¹ Ep., 65.2.

² Revue des Études Arméniennes, NS, II, 1965, 117 ffGoogle Scholar.

³ ibid., 123–4.

⁴ Matt, vii, 7, Luke xi, 9 (= ζητ⋯ω), 1 Cor. i, 22 (= αἰτ⋯ω, paralleled by xndrem = ζητ⋯ω; Luke xi, 9 xndrem = αἰτ⋯ω); so hayc'em = xndrem ‘seek, ask’.

⁵ 1 John v, 15 aṙnumk' zhayc'uacsn zor hayc'emk' aṙ i nmanē ἔχομεν τ⋯ αἰτ⋯ματα ἃ ᾐτ⋯καμεν ⋯π' αὐτο⋯.

⁶ Non-Biblical, no oblique cases, used in the formulae and hayc' ankanim ‘search, examine’ and hayc' ew xndir; see below, n. 10, and p. 56, n. 11.

⁷ Non-Biblical, rare, but early: Chrysostom, , ‘Commentary on Matthew’, ew yoržam lsērn, t'ēc'e hnar ayc'eloy, bayc' sakayn č'vhatēr kinn, ed. Venice, , 1826, II, 740Google Scholar, paraphrase of … κα⋯ τ⋯ πρ⋯γμα γεν⋯σθαι ⋯μ⋯χανον, PG, LVII, 520.

⁸ Non-Biblical, but early (e.g., in Philo, , ‘Commentary on the Decalogue’, Arm. vers. ed. Venice, , 1892, 236Google Scholar, Greek text ed. Cohn, IV, 280).

⁹ ayc' ew xndir is non-Biblical, but fifth-century; see below, n. 10. ayc' aṙnem, Biblical, common: (with friendly intent): Judges xv, 1, ayc’ arar LXX ⋯πεσκ⋯Ψατο; (of God) Luke i, 78 ayc' arasc'ē ⋯πισκ⋯Ψεται; (as chastisement) Ps. lviii, 6/lvix, 5 nayeac' ew ayc' ara πρ⋯σχες το⋯ ⋯πισκ⋯Ψασθαι. y-ayc' elanem, Biblical and common: Luke i, 68 yayc' el ⋯πεσκ⋯Ψατο; from this verbal expression are formed ayc'-el-u (cf. ver-a-kac'-u: both together render LXX ⋯π⋯σκοπος at Neh. xi, 14) and ayc'-el-ut'iwn ‘search, visitation’, non-Biblical but early (Philo, , ‘Decalogue’, ayc'elut'iwn aṙnel. Arm. tr., 249Google Scholar, equivalent Gk. text, ed. Cohn, iv, 291 (⋯πισκοπο⋯ντας); the verb ayc'elem ‘visit’, unattested before the tenth century, apud John Catholicos, cit. NBHL, s.v., is an analogical derivative of y-ayc’ elanem.

¹⁰ ew jez ayc' ew xndir eleal Hayastan aŝxarhis ‘for you also visitation and investigation came to this kingdom of Armenia’, Agat'angelos, , ‘Hist.’, ch. xxii, ed. Venice, , 1930, 182Google Scholar, κα⋯ ὑμῖν ⋯πισκοπ⋯ παρ⋯ το⋯ θεο⋯ ζητ⋯σεως γ⋯γονε, τοῖς τ⋯ν Ἀρμεν⋯ων χώραν οἰκο⋯σι, Gk. version, ed. Lagarde, Göttingen, 1887, 51 (the corresponding Gk. phrase is an obvious elaboration of ayc' ew xndir, an example of hendiadys common in Armenian (cf. aypn ew katak, sug u ŝivan); oč' emk' hayc' ew xndir nora ‘are we not in search of it?’, Basil, Hexaemeron, ch. vi, Arm. version cit. NBHL (I cannot find this passage in the Venice edition of 1830, and the fact that the Arm. version is a paraphrase of the Greek— ‘an old translation in good literary Armenian, but extremely protracted in style, matching the Greek original only with regard to the (approximate) meaning, pace the errors of the scribes’, NBHL, i, 12—deprives us of the luxury of a Greek equivalent).

¹¹ minčew yayc' eleal xndrē astelagētn gtanel zžam cnndean mankann, t'ē or žam ic'ē. ew darjeal t'ē or astl ic'e tuic' žamun ‘while making an examination the astrologer seeks to discover the hour of birth of the child, what hour it might be, and again, which star might be in the ascendant at (lit. ‘the giver of’, cf. ὡροθετ⋯ω) his (natal) hour’, Basil, , Hexaemeron, ch. vi, ed. Venice, , 1830, 119Google Scholar (typically—see n. 10—this represents Ἀν⋯γκη γ⋯ρ εὑρεθ⋯ναι τ⋯ν ὡροσκοπο⋯ντα ⋯στ⋯ρα, PG, XXIX, 55, col. 129). Yoržam and hayc' ankeal xndresc'en, et'ē yormē hetē ēr skizbn gnac'ic' žamanakac'. (Oč' emk' hayc' ew xndir nora) ‘When making an examination they will search whence was the beginning of the course of time. (Are we not in search of it?)’, Basil, loc. cit. NBHL, see n. 10.

¹² Armenische Grammatik, 418; there is no need to suppose -skh ¹- (cf. Brugmann, K., Kurze vergleichende Grammatik, 1902, para. 681, p. 519, n. 1)Google Scholar, and Walde-Pokorny, 12, and Pokorny, 16, amend the form to *ais-sk ¹-ā. See Meillet, A., MSL, VII, 2, 1892, 162Google Scholar.

¹³ There were many various forms of visiting: bazum kerparanawk' ayc'elu eler araracoc' k'oc' ‘in many forms thou becamest a visitor unto thy creatures’, Old Armenian version of the Anaphora of St. Basil, corresponding to extant Greek ⋯λλ' ⋯πεσκ⋯ψω πολυτρ⋯πως δι⋯ σπλ⋯γχνα ⋯λ⋯ους σου = ayl ayc' ararer bazum yelanakawk' vasn bazum olormut'ean ew gt'ut'ean k'o ‘but thou madest visitation in many forms on account of thy mercy and goodness’, Later Arm. version of the same, Katerdjian, and Dashian, , Die Liturgien bei den Armeniern, Wien, 1897, 132, 202Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Etym. Wb. der deutschen Sprache, Berlin, 1948, 242Google Scholar.

¹⁵ e.g. hac'i, AS æsc, cf. OIr. (h)uinnius, HAG, 465, Pokorny, 782; hasanem, Sk, . aśnoti, HAG, 464, Pokorny, 782Google Scholar; haw ‘bird’, Lt, . avis, HAG, 465Google Scholar (in haw ‘grandfather’, Lt. avus, and han ‘grandmother’, Gk. ⋯νν⋯ς, it may retain an IH laryngal, as Hit. huhha-, Lycian xuga, Hit. (h)anna, Lycian xñna). h- is prothetic in hap(a), (adv., ejaculation) ‘afterwards, then, away’ (Bedrossian), ‘enfin, allez!’, for emphasis, beside apa, which could be an Iranian loan (Av., OP ap ‘away’; exclamations can be borrowed, cf. Dutch, enfin, Algerian Arab, simiwi = si mais oui, Cohen, M., BSL, XLVIII, 1, 1952, 50Google Scholar); it is more likely to be original, from IE *appo (with “expressive Gemination”, cf. perhaps lakem fr. *lakk- beside Lith. lak-ti, Pokorny, 653), with which one might compare Hit. a-ap-pa (appa, Friedrich, , I, 25Google Scholar), unless the -pp- is merely a graphic representation of -p- as against -b- (apa, Sturtevant, , Comp. gram. Hit. lang., 1951, I, para. 53Google Scholar); cf. HAG, 162. h- is not ‘prothetic only in genuine Armenian words’ apart from haŝt, Phl. āŝt-īh, contra Hübschmann, , AG, 179Google Scholar. Another protheticized Iranian loan in Arm. is heŝmak-(a-past) ‘devil-(worshipping)’, Parth. 'ŝmg (eŝmag), Georgian lwd. eŝmak'-i (cit. Benveniste, , BE Arm., NS, I, 1964, 8Google Scholar); it is possible in both cases that the Arm. forms reproduce Iranian forms with prothetic h (cf. MP, NP xyŝm ‘rage, anger’ from *hēŝm- = Av. aesmo, Horn, , Neupers. Etym., 109Google Scholar—the basic meaning of “aggression, evil intent”, see below, n. 20, underlies both the “rage” and “devil” developments); cf. also hambar—beside ambar— ‘storehouse’, which possibly retains an etymological h- lost in attested Iranian forms (Phi. anbār, probably fr. *ham-par-, HAG, 178, 95), and a similar fluctation in native Arm, . (h)am-baṙnam ‘rise’, HAG, 176Google Scholar. In the case of (h)awat-(am) it is not possible to know, in the absence of a sure etymology, whether the h- is prothetic or original. Arm. h- is prothetic in Greek loans: het'anos, fr. ἕθνος, HAG, 360 (one can ignore Bugge's immediate connexion of the Arm. with Gothic haipnō ‘heathen woman’, contaminated by haipi ‘field’ by analogy with paganus, Kluge-Götze, , 240Google Scholar). In haluē ⋯λ⋯η HAG, 360, the h- is possibly direct from some Semitic form retaining the -h- of Hebr. 'āhāl-ōth, or more probably Syriac 'lwy (John xix, 9 ⋯λ⋯η 'lwy, haluē), for although there are no examples of Syr. ‘giving Arm. h, it gives the phonetically related x in xarbal-em, Syr, . 'arbāl (HAG, 304)Google Scholar; Arm. halika ‘corn cleared of bran or husks’ (NBHL, hap. leg.) is borrowed from ἄλιξ, ἄλικος, via Syr. halyqān with prothetic h- (for which Syriae has a fondness in Greek loans: cf. hglypsys ἄκλεΨις, hlypsys ἄλλειΨις, hl'ty ⋯λ⋯τη hlh” ⋯λαῖα, Payne-Smith), rather than directly (HAG, 360); neither Arabic (with halīj) nor Latin (with halica) are likely to have supplied Armenian with the word. Prothetic h- is very common in Modern Armenian dialects.

¹⁶ II, 34.

¹⁷ Pseudo-Nonnus, , ‘Scholia on five homilies of Gregory of Nazianzus’, Arm. version ed. Manandian, Y., Zeitschrift für Armenische Philologie, I, 1901–1902, p. 249, 11Google Scholar. 21–3: το⋯τον ὡς δαιμ⋯νια καιν⋯ παρεισϕ⋯ροντα τῇ πολιτε⋯ᾳ ᾐτι⋯σαντο Ἄνυτος κα⋯ Μ⋯λιτος κατεκρ⋯θη, PG, XXXVI, col. 993, 11. 8 ff, cf. Xenophon, , Memorabilia, I. 1.2Google Scholar.

¹⁸ One of the vardapets' not indefensible guesses was that hay- as in hay-im, hay-em ‘see, look at, watch for’ is the root of (h)ayc' and hayc'em, which latter they explained inter alia as xndrel, orpēs oronel … hayelov ‘to seek, as to investigate … by looking’ (NBHL, I, 99c, II, 31b, 34c–35a; one can ignore their linking it also to ač'-k' ‘eyes’). The two concepts could just develop from *ai “seize”, the function of eyes in men being often that of those in spiders: consider the (atavistic) use of view in the English popular song ‘John Peel’: ‘… From the drag to the chase, from the chase to a view,/From a view to a death in the morning’. A similar development is evident in NE see (OHG sehen, etc.), which has been connected with Lt. sequor ‘follow’, IE *sek ² (Kluge-Götze, 556), with a sense doubtless of “follow with the eyes, set one's sights upon”; and in NE look, connected with OHG luoga, luog, ‘cave, den, lair’(“look-out”), MHG luo ‘waylaying’(Kluge-Götze, 366, Pokorny, 651). With this possible specialization of meaning (“seize → see”) in hay-em, one might compare the expressions ⋯μμασιν λαμζ⋯νω (beside ⋯δο⋯σιν λ.), oculos conjicere, habere in oculis, jeter un coup d'æil, ins Auge fassen, catch sight of, in which the two meanings meet. It is not impossible (although it is highly speculative) that both IE *weid “see, find, know” (Lat. video, etc.) and IE *weit “hunt, chase” (NHG Weid, etc.) are root extensions of IE *wei “ go for something (in order to seize)” (Sk. veti, etc.); cf. Pokorny, 1123, 1125. All perception is, as the word itself implies, a form of capture. The constant h- of hay-e/i-m is more likely to be prothetic than from the preverb *pi- (*epi) tentatively proposed by Pokorny (323) to explain the initial of haganim ‘clothe oneself’ beside aganim (ibid., 346), itself surely prothetic.

¹⁹ I, 12.

²⁰ p. 16.

²¹ The latter seems to mean ‘evil desire, evil intent’ rather than “wrath”, to judge from its contexts: ‘aēŝma and rape (hazah-) … and assault (daraŝ-) and violence (tavis-) oppress me’, Yosna, xxix, 1, cit. Bartholomae, Air. Wb., col. 1800. With the modern meaning of “rage, anger” (NP xyŝm, see above, p. 56, n. 15) one might compare οἶμα ‘spring, rush, swoop’, οἰμ⋯ω ‘swoop or pounce upon’, beside Lat. īra (*ei-s-ā) ‘anger’, from the same root (cf. Pokorny, 300), and OHG, MHG zorn ‘heftiger Unwille, Wut, Beleidigung, Streit’, NHG Zorn ‘anger’, beside OHG (fir)zëran ‘zerreissen’, MHG (ver)zern, NHG (ver)zehren ‘consume’, AS teran ‘tear’ (AS torn ‘anger’), fr. Pr. Germ. *tër ‘tear’, conn. Arm. teṙ-em ‘gall, rub the skin off, graze’ (fr. *der + rt. ext. in -s), see Kluge-Götze, 706, 715, Pokorny, 206.

²² Fick, Vergl. Wb. d. indogerm. Sprachen, fourth ed., I, 345; Walde-Pokorny, 2.

²³ Air. Wb., coll. 11–12, on the basis of οἶτος ‘lot, fate, doom’, cf. Pokomy, 10–11; the Greek word means basically “what one gets (sometimes willy-nilly)”.

²⁴ p. 10. Sturtevant, , op. cit., 53Google Scholar, IH *b'e-he'y; cf. Ossetic D fedun, fist, I fīdyn, fyst ‘pay’, Tocharian B pīto ‘idem’, Khot. pīha ‘prices’, from *pa-ai, Bailey, , Prolexis, 196–7Google Scholar. It is, of course, most unlikely that the h- of Arm. hayc'- reflects the symbol h-, Kurylowicz's laryngal a₄, thought responsible for the development of *e to *a, as in Hittite and IE *ai (Arm. *ay).

²⁵ Freyr skal fá honum sverò silt … en Freyr … gaf honum sveròit ‘Freyr shall give them his sword … and Freyr … gave them the sword’, Snorri, Edda, cit. Gordon, E. V., Introd. to Old Norse, Oxford, 1966, text 1.75, p. 7Google Scholar.

²⁶ Bartholomae, Air. Wb., col. 449, “⁵kar” (see also čara-, 581). That the final -ṙ of patčaṙ implied an original nominal extension in -na- was noted by Henning, who further compared Buddh. Soghd. pc'rt ‘because of’ (Gershevitch, I., A grammar of Manichean Sogdian, Oxford, 1954, paras. 247, 674Google Scholar). Although Bartholomae, 581, derives Y Av. čarāna- ‘Feld’ from a “⁴kar”, “einfurchen”, this, like “⁵kar”, derives, with a basic meaning of “move around”, from IE *k ²el (π⋯λω ‘be in motion’, πολ⋯ω ‘go about, turn the soil’, π⋯λος ‘land moved with the plough’, αἰ-π⋯λος ‘goat-herd’, Lat. colo ‘cultivate’ (Walde-Hoffman, , Lat. etym. Wb., I, 246Google Scholar; Pokorny, 639)). A close semantic parallel to the IE “turn → cause” development is found in derivatives from the Semitic root *sbb (Hebr. sābab ‘turn about, walk around’, Aram, sōbbā' ‘rim, border’ (“surround”), Ar. sabbaba ‘prepare a means of attaining something’, Ar. sabab- ‘rope (“noose”), cause’ (Brown, , Driver, , and Briggs, , Hebr. and Eng. lexicon, 1962, 685Google Scholar; Lane, , Arab.-Eng. lexicon, 1284Google Scholar); with the more conerete meanings one might compare the meanings of ačaṙ, below, pp. 64–8).

²⁷ Karlgren, B., Analytic dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese, Paris, 1923, no. 273, p. 104Google Scholar; cf. also yü, ibid., no. 1336, p. 377 (the character represents two dogs barking at each other) ‘litigation’, then ‘prison’ (“the ordinary consequence of litigation” in China, Karlgren, , Sound and symbol in Chinese, Oxford, 1929, 51Google Scholar).

²⁸ acc. pi. in form, here a pluralis tantum (cf. patčaṙs tam ‘give cause’: 2 Cor. v, 12 patčaṙs tamk' jez parcanac' vasn mer ⋯ϕδρμ⋯ν διδ⋯ντες ὑμῖν καυχ⋯ματθς ὑπ⋯ρ ⋯μ⋯ν, RV ‘giving you occasion of glorifying on our behalf’; for the syntax, cf. mi kams μ⋯αν γνώμην, Rev. xvii, 13.

²⁹ Goŝ, Mxit'ar, Datastanagirk', ed. Vałarŝapat, , 1880, I, 15, p. 112Google Scholar.

³⁰ Smbat the Constable, Codex, ed. Karst, J., para. 170, p. 211Google Scholar.

³¹ See above, n. 28.

³² 2 Cor. vi, 3.

³³ See p. 59, n. 26.

³⁴ Girk' t'lt'oc', ed. Valarŝapat, 1908, 51.

³⁵ Goŝ, Mxit'ar, op. cit., II, 61, p. 370Google Scholar.

³⁶ Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie, no. 360, where it is connected with the hap. leg. Av. paiti-akaranaot, an imperfect of doubtful meaning from *¹kar according to Bartholomae, col. 447. With its possible derivation from *⁵kar “move”, one might compare OP in Elamite ka ₄-ra-bat-ti-iŝ (*karapati-) ‘caravan-leader, guide’, Arm. lwd. karapet ‘forerunner, guide, precursor (esp. of St. John the Baptist)’, karapetem ‘to fore-run, guide, conduct, announce’ (see Cameron, G. G. (ed.), Persepolis treasury tablets, 1948, 157–8, 206Google Scholar; review by Gershevitch, I., Asia Major, NS, II, 1, 1951, 135, 144Google Scholar; Hallock, following Gershevitch, cit. Cameron, , JNES, XXIV, 3, 1965, 176Google Scholar); Ir. *k ra- probably meant “vehicle, waggon, chariot”, cf. Arm. lwd. kaṙ-k' (fr. *k rana-) ‘coach, car, chariot’, deriving from *k ², rt. *k ²el “move”; NP kārvān, Arm. lwd. (fifth century) karawan (fr. Phi. kāravān, see Hübschmann, , Pars. St., 85Google Scholar), possibly derives its first element from the same root (*k ²ōlo-); its second element might be Ir. vāna from *van with a meaning of “drive”, cf. Baluchi gwān ‘driver’, gādī-wān ‘car-driver’ (Gilbertson), Arm. lwd. van-em ‘drive away’ (HAG, 243; possibly from Bartholomae's *¹van “superare” in a sense of “drive away”); thus originally “(military) convoy”?

³⁷ ‘Canons of ŝahapivan’ (fifth century, codified eighth century), in Yakobean, V. (ed.), Kanonagirk' Hayoc', Erevan, 1964, I, p. 436, 1Google Scholar. 13 (this is a favourable opportunity to express one's appreciation of the publication of this invaluable work which, with its useful if not completely exhaustive index, takes the sting out of the “reference“ ‘Kanon’ in NBHL.

³⁸ Yakobean, , op. cit., cb. lv, p. 421Google Scholar.

³⁹ The only passage quoted in NBHL; the reference there given, I, 22, is not to the Venice, 1826, edition, the only one available to me, and I have been unable to find a Greek equivalent.

⁴⁰ Arm. vers. ed. Venice, 1892, 253; Greek text ed. Cohn, IV, 295. Meillet, , REArm., II, 1, 1922, 6Google Scholar, gives a meaning of ‘je promets’ to this verb, possibly a slip for ‘je pourvois’.

⁴¹ cf. Parth., MP črg ‘flock’, čr- ‘graze’ (Ghilain, 57), Baluchi čaray ‘roam, graze’, Kurd. čarin ‘graze’, Ossetic D cærun, I cæryn ‘live’ (Abaev, V. I., Ist.-etim. slovar' oset. yazyka, I, 1958, 303Google Scholar); Sk. cāraka- ‘herdsman’, Welsh Gypsy č r ‘grass’. Another word showing a development “move → pasture” is Ossetic D xezun, I xizan ‘klettern, weiden, hüten, warten’, the basic meaning of which would appear to be “go up” (Benveniste, , BSL, LII, 1, 1956, 54Google Scholar; Gershevitch, , BSO AS, xiv, 3, 1952, 488–93Google Scholar, thinks that three different verbs have merged here); see also Bailey, , TPS, 1945, 32–3Google Scholar, Prolexis, 175–6, re Khot. pa-hīysāre ‘vanish’ (cf. Arm. baṙnam, barji ‘lift up, remove, destroy’, baṙnam, barjay ‘be taken away, destroyed’), probably conn. Buddh. Soghd. γyz in z'y-yyz'k' ‘creeping on the earth’(Ir. *haiz).

⁴² cf. YAv. (ātra-)čarana ‘(Feuer-)gerät’, Bartholomae, col. 317; Arm. čar is borrowed from an Iranian form without an -n- extension (Pāzand čar, cf. Sk. cāra-, Hübschmann, , Pers. St., 51Google Scholar, re Horn, p. 96, no. 432). Λrm. čaṙ ‘discourse, sermon, narration, recital’, from a form with an -n- extension, probably belongs with derivatives from *⁵kar “move” (cf. οἰμ⋯ω ‘swoop or pounce upon’, οἶμος ‘way, road, path; strip of land, tract, country; course or strain of song’, οἶμς ‘idem; way of song, song, lay’ (Liddell an d Scott, ninth ed.); cf. also Arm. hak-a-čaṙ ‘contradicter, disputer, debater’, hak-a-čaṙ-em ‘contradict, etc.’, perhaps retaining a trace of an original meaning of “motus oppositus”). Sk. kriyā ‘doing, action; medical treatment or practice, applying a remedy or cure; a literary work; means, expedient’, etc. (Monier-Williams), however, suggests that *¹kar “make” may be at the root of the Iranian originals of čar and čaṙ.

⁴³ The correct interpretation of these words, as concerning ‘possessions vivantes, qui avancent (προβα⋯νει), distinctes des κειμ⋯λια “possessions immobiles qui gisent (κεῖται)”’, has been given by Benveniste, , ‘Noms d'animaux en Indo-européen’, BSL, XLV, 1, 1949, 96Google Scholar. Cf. also from IE *ei “go”, Hit. ^(UTU)iyant. ‘sheep’ (Pedersen, H., Hittitisch und die anderen indogermanischen Sprachen (Det Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Hist.-fil. Meddelelser, xxv, 2)Google Scholar, København, 1938, para. 93: “gehendes Tier”), Ose. aee. eituam ‘property ’ (Benveniste, , BSL, XLV, 1, 1949, 98Google Scholar).

⁴⁴ These developments suggest that the function of k'ü ‘get off, go away’ is not as ‘uncertain’ as Karlgren calls it in fa‘method, means, law, rule, imitate’ (Karlgren, , Analytic dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese, 1923, on. 491, pp. 164–5Google Scholar); it is ‘co-signific’.

⁴⁵ See p. 60, n. 29, p. 60, n. 32, p. 69, n. 88.

⁴⁶ See also Bailey, H. W., REArm., NS, II, 1965, 2Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Gershevitch, op. cit., para. 247. The present preoccupation with “motus oppositus” prompts one to speculate whether Soghd. pc'w' ‘quarrel’ (ibid., para. 972) may not represent an *upa-ćǎw-ākā (cf. ibid., paras. 14, 972) “a moving up to” (so, in a sexual sense, in Vedio upacyavá, Monier-Williams); cf. Ossetic D cæwun, I cæwyn ‘go, go into’, etc., D. cawæn, I cwan ‘hunt, chase’ (Abaev, , op. cit., I, 307, 318Google Scholar), Kurdish čūn ‘go’, Khot. tsav ‘go’ (also Pali cavati ‘move’, Prakrit cavai ‘go from birth to birth, die’, Turner, Comp. dict, of the Indo-Aryan langs., s.v. cyav; cf. Arm. č'u-em ‘go on a journey’, also ‘die’ (Bedrossian), “depart”). Soghd. ŝw, Av. ŝyav would represent different developments of reduced grades of *k ²ei + -eu- (Pokorny, 538; cf. Bartholomae, , Handbuch d. altir. Dialekte, 1883, para. 102, AnmGoogle Scholar; cf. Pashto ŝam 〈 *čy-, cam 〈 *čity-, ace. Morgenstierne, , An etym. vocab. of Pashto, Oslo, 1927, 77Google Scholar). With Soghd. p-c'w', Ossetic cæu-, compare Soghd. 'n-c'y ‘cease’, Ossetic D æncayun, I æncain ‘stop’, from *k ²yē- (Pokorny, 638), conn. Av. ŝāiti-, OP ŝiyāti-, Soghd. ŝ't (see Bailey, , ‘Asica’, TPS, 1945, 3–4Google Scholar; the latter Soghdian-Ossetic equation is rejected by Benveniste, , BSL, LII, 1, 1956, 26–7Google Scholar, who prefers to posit an as yet unrecognized root *čāy). For other difficulties arising from the effect of a former -y-, see Bailey, , Prolexis, 340, 358Google Scholar: Khot. śśära- ‘good’, from *ŝy-; Soghd. ŝrγw ‘lion’, from *ŝy-, beside Khot. sarau ‘idem’, from *ś- or *ts-.

⁴⁸ ‘Mitteliranisch’, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abt. I, IV. Bd., Iranistik, 1, p. 39, n. 4. *upa-čǎra- is also possible: cf. Sk. upa-cara- ‘accessory, supplementary’, beside upa-cāra- ‘approach, service’. The same basic meaning of “movement” is, of course, in pačar ‘cattle’, which is not to be separated from this word. Cf. also Ossetic fæ-dzæl ‘needle-threader’, from *upa-čar-ya- (Benveniste, , BSL, LII, 1, 1956, 28Google Scholar; idem, Études sur la langue ossète, 1959, 29; a minor criticism of this otherwise acceptable explanation is that the preverb upa- does not allow an interpretation of this word as involving ‘le fait de “se mouvoir dans, passer à travers”’: the loop of thin thread moves the thick thread up to the eye of the needle, where it may be pulled through).

⁴⁹ Cowley, , Aramaic papyri of the fifth century B.C., no. 26, 1Google Scholar. 22: 'wpŝr spynt' zd ‘repair of this boat’ (also 1. 3). Eleph. Aram, 'wpkrt (ibid., 1. 5) is probably also an Iranian loan, from an equivalent of Sk. upa-hὛti- ‘assistance’: so w 'wphrth y'bdw ‘they shall render assistance’, rather than ‘… make a report’; cf. Baluchi pak r ‘necessary, desired’.

⁵⁰ MSL, XIX, 3, 1915, 125Google Scholar; see also Benveniste, , Études, 101Google Scholar, who cites pačar (in connexion with čarak), pačark', pahang (see below, p. 66, n. 63), pakas, pastaṙ (contra Hübschmann, , AG, 222Google Scholar), patan, parap, explaining th e preverb as from IE *po-.

⁵¹ op. cit., 93.

⁵² op. cit., p. 39, n. 4.

⁵³ Judging by the fact that the broad New Julfa a (å), developed under th e influence of NP ā (å), is frequently writte n as o by th e semi-literate (e.g. k'olok' for k'alak', etc.). Mod. Arm. ōčork' (Malxaseance'), Ayrarat dial, ōǰork' (Orbeli, Y. (ed.), Hay žolovrdakan hek'iat'ner, III, Erevan, 1962, 396Google Scholar) can represent a n older očoṙk'.

⁵⁴ Alternatively, it could signify ‘a movable (piece of wood)’. One can understand how a meaning ‘(overhead) beam, ceiling joist’ may derive from a root indicating motion when one considers that beams of wood commonly used in antiquity would include shādūfs, yard-arms of ships, an d balances (see, e.g., Wilkinson, G., Manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians, 1847, II, 10, in, 205, 222Google Scholar), the proper function of all depending upon motion. Benveniste, , Études, 121–2Google Scholar, rejects any connexion of Ossetic car ‘roof’ with Ir. *čar “move”.

⁵⁵ From *porsa-stḷ-no- “something spread out flat upon something”, cf. Ch. SI. po-steljq ‘spread out’, stelja ‘roof’; see Pokorny, 816, 1018. A hitherto unexplained word used in building contexts is atalj ‘materia, lignum, heavy forest wood for building purposes; (pop.) firm, thick, heavy’ (NBIIL); the a- may be a preverb, and -talj from IE *dḷ-g¹h-o/ā-, root *del, connected with Sk. dalayati ‘split’, Mid. Irish del ‘staff, rod’, dluigim ‘split’, MHG zol ‘cylindrical piece of wood, stump’, zelge ‘branch, twig’ (see Pokorny, 194, where Scheftelowitz's suggestion on tal, talem, is listed; with the Arm. -j- fr. -g ¹h- extension, cf. bal-j-am ‘desire’ from *bh-g ¹h- (IE *bhil, Greek ϕ⋯λος, cf. Pokorny, 153–4), gel-j ‘yew-tree, cartilage, gland’, gel-j-am ‘desire’ from *ghel-g ¹h- from *g ¹hel-g ¹h (by dissimilation, see Lidén, , Arm. St., 71Google Scholar), IE *g ¹hel, Greek χ⋯λος, χλώρος, Pokorny, 429–31 (the meaning ‘yew-tree’, cf. Lith. žalve ‘meadow-grass’, etc., is explained by the bright colour of the wood and berries of the tree, cf. NE yew, Arm.aigi ‘vine’, Pokorny, , 297Google Scholar). Arm. *c'iw-k' ‘tiling, roofing’, attested only in gen.-dat.-abl. pi. (NBHL, II, 917a, gives c'u, Aṙjeṙn baṙaran c'iw as nom. sg.) as in Luke v, 19 elin i tanis ew i c'uoc'n kcaxec'in zna ⋯ναβ⋯ντες ⋯π⋯ το δ⋯μα, δι⋯ τ⋯ν κερ⋯μων (Syr. Pesh., tatlīlā ‘tectum’) καθ⋯καν αὐτ⋯ν (cf. Mark ii, 4 k'akec'in zyarkn … ew bac'eal zaṙastaln, glossing ⋯πεστ⋯γασαν τ⋯ν στ⋯γην … κα⋯ ⋯ξορ⋯ξαντες (Syr. Pesh., add tatlīlā) (χαλ⋯σι …)), has been explained as from *skēwo- from *(s)keu- “cover” (Meillet, , MSL, XVIII, 1, 1912, 62Google Scholar; XVIII, 5, 1914, 377; Ačaṙean, Arm. etym. diet., VI, 1076–7; Pokorny, 951), but is at least as likely to be from *sk ¹ipo-, from a -p- extension of *sk ^lei- “cut”, Pokorny, 919, 922, and connected with Gk. σκοῖπος ‘die Grundbalken, auf denen die Ziegel ruhen’, ‘wall-plate of a building’ (Liddell and Scott), σκπων ‘staff, crutch’ (cf. Arm. c'ic' ‘pale, stake’ from *sk ¹i-t-so- or *sk ¹i-d-so-, Gk. σχ⋯δα—cf. -ro- extension in Lit. skiedrà, Pokorny, , 920Google Scholar—and Arm. c'tem ‘cut’ from *sk ¹id-, Pokorny, 922); for Arm. -w from IE *-p-, see Meillet, , Esquisse, second ed., 31Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ ‘Mitteliranisch’, p. 39, n. 4.

⁵⁷ Aramaic papyri of the fifth century B.C., 93.

⁵⁸ ibid., 112–13.

⁵⁹ The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic papyri, 156–7.

⁶⁰ p. 101, n. 6.

⁶¹ ‘Mitteliranisch’, p. 39, n. 4. For other refs. see Köhler-Baumgartner, , Lexicon in Veteris Testamentum libros, 1958, 1055, Supplementum, 1958, 198Google Scholar.

⁶² At Luke xxi, 5, Arm. aŝtark renders ⋯ν⋯θημα, probably taken literally to mean ‘something set up’, though it has lost this meaning in Greek: ew yasel omanc' ztačarēn t'ē gelec'ik vimawk' ew aŝtarakawk' zardareal ē κα⋯ τινων λεϒ⋯ντων περ⋯ το⋯ ἱερο⋯, ὅτι λ⋯θοις καλοῖς κα⋯ ⋯ναθ⋯μασιν κεκ⋯σμηται. The translator may have read ⋯ν⋯στημα in the sense of ‘erection, building, structure’ (Liddell and Scott, ninth ed., 121). RV ‘…stones and offerings’.

⁶³ pahang ‘tie-piece, brace, buttress’ (recognized by Benveniste, , Études, 101Google Scholar, as Iranian, though unexplained), (goŝ-a-) pa(r)hang, (gorŝ-a-)pahang ‘(ear)-ring’ (Ezek. xvi, 12 τροχ⋯σκος, Judith x, 4 ⋯νώτιον, see HAG, 129; the sense of “ring” derives from a more general meaning of “fastener”), pahangem ‘brace, prop with buttresses’, derive (< *pahrang < *paθrang-) from Ir. *upa-θrang “press against”; cf. Soghdian in NP fadrang ‘door bar’, taraγdah ‘bruised, squeezed’(Henning, , BSOS, x, 1, 1939, 101, Sogdica, 41Google Scholar), Khot. patharka ‘door bolt’ (Bailey, , Prolexis, 160–2Google Scholar, explained there as from *pati-θrang-). Hübschmann's derivation of an *apahang from an Iranian equivalent of Sk. upa-saṅga-, loc. cit., does not explain the Arm. forms with -rh- from *-θr-, the -r- of which has contaminated the first element of the compound gorŝ-a-pdhang (Soghd. Parth. gwŝ, NP gōŝ, IE *ghous-). Arm. pahanǰem ‘claim, exact, demand’, pahanǰ ‘credit’ (“that claimed”), pahanǰ-a-ran ‘court of justice’ (? “claim court”), are borrowed from Iranian derivatives of the same root *θrang, IE *trenk (Pokorny, , 1093)Google Scholar: Buddh. Soghd. β-trynč-, 'β-tr'ynč- ‘press, overthrow, subdue’, NP turunǰīdan ‘be squeezed’. For the semantic development “press → claim”, cf. NHG ein-treiben ‘exact (payment)’; Dutch last ‘burden, command, charge, tax’, conn. AS hlóð ‘booty’, hlóðere ‘robber’; Russ. trebovat' ‘demand, claim’, Ukr. trebunáti ‘try, endure, suffer’, perhaps conn. Russ. terebit' ‘pull about, pluck (a bird)’, Gk. τρβω ‘rub, wear out’, Lat. trībulum, trībulō, IE *ter- (Pokorny, 1071; Meillet, , MSL, xiv, 4, 1908, 379Google Scholar; Vasmer, , Russ. etym. Wb., 1958, III, 133–4Google Scholar).

⁶⁴ JA, CCXLII, 3–4, 1954, 303Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ Ezek. xxx, 22 xortakec'ic'; zbazuks hzawrs, nerdapats ew zač;aṙapats ‘I shall break (his) strong, sinewy and muscular arms’; LXX somewhat different: συντρ⋯Ψω τοὺς βραχ⋯ονας αὐτο⋯ τοὺῂ ἰσχυροὺς κα⋯ τοὺς τεταμ⋯νους ‘I shall break his arms, strong and strained’ (οτ straining; Hebr. nishbāreth ‘broken’ (? suggesting an original (tautological) Gk. τετριμμ⋯νους, cf. Ps. xxxiii/xxxiv, 18); Bagster, ‘outstretched’); Gregory of Nyssa, De formatione hominis, ch. X, i jeṙn p'oloc'n eleal jaynn, ačaṙapat (ὑμενοειδ⋯ς) artułut'eann zanc'iwk' ŝurǰ ziwreaw hnčeal the voice produced by the throat, sounding through the membranaceous outlet passages around it' (cit. NBHL); ibid., ch. xiii, mawt i mawt ŝarawiłs imn ačaṙapats (νευρώδης) xaṙneal uni ‘has various contiguous muscular branches mingled’ (cit. NBHL). Cf. also ačaṙapind ‘muscular, sinewy, muscle-binding’: ačaṙapind ŝłt'ayiwk' kapumn ‘securing with muscle-binding (or sinewy) chains’, ‘Book of Chreia’, cit. NBHL.

⁶⁶ Gregory of Nyssa, De natura, cit. NBHL: oskr, atamn, awčaṙ-k', gełjk' ‘bone, tooth, cartilage, glands’.

⁶⁷ Chrysostom, ‘Commentary on Hebrews’, ch. vi, cit. NBHL: ji varic'ē oskwovk' zinuk' ew akanakap ačaṙawk' erivarawk' ‘he shall ride with golden weapons and with steeds with be-jewelled accoutrements’.

⁶⁸ With the nuance of decoration, cf. appliqué work.

⁶⁹ Grigor Narekae'i, ‘Homily on the Cross’, cit. NBHL, nočeay awčaṙ sk'anč'eli srahin ‘cypress-wood furniture of the wonderful hall’.

⁷⁰ cf. ‘the rest have worn me out with several applications’, Shakespeare, All's well …, I.ii.74.

⁷¹ Esther, ii, 3 hramayesc'ē ark'ay tal noc'a ewl ew ačaṙ ew zamenayn darmans ‘the king shall command them to be given oil and unguent and all provisions’; LXX (more briefly) … δοθ⋯τω σμ⋯γμα κα⋯ ⋯ λπιπ⋯ ⋯πιμ⋯λεια, rendering the even briefer Hebr. wě-nāthōn tamrūqē-hen ‘and to give them their ointments’ (RV ‘and let their things for purification be given them’, a gloss); Syr. Peshitta wē-nethel taṣbīth-hen ‘and let him give (them) their toilet necessaries’; at Esther ii, 12, Arm. renders LXX ⋯ν τοῖς σμ⋯γμασι τ⋯ν γυναικ⋯ν (Hebr. … ū-bh-tamrūqē han-nāshīm ‘and in the massagings of the women’, RV ‘purifying of the women’) by ew yačaṙs ew i luanal kananc'n ‘in unguents and in washing of the women’, suggesting that ačaṙ did not carry a sufficiently strong connotation of “washing” in it.

⁷² Mai. iii, 2 zawčar luanaleac', LXX ποι⋯ πλυν⋯ντων, Hebr. bōrīth měkhabběṣīm, RV ‘fullers' soap’; Jer. ii, 22 et'ē luasc'is barakaw ew yačaxesc'ē k'ez ačaṙ … ‘if you wash yourself with borax (LXX ⋯ν ν⋯τρῳ, Hebr. nether; cf. HAG, 122) and heap unguents (LXX πο⋯αν, Hebr. bōrīth) upon yourself …’. Post-Classical Arm. sapon (from σ⋯πων from Lat. sapōn-(em) from a Gaulish form of Germ. *saip(y)ō, cf. Finnish lwd. saippio, Kluge-Götze, , 556Google Scholar, Pokorny, 894) is not listed in HAG: zsaponin ginsn, orov luac'ak’ zariwnat'at'ax zgests k'o zawrac'd ‘the price of the soap, wherewith we have washed the blood-sodden garments of your army’, John Mamikonean, ‘History’, seventh century, cit. NBHL.

⁷³ cf. Brugmann, Kurze vergl. Gr., paras. 593, 599; OP ā-gam and abiy-gam are practically identical in meaning (‘come up to’, Bartholomae, Air. Wb., col. 496).

⁷⁴ OP kārahyā abičariŝ gaiθāmčā māniyamča ‘the people's pasturage, livestock, and immobiliary’, Bartholomae, ibid., col. 89.

⁷⁵ Probably *abi-ŝnā-na-, see Hübsehmann, , Pers. St., 15Google Scholar, Arm. Gr., 259, who prefers, however, to posit an original Arm. ǒŝnan, dubiously considered the immediate equivalent of NP uŝnān ‘herba alcali, Saltwort’, conn. Av. us-snā- ‘wash out’. The NP word is most likely from *auŝnan (cf. NP u < ō < au, Pers. St., 143Google Scholar, Arm. awŝak beside NP uŝa, Pers. St., p. 15, n. 1Google Scholar).

⁷⁶ Dasxurane'i, Movses, History of the Caucasian Albanians, London, 1961, p. 51, n. 7Google Scholar. The nom. pl. form paxrik' listed by NBHL, possibly on the basis of a gen. pl. paxreac' (usually paxreic') is unattested.

⁷⁷ Gershevitch, paras. 966, 1405.

⁷⁸ spananē zmerjaworn or hanē zpaxrē (συμβ⋯ωσιν), Ecclus. xxxi, 26 (xxxiv, 22), RV ‘As one that slayeth his neighbour is he that taketh away his living’; nok'a or bnaw inč' č'unin, bayc' miayn zmarminn ew zjeṙs, ǰanan ew hakaṙakin paxrē karawteloc'n gtanel anti ⋯κεῖνοι μ⋯ν μηδ⋯ν ὅλως ἔχοντες, ⋯λλ' ἢ σ⋯μα μ⋯νον κα⋯ χεῖρας, βι⋯ζωνται κα⋯ ϕιλονεικ⋯σι πρ⋯σοδον τοῖς δεομ⋯νοις ⋯ντε⋯θεν εὑρεῖν, Chrysostom, , ‘Commentary on Matthew’, ed. Venice, , 1826, I, 121–2Google Scholar, PG, LVII, col. 88; et'ē zsrboc' ots part ic'e luanal, orč'ap’ ews aṙawel jeṙntu linel paxrēiw εἰ δ⋯ π⋯δας αὐτ⋯ν νἰπτειν δεῖ, πολλῷ μ⋯λλον κα⋯ ⋯κ χειρ⋯ς ⋯πιδιδ⋯ναι αὐτοῖς τ⋯ χρ⋯ματα, Chrysostom, ‘Commentary on 1 Timothy’, hom. 14, cit. NBHL, s.v., PG, LXII, 578. In this sense NBHL connects it with pačarank', ibid.

⁷⁹ II, 584a.

⁸⁰ et'ē sakaw inč' paxrēik ałk'atin tayc‘emk’, stēp ver i vayr zayn yelyelumk' ἂν δ⋯ μικρ⋯ν ⋯ργ⋯ριον π⋯νητι δ⋯μεν, ἄνω κ⋯τω το⋯το στρ⋯ϕομεν, Chrysostom, , ‘Commentary on Matthew’, I, 39Google Scholar, PG, LVII, 37.

⁸¹ uni ułt, ēŝ, paxrē, ji ‘has camel, ass, cattle (or ox ?), horse’, Mxit'ar Goŝ, Datastanagirk', cit. NBHL; yet aysorik vayri oč'xarac'n ayl parartaham aṙnē k'an zantanwoyn, ew yet aysr paxrēic'n ē ‘after this (goat manure) that of wild sheep as well makes (the soil) more richly flavoured than that of domestic (animals), and after this comes that of cattle’, ‘Book of Chreia’, ed. Venice, , 1877, 28Google Scholar; et'ē ansunk' mten i yaygi … kam i yayl vnas inč' u lini, na paxrēi u gehin pat piti or argilē zirenk' ‘if animals enter a vineyard … or another (place) and damage occurs, then a wall is necessary for the cattle and the flock (“Rindvieh und Kleinviehherden”) to contain them’, Smbat, , Codex, ed. Karst, , 211Google Scholar.

⁸² See p. 68, n. 79.

⁸³ Also Pr. Germanic *skalta, giving Old Frisian sket ‘cattle, money’, Ch. SI. lwd. skotū ‘cattle’, NE scot ‘payment’ (in scot-free etc.), NHG Schatz ‘treasure’.

⁸⁴ See p. 62, n. 43.

⁸⁵ Gershevitch, paras. 341, 966.

⁸⁶ “der sich bewegende” as against anxrē ‘fixed star’, “der sich nicht bewegende”, SPAW, Phil.-hist. KI., 1910, 310. Andreas derived the words from a base * xar from *har = Sk. sar- “move”, the former with a preverb pati (cf. Sk. prati-sara- (inter alia) ‘follower, servant’; ‘attack’). His form paxar does not exist, paxrē (not paxarē) being nom. sg., not obl. sg., according to Henning, , Man, BBB, 133Google Scholar. Bailey, quoting the Soghdian, suggests that *har “move” may without preverb have meant “rise”, so explaining Ossetic xärd(ä) ‘ascent’, Khot, . hārūṣkä ‘acclivity, elevation, raised unevenness’, Prolexis, 410–11Google Scholar.

⁸⁷ It is just possible, but not likely, that Arm. paxrē is a metathesized form of Soghdian parxē. One can point to no examples of a rx/xr metathesis in Arm. loans from Iranian, whereas the near converse (θr >) hr/rh metathesis is well attested ( aŝxarh, HAG, 101, etc.).

⁸⁸ ‘Kauf’, Henning, , BSOS, VIII, 2–3, 1936, 587Google Scholar; Gershevitch, para. 275; see Hübschmann, , Pers. St., 55–6Google Scholar, for a discussion of the Iranian forms. With the meaning of ‘reward’ in Soghdian parxē, cf. Old Irish fo-chr(a)icc ‘reward’(Pokorny, , 648)Google Scholar. In this connexion one might consider Manichaean Soghdian p'cr't ‘reward’ (‘Entgeld, Belohnung’) which Henning, , Man. BBB, 130Google Scholar, derives from *pati-rāta, from *rā “give”, but which, being doubtless connected with Chr. Soghd. pčrw (pačaru) ‘in place of, instead of’ (Henning, ibid., 77), may be from *upa-čar- and connected with Arm. pačar-, etc. Gershevitch seems to me right to connect Man. Soghd. p'cr't ‘reward’ with Chr. Soghd. p'erṯy, which he renders also ‘reward’ (para. 674, n. 1), an idea rejected by Henning, (op. cit., p. 77, n. 1)Google Scholar, who accepts the meaning of ‘places’ proposed by Müller, (Soghdische Texte, II, 6, 29)Google Scholar for the context cn sm'ncyq ŝyry p'crty pyd'r ‘for the sake of the heavenly good places’ (or, according to Gershevitch, ‘reward’). Müller considered the form an oblique plural (p'cr-t-y), in which case, if the aleph represents ǎ. (cf. Gershevitch, para. 14), it would be very near the Arm. forms; Henning considered the form an oblique singular of p'crt (pāčard from *pāčkard) from *pati-kṛta-, thus an abbreviation of Man. Soghd. p'ckrṯ used adverbially as ‘in the place of’, like Chr. Soghd. pcrw, which he takes as probably from *patikaram, presumably from *¹kar “make”. With the meaning ‘reward’, ef. Sk. prati-kara- ‘repayment, compensation, reward’; pcrw could have developed a meaning ‘in place of, instead of’ from a basic ‘in return or in compensation for’, cf. Sk. prep, prati (inter alia) ‘in return or as compensation for, instead of or in the place of’ (Monier-Williams).

⁸⁹ Gershevitch, para. 960.

⁹⁰ Pokorny, 648.

⁹¹ Col. i, 9 amenayn imastut'eamb ew hogewor hančarov ⋯ν π⋯σῃ σοϕ⋯γ κα⋯ συν⋯σει πνευματικῇ, RV ‘in all spiritual wisdom and understanding’; used also as ‘opinion, judgement’: I Cor. i, 10 hastatealk' i noyn mils ew i noyn hančar κατηρτισμ⋯νοι ⋯ν τῷ αὐτῷ νοκα⋯ ⋯ν τῇ αὐτῇ γνͽμῃ, RV ‘perfected (Arm. established) together in the same mind and in the same judgement’; also ‘special skill’, the most basic meaning: Job xxxviii, 36 ov et kananc' imastut'iwn ostaynankut'ean kam hančar nkarakertut'ean τ⋯ς δ⋯ ἔδωκε γυναιξ⋯ν ὑϕ⋯σματος σοϕ⋯αν, ἢ ποικιλτικ⋯ν ⋯πιστ⋯μην ‘who gave women wisdom in weaving and skill in embroidery?’(AV, RV represent a different text).

⁹² Deut. i, 15 ars imastuns ew hančarełs ew xorhrdakans ἄνδρας σοϕοὺς κα⋯ ⋯πιστ⋯μονας κα⋯ συνετούς, RV ‘wise and understanding and prudent men’.

⁹³ The verb does not occur in the received text of the Armenian Scriptures, but occurs in a version of 1 Cor. xiii, 11 in a ‘Commentary on the seven General Epistles’ by Nerses Shnorhali and others, cit. NBHL: ibrew ztłay xawsei, ibrew ztłay hančarei (Arm. Vulg. xorhei) ⋯λ⋯λουν ὡς ν⋯πιος, ⋯ϕρ⋯νουν ὡς ν⋯πιος … (the following ⋯λογιζ⋯μην ὡς ν⋯πιος, Arm. Vulg. ibrew ztłay hamarei, is missing in this version, possibly devised ad hoc, from memory).

⁹⁴ Basil, ‘On the birth of Our Lord’: orpēs i zbałumn č'arin i jew aṙnxawsut'ean zkusin hančarec'aw, cit. NBHL, οἱονε⋯ γ⋯ρ μετεωρισμ⋯ς τῷ πονηρῷ τ⋯ σχ⋯μα τ⋯ς περ⋯ τ⋯ν Παρθ⋯νον ⋯πεν⋯ηθη, PG, XXXI, 1464.

⁹⁵ AG, 474–5; cf. the use of mitk' as a near synonym of hančar above, n. 91. Bailey, apud Gershevitch, Asia Major, NS, 11 1, 1951, 139, has pointed to Hübschmann's unnecessary separation of Arm. lwd. čartar ‘skilful, artisan, etc’ from YAv. (fraŝō.)čarǝtar ‘(Neu)gestalter (der Menschheit)’, cf. YAv. fraŝō.kǝrǝtay- ‘Neugestaltung (der Menschheit)’ (Bartholomae, Air. Wb., col. 1008, from *¹kar).

⁹⁶ Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie, no. 1106, p. 247.

⁹⁷ cf. Ossetic æm-baryn from *ham-bar- “comprehendere”, Abaev, , op. cit., I, 135–6Google Scholar.

⁹⁸ Opera et dies, 1. 29