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The Dreamer and the Yogin: On the relationship between Buddhist and Śaiva idealisms1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 October 2010

Isabelle Ratié
Isabelle Ratié*
Affiliation:
Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna
*
[email protected]
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Abstract

The Pratyabhijñā system, elaborated in the tenth and eleventh centuries by the Kashmiri philosophers Utpaladeva and Abhinavagupta, presents a rational justification of the metaphysical principles contained in the Śaiva nondualistic scriptures. However, contrary to what one might expect, many arguments to which Utpaladeva and Abhinavagupta resort when defending their idealism belong to Buddhist rather than Śaiva sources. This article examines the profound influence, in this respect, of the Buddhist “logico-epistemological school” on the Pratyabhijñā system. But it also shows that Utpaladeva and Abhinavagupta are not unknowingly or unwittingly influenced by their Buddhist opponents: they systematically emphasize this influence, thus taking full responsibility for appropriating their rivals' concepts. Moreover, they highlight their fundamental divergence regarding the way consciousness manifests a seemingly external and diverse universe, most notably by replacing the Vijñānavādins' traditional analogy: according to the Śaivas, perceived objects should not be compared to dreamt objects, but to yogins' creations.

Type
Articles
Information
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 73 , Issue 3 , October 2010 , pp. 437 - 478
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies 2010

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Footnotes

1

I would like to thank Ulrich Pagel and the Circle of Tibetan and Himalayan Studies for inviting me to give a lecture at SOAS on the subject “Buddhist arguments in a Śaiva demonstration: the influence of Dharmakīrti's School on the Pratyabhijñā's idealism” (the present article is an expanded version of this talk, given on 11 March 2009); Alexis Sanderson, with whose generous help I read many passages of the ĪPV quoted below; Vincent Eltschinger, for sharing his forthcoming articles and for engaging in friendly discussions that led to several improvements in this paper; Harunaga Isaacson, for kindly reading a draft and correcting several mistakes; Lyne Bansat-Boudon, for bringing several relevant passages of the PS and PSV to my attention; and the anonymous reviewer, whose elegant suggestions also led to important improvements.

References

References

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Dreyfus, G. B. J. 1997. Recognizing Reality. Dharmakīrti's Philosophy and Its Tibetan Interpretations. (SUNY Series in Buddhist Studies.) Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Dreyfus, G. 2007. “Is perception intentional? A preliminary exploration of intentionality in Dharmakīrti”, in Kellner, B., Krasser, H. et al. (eds), Pramāṇakīrtiḥ. Papers dedicated to Ernst Steinkellner on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, (Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 70.2.) Vienna: Universität Wien, 95–113.Google Scholar
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Eltschinger, V. 2008. “Śaṅkaranandana's Sarvajñasiddhi. A preliminary report”, in Sferra, F. (ed.), Manuscripta Buddhica I: Sanskrit Texts from Giuseppe Tucci's Collection, part 1. (Serie Orientale Roma 104.) Rome: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, 115–56.Google Scholar
Eltschinger, V. Forthcoming A. “Les œuvres de Śaṅkaranandana: Nouvelles ressources manuscrites, chronologie relative et identité confessionnelle”, Annali dell'Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli.Google Scholar
Eltschinger, V. Forthcoming B. “Nescience, epistemology and soteriology”, Parts I and II, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies.Google Scholar
Franco, E. 1997. Dharmakīrti on Compassion and Rebirth. (Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Bhuddhismuskunde 38.) Vienna: Universität Wien.Google Scholar
Funayama, T. 1994. “Remarks on religious predominance in Kashmir: Hindu or Buddhist?”, in Ikari, Y. (ed.), A Study of Nīlamata – Aspects of Hinduism in Ancient Kashmir. Kyoto: Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, 367–75.Google Scholar
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Krasser, H. 2002. Śaṅkaranandanas Īśvarāpākaraṇasaṅkṣepa, Teil 2: Annotierte Übersetzungen und Studie zur Auseinandersetzung über die Existenz Gottes. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
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