Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009
This paper, by means of original Bedouin documents relating to matters of personal status, attempts to disclose interaction between custom and sharī'a and to illuminate some of the mechanisms tending to complete the islamization of a tribal society in process of sedentarization. The Bedouin dealt with here are a group of tribes in the Jerusalem-Bethlehem region: al-Sawāhira (c. 6,000 persons now) east of Jerusalem, al-'Ubaydiyya (c. 5,500) east of Bayt Saḥūr, the 13 al-Ta'āmira tribes (c. 20,000) extending over a sector east of Bayt Saḥūr in the north to Bayt Fajjār in the south, and al-Rashā'ida (c. 500) south-east of Taqū'a. Most of these tribes originate from Ḥijaz and Najd. They appeared in the region in small groups from the sixteenth century and in time developed into tribes, while absorbing local fallāḥs. Their main numerical increase took place in the twentieth century.
The paper is based on legal documents obtained from Bedouin in the Jerusalem-Bethlehem region. It is part of a comprehensive study of custom and sharī'a among the Bedouin settled in that area, now being prepared under the auspices of the Middle East Research Unit of the Harry S. Truman Institute in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The authors thank the Institute for its assistance.
The collection of the documentary material would have been impossible without the wholehearted co-operation of arbitrators, mukhtārs, and other Bedouin and of the Military Government. To all these and many others the authors express their gratitude. Thanks are also due to Mr. Avner Oiladi, of the Truman Institute, for his excellent work in summarizing the documents.
The anthropologist, Dr. Frank Stuart, who studies the legal aspects of Sinai Bedouin life, has read the manuscript and made valuable observations, and the authors are greatly indebted to him. The responsibility for the contents of the paper is, of course, entirely theirs.
2 For the historical background of the contest between sharī'a and custom see Layish, A., ‘Sharī'a u-minhag ba-mishpaḥa ha-Muslimit be-Yisra'el’, Ha-Mizraḥ he-Ḥadash, XXIII, 4, 1974, 377 ff.Google Scholar, and the sources indicated there.
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11 The relationship between sharī'a and custom as reflected in decisions of the sharī'a courts and the opinions of muftīs will be discussed by A. Layish in a separate paper.
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20 Interviews with him of 22 June 1975 and 14 Novembe r 1975.
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62 Sulaymān Sālim Muḥammad 'Ashīrat Ṣalāḥ al-Ta'āmira, impotence, n.d.
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