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In a recently published historical work, Nepālko aitihāsih rūp-rekhā (Historical Outline of Nepal) by Bālcandra Śarmā, Banāras 2008 V.S. (═ A.D. 1951/52) the author devotes some space to the meaning of the name Nepal; as he has no faith in the ‘ traditional ’ explanation, and as the alternative which finds favour with him is open to grave misgivings, a re-examination of this problem might not be out of place now.
The first occurrence of the name to which any near date can be assigned is undoubtedly in the posthumous panegyric of Samudragupta, presumed to have been inscribed at the order of his son Candragupta II in the middle of the 4th century A.D., on the rock-pillar of Allāhābād, which cites, among others, the sovereign of Nepāla as a tributary prince:—
page 593 note 1 Fleet, J. F., Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3, p. 8Google Scholar, line 22 of the edict.
page 593 note 2 The which mentions nepāla along with kāmarūpa (Weber, cf, Verzeich. der Hschr. der Kōn. Bibl. Berlin, 1, p. 93Google Scholar) is a comparatively late work and of little relevance for the present example.
page 593 note 3 Lévi, S., Le Népal, Paris, 1922, 2, p. 62.Google Scholar
page 593 note 4 Somadeva, , Kathāsaritsāgara, xii, xxii, v. 3Google Scholar; and , ix, v. 728.
page 593 note 5 xiii, 32.
page 593 note 6 This may be explained in part by naipāla-, -ika, signifying also (a) red arsenic; (b) copper;(c) several spp. of plant, specially Jasminum sambac.
page 593 note 7 Wright, D., (ed.) History of Nepal, Cambridge 1877.Google Scholar
page 593 note 8 Pa∫upati- xxi.
page 593 note 9 Nepāla-māhātmya, xii.
page 593 note 10 Hodgson, B. H., Essays on the Languages, Literature and Religion of Nepál and Tibet, London 1874, p. 51, f.n.Google Scholar
page 593 note 11 Northey, W. Brooke, The Land of the Gurkhas, Cambridge ND, p. 34.Google Scholar
page 593 note 12 op. cit., p. 47.
page 593 note 13 op. cit., II, p. 66.
page 593 note 14 Northey, W. Brooke and Morris, C. J., The Gurkhas, London 1928, p. 144.Google Scholar
page 593 note 15 loc. cit.
page 593 note 16 loc. cit.
page 594 note 1 Tāranātha's Geschichte des Buddhismus in Indien, trs. Schiefner, A., St. Petersburg 1869. pp. 26–27.Google Scholar
page 594 note 2 Lévi, op. cit., II, p. 66.
page 594 note 3 Lassen, Chr, Indische Alterthumskunde, Leipzig 1866, 1, p. 76, f.n.Google Scholar
page 594 note 4 loc. cit.; the transliteration of Nepāli follows T. W. Clark, An Introduction to Nepali (in preparation).
page 594 note 5 loc. cit.
page 594 note 6 op. cit., II, p. 66.
page 594 note 7 Waddell, A. L., ‘Frog-worship amongst the Newars with a note on the etymology of the word Nepal’, Indian Antiquary, 22 (1893), pp. 292–4.Google Scholar
page 595 note 1 I should like to thank Professor W. Simon for his valuable suggestions on this paragraph.
page 595 note 2 This is in fact the case with modern Tibetan loan-words in Nepālī; Turner, cf, Nepali Dictionary, 120. on p. 923.Google Scholar
page 595 note 3 op. cit., I, p. 223 f.n.
page 595 note 4 op. cit., II, p. 68 f.n.
page 595 note 5 op. cit., II, p. 66.
page 595 note 6 ibid.
page 595 note 7 Mahīdhara on xvi, 37:—patanty āpo yatreti nīpo giry-adho- .
page 595 note 8 Chatterji, S. K. cf, Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, Calcutta 1926, §§ 416, 449.Google Scholar
page 596 note 1 It might be tempting to regard nīpa- as an ‘ irregularity ’ in Sanskrit for *ni-apa, *niyapa, and consider the -e- of nepāla- as a Prakrit development of OIA *-ya-, cf. Pkt. veggala, Skt. vy-agra (vide Turner, N.D. s.v. beglo), as vetāla, Lassen's other example of ‘ die gunirte Form ’ may be interpreted as a Prakritism in Sanskrit from vi- + √at ‘ wander ’, extended by -āla-. But this irregularity is only apparent: when one assumes a pre-Skt. *ni + eHp > *ni-Hp > *nip, the first process being brought about by a shift of stress, the ‘ irregularity ’ disappears.
page 596 note 2 Chatterji, op. cit., § 417.
page 596 note 3 Nepali Dictionary, p. 353.
page 596 note 4 Turner, cf, Festschrift Jacobi, p. 36.Google Scholar
page 596 note 5 op. cit., I, pp. 219 sqq.
page 596 note 6 For further details vide Lévi, op. cit., i, pp. 86 sqq.