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² ibid., 23–5.

³ Stroumsa, Sarah, ‘The Barāhima in early Kalām’, JSAI, 6. 1985, 241.Google Scholar

⁴ Kraus, Paul, ‘Beiträge zur islamischen Ketzergeschichte: das Kitāb al-Zumurrud des Ibn al- Rāwandī’, RSO, 14, 1934, 343f.Google Scholar (‘Von den Brahmanen des Ibn al-Rāwandī gibt es keine Brucke zu denen der indischen W rklichkeit.’) See also pp. 356–7, where Kraus suggests reasons why Ibn al-Rāwandī should have chosen the Barāhima as a front for his own views.

⁵ Ess, Josef Van, ‘Ibn ar-Rēwandī, or the making of an image’, Al-Abhāth, 27, 1978-1979, 15–21.Google Scholar

⁶ Ess, Van, ‘Al-Fārabī and Ibn al-Rēwandī’, Hamdard Islamicus, 3/4, 1980, 4.Google Scholar

⁷ ibid., 7.

⁸ ibid., 8.

⁹ Ess, Van, ‘Ibn ar-Rewandī’, 21.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Stroumsa, , ‘The Barāhima’, p.231, n.8.Google Scholar

¹¹ Thomas, David, Anti-Christian polemic in early Islam: Abū 'Īeā al-Warrāq's ‘Against the Trinity’ (Cambridge, 1992), 25Google Scholar.

¹² ibid., 22.

¹³ Pines, Shlomo, ‘Shīՙite terms and conceptions in Juda Halevi's Kuzari’, JSAI, 2, 1980, 220–3.Google Scholar The link from Manu to Adam had been made earlier by A. Christensen; see Lawrence, Bruce B., Shahrastānī on the Indian religions, (Religion and Society, 4, The Hague and Paris, 1976), p.89, n.248.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Stroumsa, , ‘The Barāhima’, 232.Google Scholar

¹⁵ ibid., 234–6.

¹⁶ ibid., 237.

¹⁷ ibid., 237–41.

¹⁸ al-Bāqillānī, Muhammad b. al-Tayyib Abū Bakr, al-Tamhīd fī'l-radd 'alā 'l-mulhida, ed. Khudayri, and Rayda, Abū (Cairo, 1366/1947), 131–40, 140–7;Google Scholar cf. Wansbrough, , The sectarian I milieu (Oxford, 1978), 110–14, 150–4.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Saadya, apud Pines, ‘Shī'ite terms’, 221.Google Scholar

²⁰ al-Bāqillānī, , Tamhīd, 113–14Google Scholar; and see all of 96–114.

²¹ See e.g. Neusner, Jacob, Aphrahat and Judaism (Leiden, 1971).Google Scholar

²² Lawrence, , Shahrastānī, 85.Google Scholar

²³ ibid., 84.

²⁴ ibid., 77; cf. Kraus, , ‘Beiträge’, 337–9Google Scholar. See for this al-Kindī, ('Abd al-Masīḥ b. Isḥāq), EI (2nd ed.), ad ‘Kindī’.Google Scholar

²⁵ Bāqillānī, Tamhīd, 104.3 and 107.20 (Fa-in qālū aw qāla ikhwānu-hum min al-Muՙtazila); 108.8 (al-Barāhima wa'l-Mu'tazila); 110.1 (wa-in qāla al-fariqānī wa-man taba'a-hum), etc. Cf. Lawrence, , Shahrastānī, 88.Google Scholar

²⁶ al-Baghdādī, 'Abd al-Qāhir b. Ṭāhir Abu Manṣūr, Kitāb Uṣul al-dīn (Istanbul, 1346/1928), 154–5.Google Scholar

²⁷ See Schechter, , Some aspects of Rabbinic theology (New York, 1909: repr. 1961), 242–63.Google Scholar

²⁸ For Ibn Ḥazm and Juwaynī, see Lawrence, , Shahrastānī, 96–8.Google Scholar

²⁹ See Lawrence, , Shahrastānī, 90.Google Scholar

³⁰ Lawrence, , Shahrastānī, translation, 38–9;Google Scholar commentary, 90–1.

³¹ al-Bazdawī, Muhammad b. Muḥammad Abū 'l-Yusr, Kitāb Uṣul al-dīn, ed. Linss, Hans Peter (Cairo, 1383/1963), 90–1.Google Scholar

³² See Lawrence, , Shahrastānī, 106–7.Google Scholar

³³ al-Bazdawī, , Kitāb Uṣul al-dīn, 96Google Scholar.

³⁴ Bazdawī's disassociation of the Barāhima from the notion of the denial of prophecy is so deliberate and so odd that it perhaps justifies the following speculation. One of his known sources was Abū Mutī' Makḥul al-Nasafī (an early proponent of the Hanafī-Māturīdī school of theology which was also Bazdawī's—see Bernand, M., ‘Le Kitāb al-Radd 'ala l-bida' d'Abū Mutī Makḥul al-Nasafī’, Annales Islamologiques, 16, 1980, 41–5).Google Scholar The unique manuscript of Nasafī's heresiographical work identifies, under the general heading of the Qadariyya, a group known as the Rāwandiyya. His discussion of that group is just sufficient to link them to the Barāhima, a point already noted by Stroumsa. While discussing this group Nasafī specifies that he has met and debated with the spokesman for the Harābidha of Balkh. But why should the Harābidha of Balkh—the word signals Zoroastrians—be cited in the context of a group who are otherwise identified as Rāwandiyya and Qadariyya? The manuscript (Oxford, Pococke 271) quite clearly reads harābidha, but, dated 847 (A.H.), it is a late exemplar. The possibility of a scribal malformation deriving from an original outline reading barāhima should perhaps be entertained; though nothing more for the moment than that. Entertaining the thought, one merely notes that the group actually existed in Balkh in the fourth century and had a spokesman {mutakallimuhum) who debated with Nasafī.

³⁵ See n.34. I see no problems in the move from Ibrāhīm to either Ibrāhīmī or Barhamī (cf. Abu Ḥanīfa, Ḥanafī), and likewise no problems with the plural form Barāhima (cf. Ḥanafī, Aḥāifa).

³⁶ Lawrence, , Shahrastānī, 90.Google Scholar The work referred to is by Abu '1-Ma'ālī, and can be dated to 485/1092. Later than Ibn Ḥazm, and roughly contemporaneous with Bazdawī, the work reflects what was clearly a widespread confusion.

³⁷ Ibrāhīm, Al-Qāsim b., apud Pines, ‘Shī'ite terms’, 220f.Google Scholar

³⁸ See inter alia Cook, Michael, Muhammad (Oxford, 80–1);Google ScholarNevo, Yehuda and Koren, Judith, ‘The origins of the Muslim descriptions of the Jāhilī Meccan sanctuary’, JNES, 49, 1, 1990, 41f;Google ScholarRubin, Uri, ‘Hanīfiyya and Ka'ba: an inquiry into the Arabian pre-Islamic background of din Ibrāhīm’, JSAI, 13, 1990.Google Scholar

³⁹ See Thomas, , Anti-Christian polemic, 9–30Google Scholar, for a lengthy analysis of Abū 'Īsā's possible religious affiliation; I do not myself find that the arguments that point to ‘distinctly Shrīte sympathies’ (p.22) are all that obvious.

⁴⁰ See Calder, , ‘Tafsīr from Ṭabarī to Ibn Kathīr: problems in the description of a genre’, in Hawting, G. R. and Shareef, A.-K. A. (ed.), Approaches to the Qur՚ān (London, Routledge), 115–27.Google Scholar

⁴¹ This may be implied in the distinctly unclear set of arguments attributed to Abū 'Isā in Muhammad b. Muhammad Abū Manṣur al-Māturīdī, Kitāb al-Tawḥīd, ed. Kholeif, Fathalla (Beirut, 1970), 191–2Google Scholar. See Thomas's, interpretation, Anti-Christian polemic, 28 ad. n. 95Google Scholar.

⁴² Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū ՚l-Faraj ՙAbd al-Raḥmān, Talbīs Iblīs, ed. Isṭambulī, M. M. (Damascus, 1396/1976), 65 and 69–70Google Scholar. Cf. Kraus, , ‘Beiträge’, 342–59.Google Scholar

⁴³ For whom see Nicholson, R. A. on ‘The Perfect Man’ in his Studies in Islamic mysticism (Cambridge, 1921), 77–142.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ al-Gīlānī, ՙAbd al-Karīm b. Ibrāhīm, al-Insān al-Kāmil fī maՙrifat al-awākhir wa'l-awā'il (Cairo, 1368/1949), II, 80.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Wansbrough, , ‘Res ipsa’, 15.Google Scholar