, cf. also his article in Majallat al-Kitāb, I, 5, 1946, 618.Google Scholar 003

⁴ On the argument that metre is the most important part in poetry see Abū Shādİ, s, comments on his opera Ibsān, Cairo, 1927, 127; al-Shafaq al-bākī, 1206; al-Yanbū‘, Cairo, 1934, P. W; Abu”l-Qāsim al-Shābī, al-Yanbū“, p.t; Zahāwī in his article ‘Hawl al-nathr wa’ l-shi‘r’, al-Siyāsa al-Usbū, iyya, II, 78, 1927, 18–19, reprinted in Hilāl Nājī, al-zahāwa-dīwānuh al-mafqūd, Cairo, 1963, 362; Nu, ayma(Naimy) in his interview with the literary editor of the journal, al-Jarīda (Beirut), No. 2451, 1960; Abū Shabaka in Rawābit al-fikr wa, l-rūh bayn al-‘Arab wα” l-Firαnjα, [Beirut], 1945, 156; Muhammad Mustafa Badawī, Rasā, il min Landan, Alexandria, 1956, 10. 004

⁵ Dīwān al-Khalīl, Cairo, I, 275–9.Google Scholar 005

⁶ See BSOAS, XXIX, 3, 1966, 493–5.Google Scholar 006

⁷ See Abū, Shādİ's anthology Andā, al-fajr, Cairo, 1934, 117; cf. also pp. 119, 128.Google Scholar 007

⁸ Cairo, 1926–[7], 1181. 008

⁹ ibid., 1186; cf. p. 1181. 009

¹⁰ Cairo, 1927, 156. 010

¹¹ cf. Khafājİ, , Rāid al-hadīth, Cairo, 1953, 202–3.Google Scholar 011

¹² See for instance Apollo, I, 2, 1932, 84–6.Google Scholar 012

¹³ cf. al-Shafaq al-bākī, 1180, 1185–7, 1189, 1201–26. On the Apllo school see, Abd al-, Azīz al-Dasūqİ, Jamā, at Apūllū wa-atharuhā fī, l-shi, r al-hadīth, Cairo, 1960. 013

¹⁴ Masrah al-adab, 180. 014

¹⁵ See Minal-samā, New York, 1949, 11, al-Shafaq al-bākī, 1216, 30–1, 69–71; cf. also Apollo, I, 8, 1933, 847. 015

¹⁶ See Adabi, I, 7–9, 1936, 327. 016

¹⁷ ibid., 366; Apollo, II, 10, 1934, 900; Apollo, 1, 8, 1933, 846–7.Google Scholar 017

¹⁸ See Abū Shādī, s opera Ihsān, 132. 018

¹⁹ Ih&ān, 132. 019

²⁰ Adabī, I, 7–9, 1936, 353–4. In fact this idea is not new. Baqillānī argued on the same basis in defending the style of the Qur, ān, cf. Mukhtārāt al-Manfalūtī, 44 020.

²¹ Adabİ, I, 7–9, 1936, 356. 021

²² Adabİ, I, 7–9, 1936, 329, 332, 354. 022

²³ Apollo, I, 10, 1933, 1228–9; Adabİ, I, 7–9, 1936, 332, 327. 023

²⁴ Apollo, I, 10, 1933, 1228–9; Adabİ, I, 7–9, 1936, 327, 329. 024

²⁵ See Masrah al-adab, 221. 025

²⁶ On Kahn, s activities in French vers libre see Jones, P. Mansell, The background of modern Frencyh Poetry, essays and interviews, Cambridge, 1951, 120–35, 170–4.Google Scholar 026

²⁷ In his anthology Anİn wa-ranİn, Cairo, 1925, 20–1, Abū Shādİ used two different metres in his poem Laylat ams. In these couplets he used the ramal and the kāmil metres and called the result shi, r mursal. 027

²⁸ al-Risāla, I, 5, 1933, 10–11. 028

²⁹ Apollo, I, 8, 1933, 845–7. 029

³⁰ cf. for instance Monroe, op. cit., 293, 294, with Apollo, I, 8, 1933, 845–7. 030

³¹ al-Shafaq al-bākİ, 353. On the difference between Abū Shādİ, s experiment in which he mixed different types of metre, and Nāzik al-Malā, s, in which she used a single metre which employs one type of foot only and the same foot at the end of each line-i. d. keeping a uniform darb, with no division of two hemistichs in the line-see Nāzik al-Malā, ika, s discussion in her book Muhādarāt fi shi‘r’ Ali Mahmūd Tāhā, [Cairo], 1965, 187–9. In this discussion Nāzik al-Malā, ika denied that she was acquainted with Abū Shādİ, s experiment and his term shi, r hurr, otherwise she would not have used the same term for her experiment which has different techniques. On this problem see my article ‘The, Irāqİ poetess Nāzik al-Malā, ika and free verse in modern Arabic poetry’, Hamizrah Hehadash, XVI, 3–4, (63–4), 1966, 319–38 (in Hebrew with a summary in English). 031

³² op. cit., 294–6. 032

³³ New York, 1917, 7. 033

³⁴ Op. cit., 297. 034

³⁵ ibid., 298. 035

³⁶ See ‘Free verse’,Proceedings of the British Academy, XLIII, 1957, 173, Reprinted in his book Image and experience: studies in literary revolution, London, 1960, 102.Google Scholar 036

³⁷ Shipley, J. T. (ed. ), Dictionary of world literature. New revised ed., Paterson, N. J., 1960, 172.Google Scholar 037

³⁸ al-Shafaq al-bākİ, 535–6. 038

³⁹ See Abū Shādİ, s clear statement about his deliberate use al-khafİf in his opera Ihsān, 127–8. On the use al-mujtathth metre in modern Arabic dramas see Ibrāhİm, Anİs, Mūsİqā al-shi, r, [Cairo], 1952, 113–14.Google Scholar 039

⁴⁰ On Swinburne, s connexion with free verse see Eliot, T. S., ‘Reflections on vers libre’, published in Selected prose, by T. S. Eliot, ed. Hayward, J.Penguin Books, 1963, 83–4;Google Scholar on Whitman, s and Swinburne, s possible influence on the French verslibristes. See P. Mansell Jones, op. cit., 170. On the influence of those two on Pound. See Fraser, G. S., The modern writer and his world, Penguin Books, 1964, 34Google Scholar, while for the influence of Swinburne on Pound see. ibid., 249, 258, 371, and V. de S. Pinto, crisis in English Poetry, 1880–1940, London, 1961, 17, 173. 040

⁴¹ See Enid, Hamer, The metres of English poetry, London, 1930, 274–5.Google Scholar 041

⁴² See p. 28, n. l, above, and Apollo, I, 8, 1933, 846. 042

⁴³ In al-shafaq al-bākİ, 1201; Masrah al-adab, 231, cf. also pp. 13, 187, 232. 043

⁴⁴ See al-Yanbū,, 216. 044

⁴⁵ Apollo, I, 8, 1933, 845–7; II, 10, 1934, 900. 045

⁴⁶ al-Shafaq al-bākİ, 726–7. 046

⁴⁷ ibid., 963–72. 047

⁴⁸ Mukhtārāt wahy al-, ām, Cairo, 1928, 44–5.Google Scholar 048

⁴⁹ Apollo, II, 10, 1934, 900.Google Scholar 049

⁵⁰ Adabİ, I, 7–9, 1936, 366.Google Scholar 050

⁵¹ Anwara al-Junkİ in al-Shi, r al-‘Arabİ al-mu, āsir, 562, said that Abū Hadİd wrote his drama Maqtal Sayyidinā ‘Uthmān in 1918 and published it in 1927. See also DurrİnİKhashaba, s Khashaba, s article in al-Risāla, XI, 539, 1943, 889.Google ScholarAbū, Shādİ in Apollo, II, 2, 1933, 90, mentioned, Abd al-Rahmān Shukrİ as one of the Egyptian poets who composed free, verse, and not only blank verse.Google Scholar

⁵² Riwāyat Qambİz, [Cairo], 1946, 37. The first edition of this drama appeared in 1931. 052

⁵³ al-Risāla, I, 5, 1933, 10–11 053.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ See Riwāyat, Qambİz, fi, l-mİzān, Cairo, 1931; cf. also Fusūl fi, l-naqd, 115–21.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ See al-Risāla, I, 7, 1933, 13–14.Google Scholar 055

⁵⁶ See Mukhtāral-Wakİl, s al-Wakİl, s article in al-Ahrām, 30 June 1950, 11.Google Scholar 056

⁵⁷ See AbūShādİ, s Shādİ, s article in Majallat al-Ba, tha al-Kuwaytiyya, April 1954, reprinted in Rā, id al-shi, r al-hadİth by Khafajājİ, 284.Google Scholar 057

⁵⁸ Abū Shādİ also considered Shawqİ, s and Shaybūb, s experiments as shi, r hurr; cf. Apollo, I, 8, 1933, 845. 058

⁵⁹ According to Graham Hough in his lecture on free verse (p. 160), the French of vers libéré is a verse which takes its starting-point from traditional versification, but handles it with great licence and much neglect of the ‘less essentials’ of the old conventions. See also the chapter on ‘The vers libéré’ in P. Mansell Jones, op. cit., 110–19. 059

⁶⁰ See al-Fajr al-awwal, pp. y-t. 060

⁶¹ Apollo, I, 3, 1932, 227–31. 061

⁶² Apollo, I, 3, 1932, 227–8, 11. 12, 27–9, 35–7 are in al-khafİf and 11. 1–4, 33–4, 46–50, 81–8 are in al-tawİl. 062

⁶³ ibid., p. 227, 11. 5–11. 063

⁶⁴ ibid., p. 228, 11. 12–16. 064

⁶⁵ See al-Majalla, VII, 8, 1963, 45.Google Scholar 065

⁶⁶ See al-Risāla, XI, 545, 1943, 998Google Scholar. Cf. also his note on his way of verification in Apollo, I, 3, 1932, 227.Google Scholar 066

⁶⁷ al-Risāla, XI, 545, 1943: 11. 7–21. Only the seventh linel is a hemistich of al-mujtathth.Google Scholar 067

⁶⁸ al-Risāla, I, 4, 1933, 23–4.Google Scholar 068

⁶⁹ al-Risāla, I, 5, 1933, 10–11.Google Scholar 069

⁷⁰ Printed in London. The second ed. was printed in Brirut, 1870. See also BSOAS, XXIX, 3, 1966, 488.Google Scholar 070

⁷¹ See Ma‘lūf's article in al-Hilāl, XIV, 10, 1906, 582. In GAL, Suppl., II, 757, Bustrus. 071

⁷² cf. Dīwān al-Khalīl, Cairo, 1949, I, 275–9. 072

⁷³ See his anthology, al-Shawq al-‘ā’id, Cairo, 1945, 37–68. 073

⁷⁴ On Abū Shabaka and his poetry see Razzūq Faraj Razzūq Ilyās abū Shabaka wa-shirub,[Beirut], 1956. 074

⁷⁵ See Afā‘īal Firdaws, third ed., [Beirut], 1962, 84–95. 075

⁷⁶ ibid., 96–105. 076

⁷⁷ Abċ Shabaka also composed interesting lyrical poems in new strophic forms similar to those written by the mahjarīs. See his anthology al-Alhān, Beirut, 1941, 60–1, 24–5. Cf. also his poem Ustūra in Min sa‘İd al-āliha, Beirut, 1959, 9–20. 077

⁷⁸ Khurİ, s nickname is al-shā, r al-qarawİ. See his pome in his anthology A, āsİr, Beirut, 1962, 126–34. 078

⁷⁹ See Adabİ, I, 10–12. 1936, 415.Google Scholar 079

⁸⁰ Alexandria, 1943; cf. Sahartİ, s critical work al-Shi, r al-mu, āsir ‘alā daw’ al-naqd al-hadith, Cairo, 1948, 124. 080

⁸¹ Azhār al-dhikrā, 35–6. 081

⁸² Halab, 1931; cf. Sahartİ, al-Shi, r al-mu, āsir, 123. 082

⁸³ See Khūrİ, al-Dirāsa al-adabiyya, 3rd ed., Beirut, 1959, 85–6. 083

⁸⁴ ibid., 88–9. 084

⁸⁵ From a letter sent to me by his personal friend Dr. Muhammad Mustafā Badawİ, lecturer in modern Arabic literature at the University of Oxford, dated 28 May 1965. 085

⁸⁶ See Sahartİ, al-Shi, r al-mu, āsir, 123. This arrangement into lines is ours. Dr. Muhammad Mustafā Badawİ informed me in the above-mentioned letter, that the manuscript of Munİr Ramzİ, s anthology is in his possession. We hope that he will be able to publish this precious work soon. 086

⁸⁷ From Dr. Badawİ, s letter dated 12 March 1965; cf. also Rasā, il min Landan, 6–7. 087

⁸⁸ ibid., 6–7. 088

⁸⁹ Rasā, il min Landan, 10. 089

⁹⁰ ibid., 10–12. 090

⁹¹ ibid., 11–13. 091

⁹² ibid., 109–10. 092

⁹³ Rasā, il min Londan, 13–14. 093

⁹⁴ seeKhafājī, al-sh, r wa, l-tajdīid,342. 094

⁹⁵ cf. Khafājī, Rā, id, 9, 81. 095

⁹⁶ SeeRūmyū wa-J ūlyīt, Cairo, \1946], 3. 096

⁹⁷ See Bākathūr, s book Muhādarāt fi fann al-masrahiyya, 10. Cf. also BSOAS, 3, 1966, 497, and my article in Hamizrah Hehadash, XVI, 3–4 (63–4), 1966, 326–7. Fu, ād al-Khashin, s poem Anā laulāki (composed in 1946) is based on the same method of using irregular rhyme scheme and irregular number of feet in each line, yet he did not give any label to his verification (see al-Adīb, v, 10, 1946, 25; this poem is republished both in Modern Arabic poetry, ed. A. J. Arberry, London, 1952, 10, and in al-Khashin, s anthology Siwār al-Yasamīn, Beirut, 1961, 94–9).Google Scholar 097

⁹⁸ See pp. 35–6 above. Cf. also Bākathīr in al-Risāla, XIII, 1945, 680. 098

⁹⁹ al-Risāla, I, 5, 1933, 10. 099

¹⁰⁰ Madhāhib al-adab, Cairo, 1953, 50–2. 100

¹⁰¹ Apollo, I, 8, 1933, 845–7.Google Scholar

¹⁰² SeeJaddāwī, , s preface to al-Shafaq al-bākī, pp. 14–16, n. 1.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ al-Risāla, I, 5, loc. cit.

¹⁰⁴ Khafājİ, Madhāhib al-adab, 50–2.

¹⁰⁵ Qadiyyat al-shi, r al-jadİd, Cairo, 1964, 101.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ See Hamizrah Hehadash, XVI, 3–4, (63–4), 1966, 319–38.Google Scholar