Hostname: page-component-55f67697df-px5tt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-13T10:39:44.198Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A review of control methods and resistance mechanisms in stored-product insects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 November 2011

S. Boyer ,
H. Zhang  and
G. Lempérière
S. Boyer
Affiliation:
Insect Resource Application and Sustainable Pest Control and Institute of Urban Pests, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China CRVOI – Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l'Ocean Indien, 2 rue Maxime Rivière 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Reunion, France MIVEGEC (IRD 224 – CNRS 5290 – Université Montpellier II), IRD, BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, France
H. Zhang*
Affiliation:
Insect Resource Application and Sustainable Pest Control and Institute of Urban Pests, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
G. Lempérière
Affiliation:
CRVOI – Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l'Ocean Indien, 2 rue Maxime Rivière 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Reunion, France
*
*Author for correspondence Fax: 00 262 262 21 66 71 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This review describes the major stored-product insect species and their resistance to insecticides. The economic importance of the control of those pests is highlighted with a loss of more than one billion US dollars per year worldwide. A detailed common description of species resistance throughout the world has been developed, and we observed 28 recurrent studied species involved in resistance cases disseminated on the five continents. The different mechanisms, including behavioral resistance, were studied particularly on Oryzaephilus surinamensis. The role of detoxifying enzymes and studies on the genetic resistance, involving the kdr mutation mechanisms and the transmission of the genes of resistance, are also described. A chapter clarifying definitions on cross and multiple resistance is enclosed.

Keywords

stored-product insectsresistanceinsecticidesreview
Type
Research Paper
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 102 , Issue 2 , April 2012 , pp. 213 - 229
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abdel-Razek, A.S., Salama, H.S., White, N.D.G. & Morris, O.N. (1999) Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on feeding and energy use by Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Canadian Entomologist 131, 433–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ajayi, F.A. & Lale, N.E.S. (2000) Susceptibility of unprotected seeds and seeds of local bambara groundnut cultivars protected with insecticidal essential oils to infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 37, 47–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ali, N. & Turner, B. (2001) Allozyme polymorphism and variability in permethrin tolerance in British populations of the parthenogenetic stored product pest Liposcelis bostrychophila (Liposcelididae, Psocoptera). Journal of Stored Products Research 37, 111–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appleby, J.H. & Credland, P.F. (2004) Environmental conditions affect the response of West African Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) populations to susceptible and resistant cowpeas. Journal of Stored Products Research 40, 269–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Araujo, R.A., Williamson, M.S., Bass, C., Field, L.M. & Duce, I.R. (2011) Pyrethroid resistance in Sitophilus zeamais is associated with a mutation (T929I) in the voltage-gated sodium channel. Insect Molecular Biology 4, 437–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur, F.H. (1994) Cyfluthrin applied with and without piperonyl butoxide and piperonyl butoxide plus chlorpyrifos-methyl for protection of stored wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 87, 1707–1713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur, F.H. (1996) Grain protectants: Current status and prospects for the future. Journal of Stored Products Research 32, 293–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Assie, L.K., Francis, F., Gengler, N. & Haubruge, E. (2007) Response and genetic analysis of malathion-specific resistant Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in relation to population density. Journal of Stored Products Research 43, 33–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Athanassiou, C.G., Kavallieratos, N.G. & Andris, N.S. (2004) Insecticidal effect of three diatomaceous earth formulations agains adults of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on oat, rye, and triticale. Journal of Economic Entomology 97, 2160–2167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Athanassiou, C.G., Kavallieratos, N.G., Economou, L.P., Dimizas, C.B., Vayias, B.J., Tomanovic, S. & Milutinovic, M. (2005) Persistence and efficacy of three diatomaceous earth formulations against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on wheat and barley. Journal of Economic Entomology 98, 1404–1412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Athanassiou, C.G., Kavallieratos, N.G. & Trematerra, P. (2006) Responses of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to traps baited with pheromones and food volatiles. European Journal of Entomology 103, 371–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Athanassiou, C.G., Palyvos, N.E. & Kakoull-Duarte, T. (2008) Insecticidal effect of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Nematoda : Steinernematidae) against Tribolium confusum du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in stored wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research 44, 52–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Athie, I., Gomes, R.A.R., Bolonhezi, S., Valentini, S.R.T. & De Castro, M.F.P.M. (1998) Effects of carbon dioxide and phosphine mixtures on resistant populations of stored-grain insects. Journal of Stored Products Research 34, 27–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayalew, G. (2011) Effect of the insect growth regulator novaluron on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and its indigenous parasitoids. Crop Protection 30, 1087–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, M.D., Moores, G.D., Tatchell, G.M., Vice, W.E. & Denholm, I. (1999) Insecticide resistance in the currant-lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the UK. Bulletin of Entomological Research 89, 17–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barson, G., Fleming, D.A. & Allan, E. (1992) Laboratory assessment of the behavioural responses of residual populations of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) to the contact insecticide pirimiphos-methyl by linear logistic modelling. Journal of Stored Products Research 28, 161–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckett, S.J., Evans, D.E. & Morton, R. (1996) A comparison of the demographies of pesticide susceptible and resistant strains of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) on kibbled wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research 32, 141–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beeman, R.W. (1983) Inheritance and linkage of malathion resistance in the red flour beetle. Journal of Economic Entomology 76, 737–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beeman, R.W. & Nanis, S.M. (1986) Malathion resistance alleles and their fitness in the red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 79, 580–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beeman, R.W. & Stuart, J.J. (1990) A gene for lindane + cyclodiene resistance in the red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 83, 1745–1751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, C.H. & Wilson, S.M. (1995) Phosphine tolerance and resistance in Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 31, 199–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengston, M., Desmarchelier, J.M., Hayward, B., Henning, R., Moulden, J.H., Noble, R.M., Smith, G., Snelson, J.T., Sticka, R., Thomas, D., Wallbank, B.E. & Webley, D.J. (1987) Synergized cyfluthrin and cypermethrin as grain protectants on bulk wheat. Pesticide Science 21, 23–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benhalima, H., Chaudhry, M.Q., Mills, K.A. & Price, N.R. (2004) Phosphine resistance in stored-product insects collected from various grain storage facilities in Morocco. Journal of Stored Products Research 40, 241–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, W.C. & Vontas, J.G. (2007) Affordable assays for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms in insects. Insect Molecular Biology 16, 377–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, E.J. & Buckland, C.T. (1979) Development of resistance to carbon dioxide in the granary weevil. Journal of Economic Entomology 7, 770–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, S., David, J., Rey, D., Lemperière, G. & Ravanel, P. (2006) Response of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae to three xenobiotic exposures: larval tolerance and detoxifying enzyme activities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 470–476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyer, S., Tilquin, M. & Ravanel, P. (2007) Differential sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and temephos in field mosquito populations of Ochlerotatus cataphylla (Diptera: Culicidae): Toward resistance? Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26, 157–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brattsten, L.B., Wilkinson, C.F. & Eisner, T. (1977) Herbivore-plant interactions: Mixed-function oxidases and secondary plant substances. Science 196, 1349–1352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, P.M. (2010) Comparison of the mitochondrial proteomes of phosphine-susceptible and -resistant Tribolium castaneum. Journal of Stored Products Research 46, 197–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Champ, B.R. & Dyte, C.E. (1977) FAO Global survey of pesticide susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 25, 49–67.Google Scholar
Chapman, R.B. & Penman, D.R. (1979) Negatively correlated cross-resistance to a synthetic pyrethroid in organo-phosphorus-resistant Tetranychus urticae. Nature 281, 298–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaudhry, M.Q. (2000) Phosphine resistance: a growing threat to an ideal fumigant. Pesticide Outlook 6, 88–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaudhry, M.Q., Bell, H.A., Savvidou, N. & MacNicoll, A.D. (2004) Effect of low temperatures on the rate of respiration and uptake of phosphine in different life stages of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (F.). Journal of Stored Products Research 40, 125–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, P.J. (1998) Inheritance of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Journal of Stored Products Research 34, 395–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, P.J., Rose, H.A. & Wegecsanyi, M. (1992) Enzyme activity in strains of the sawtoothed grain beetle (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) differentially resistant to fenitrothion, malathion, and chlorpyrifos-methyl. Journal of Economic Entomology 85, 1571–1575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Bengston, M., Lambkin, T.M. & Pavic, H. (2002) Genetics of resistance to phosphine in Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 95, 862–869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, P.J., Daglish, , Pavic, H. & Kopittke, R.A. (2005) Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 373–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daglish, G.J. (2008) Impact of resistance on the efficacy of binary combinations of spinosad, chlorpyrifos-methyl and s-methoprene against five stored-grain beetles. Journal of Stored Products Research 44, 71–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daglish, G.J., Eelkema, M. & Harrison, L.M. (1995) Chlorpyrifos-methyl plus either methoprene or synergized phenothrin for control of Coleoptera in maize in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Stored Products Research 31, 235–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dansi, L., Van Velson, F.L., Vander, & Heuden, C.A. (1984) Methyl bromide: carcinogenic effects in the rat fore stomach. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 72, 262–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, J., Boyer, S., Mesneau, A., Ball, A., Ranson, H. & Dauphin-Villemant, C. (2006) Involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the response of mosquito larvae to dietary plant xenobiotics. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 36, 410–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ding, W., Wang, J., Zhao, Z. & Tsai, J.H. (2002) Effects of controlled atmosphere and DDVP on population growth and resistance development by the psocid, Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). Journal of Stored Products Research 38, 229–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donahaye, E. (1990a) Laboratory selection of resistance by the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), to a carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere. Phytoparasitica 18, 299–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donahaye, E. (1990b) The potential for stored-product insects to develop resistance to modified atmosphere. pp. 989–996 in Proceedings of the Fifth International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection. 9–14 September 1990, Bordeaux, France.Google Scholar
Donahaye, E. (1990c) Laboratory selection of resistance by the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), to an atmosphere of low oxygen concentration. Phytoparasitica 18, 189–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donahaye, E.J. & Navarro, S. (2000) Comparisons of energy reserves among strains of Tribolium castaneum selected for resistance to hypoxia and hypercarbia, and the unselected strain. Journal of Stored Products Research 36, 223–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dyte, C.E. & Rowlands, D.G. (1968) The metabolism and synergism of malathion in resistant and susceptible strains of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 4, 157–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (1975) FAO method No. 16. Recommended methods for the detection and measurement of resistance of agricultural pests to pesticides. Tentative method for adults of some major beetle pests of stored cereals with methyl bromide and phosphine. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 23, 12–24.Google Scholar
Fang, L., Subramanyam, B. & Arthur, F.H. (2002a) Effectiveness of spinosad on four classes of wheat against five stored-product insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 95, 640–650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fang, L., Subramanyam, B. & Dolder, S. (2002b) Persistence and efficacy of spinosad residues in farm stored wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 95, 1102–1109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fragoso, D.B., Guedes, R.N.C. & Rezende, S.T. (2003) Glutathione S-transferase detoxification as a potential pyrethroid resistance mechanism in the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 109, 21–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fragoso, D.B., Guedes, R.N.C. & Peternelli, L.A. (2005) Developmental rates and population growth of insecticide-resistant and susceptible populations of Sitophilus zeamais. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 271–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fragoso, D.B., Guedes, R.N.C., Goreti, A. & Oliveira, M. (2007) Partial characterization of glutathione S-transferases in pyrethroid-resistant and -susceptible populations of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais. Journal of Stored Products Research 43, 167–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georghiou, G.P. (1990) Overview of Insecticide Resistance. ACS Symposium Series 421, 18–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, D.F. & Matsumura, F. (1989) Glutathione S-Transferase 1 and 2 in susceptible and insecticide resistant Aede aegypti. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 33, 132–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudrups, I., Floyd, S., Kling, J.G., Bosque-Perez, N.A. & Orchard, J.E. (2001) A comparison of two methods of assessment of maize varietal resistance to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, and the influence of kernel hardness and size on susceptibility. Journal of Stored Products Research 37, 287–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guedes, R.N.C. & Zhu, K.Y. (1998) Characterization of malathion resistance in a Mexican population of Rhyzopertha dominica. Pesticide Science 53, 15–20.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guedes, R.N.C., Lima, J.O.G., Santos, J.P. & Cruz, C.D. (1994) Inheritance of deltamethrin resistance in a Brazilian strain of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Mots). International Journal of Pest Management 40, 103–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guedes, R.N.C., Lima, J.G., Santos, J.P. & Cruz, C.D. (1995) Resistance to DDT and pyrethroids in Brazilian populations of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 31, 145–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guedes, R.N.C., Kambhampati, S., Dover, B.A. & Zhu, K.Y. (1997) Biochemical mechanisms of organophosphate resistance in Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) from the United States and Brazil. Bulletin of Entomological Research 87, 581–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guedes, R.N.C., Oliveira, E.E., Guedes, N.M.P., Ribeiro, B. & Serrao, J.E. (2006) Cost and mitigation of insecticide resistance in the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais. Physiological Entomology 31, 30–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guerrero, F.D., Pruett, J.H., Kunz, S.E. & Kammlah, D.M. (1999) Esterase profiles of diazinon-susceptible and -resistant horn flies (Diptera : Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 92, 286–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunderson, C.A., Samuelian, J.H., Evans, C.K. & Brattsten, L.B. (1985) Effects of the mint monoterpene pulegone on Spodoptera eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environmental Entomology 14, 859–863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunning, R., Moores, G.D. & Devonshire, A.L. (1999) Esterase inhibitors synergise the toxicity of pyrethroids in Australian Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 63, 50–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, C.P. (2000) IPM for food storage in developing countries: 20th century aspirations for the 21st century. Crop Protection 19, 825–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, D., Harris, A.H. & Taylor, R.W.D. (1983) Recent developments in the use of phosphine as a fumigant for grains and other durable agricultural produce. Chemistry and Industry 20 June, 468–471.Google Scholar
Harein, P.K. & Davis, R. (1992) Control of stored-grain insects. pp. 492–534in Sauer, D.B. (Ed.) Storage of Cereal Grains and their Products. St Paul, MN, USA, American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc.Google Scholar
Harwood, S.H., Moldenke, A.F. & Berry, R.E. (1990) Toxicity of monoterpenes to the variegated cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 83, 1761–1767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haubruge, E., Arnaud, L. & Mignon, J. (1997) The impact of sperm precedence in malathion resistance transmission in populations of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 33, 143–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemingway, J. & Ranson, H. (2000) Insecticide resistance in insect vectors of human disease. Annual Review of Entomology 45, 369–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemingway, J., Karunaratne, S.H.P.P. & Claridge, M.F. (1999a) Insecticide resistance spectrum and underlying resistance mechanisms in tropical populations of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) collected from rice and the wild grass Leersia hexandra. International Journal of Pest Management 45, 215–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemingway, J., Miller, J. & Mumcuoglu, K.Y. (1999b) Pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel: implications for control. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 13, 89–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herron, G.A., Clift, A.D., White, G.G. & Greening, H.G. (1996) Relationships between insecticide use, grain hygiene and insecticide resistance in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) on grain-producing farms. Journal of Stored Products Research 32, 131–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertlein, M.B., Thompson, G.D., Subramanyam, B. & Athanassiou, C. (2011) Spinosad: A new natural product for stored grain protection. Journal of Stored Products Research 47, 131–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillesheim, E., Ritter, W. & Bassand, D. (1996) First data on resistance mechanisms of Varroa jacobsoni (Oud) against tau-fluvalinate. Experimental and Applied Acarology 20, 283–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiroi, T., Miyazaki, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Imaoka, S. & Funae, Y. (1995) Induction of hepatic P450s in rat by essential wood and leaf oils. Xenobiotica 25, 457–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, S.H. & Winks, R.G. (1995) The response of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein) (Psocoptera) to Phosphine. Journal of Stored Products Research 31, 191–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, F.N. & Subramanyam, B. (2004) Behavioral and reproductive effects of ultrasound on the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 113, 157–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishaaya, I. (2001) Biochemical Sites of Insecticide Action and Resistance. Berlin, Germany, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, H.B., Wang, J.J., Liu, G.Y. & Dou, W. (2008) Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a novel P450 gene encoding CYP345D3 from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Journal of Insect Science 8, 55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, H.B., Tang, P.A., Xu, Y.Q., An, F.M. & Wang, J.J. (2010) Molecular characterization of two novel deltamethrin-inducible P450 genes from Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). Archives in Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 74, 17–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kasai, S., Ng, L.C., Lam-Phua, S.G., Tang, C.S., Itokawa, K., Komagata, O., Kobayashi, M. & Tomita, T. (2011) First detection of a putative knockdown resistance gene in major mosquito vector, Aedes albopictus. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 64, 217–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashi, K.P. (1981) Controlling pests in stored grain with carbon dioxide. Span 24, 69–71.Google Scholar
Ke, D. & Kader, A.A. (1992) Potential of controlled atmospheres for postharvest insect disinfestation of fruits and vegetables. Postharvest News and Information 3, 31–37.Google Scholar
Kljajic, P. & Peric, I. (2006) Susceptibility to contact insecticides of granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) originating from different locations in the former Yugoslavia. Journal of Stored Products Research 42, 149–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kljajic, P. & Peric, I. (2007) Altered susceptibility of granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations to insecticides after selection with pirimiphos-methyl and deltamethrin. Journal of Stored Products Research 43, 134–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kljajic, P., Andric, G. & Peric, I. (2009) Impact of short-term heat pre-treatment at 50 degrees C on the toxicity of contact insecticides to adults of three Sitophilus granarius (L.) populations. Journal of Stored Products Research 45, 272–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korytko, P.J. & Scott, J.G. (1998) CYP6D1 protects thoracic ganglia of houseflies from the neurotoxic insecticide cypermethrin. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 37, 57–63.3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kostaropoulos, I., Papadopoulos, A.I., Metaxakis, A., Boukouvala, E. & Papadopoulou-Mourkidou, E. (2001) Glutathione S-transferase in the defence against pyrethroids in insects. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 31, 313–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kranthi, K.R., Armes, N.J., Rao, N.G.V., Raj, S. & Sundaramurthy, V.T. (1997) Seasonal dynamics of metabolic mechanisms mediating pyrethroid resistance in Helicoverpa armigera in central India. Pesticide Science 50, 91–98.3.0.CO;2-X>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lale, N.E.S. & Abdulrahman, H.T. (1999) Evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed oil obtained by different methods and neem powder for the management of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in stored cowpea. Journal of Stored Products Research 35, 135–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lale, N.E.S. & Mustapha, A. (2000) Potential of combining neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed oil with varietal resistance for the management of the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Journal of Stored Products Research 36, 215–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laudani, H. & Swank, G.R. (1954) A laboratory apparatus for determining repellency of pyrethrum when applied to grain. Journal of Economic Entomology 47, 1104–1107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C.E. (2002a) Evolutionary genetics of invasive species. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17, 386–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C.Y., Hemingway, J., Yap, H.H. & Chong, N.L. (2000a) Biochemical characterization of insecticide resistance in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, from Malaysia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 14, 11–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S. (2002b) Biochemical mechanisms conferring cross-resistance to fumigant toxicities of essential oils in a chlorpyrifos-methyl resistant strain of Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 38, 157–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S. & Clark, J.M. (1996) Tissue distribution and biochemical characterization of carboxylesterases associated with permethrin resistance in a near isogenic strain of Colorado potato beetle. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 56, 208–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S.E., Choi, W.S., Lee, H.S. & Park, B.S. (2000b) Cross-resistance of a chlorpyrifos-methyl resistant strain of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) to fumigant toxicity of essential oil extracted from Eucalyptus globulus and its major monoterpene, 1,8-cineole. Journal of Stored Products Research 36, 383–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S.H. & Clark, J.M. (1998) Permethrin carboxylesterase functions as nonspecific sequestration proteins in the hemolymph of Colorado potato beetle. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 62, 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S.H. & Clark, S.M. (1999) Antibody capture immunoassay for the detection of permethrin carboxylesterase in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 64, 66–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leong, E.C.W. & Ho, S.H. (1994) Relative tolerance of Liposcelis bostrychophila (Bad) and L. entomophila (End) to some organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Insect Science and Its Application 15, 343–349.Google Scholar
Leong, E.C.W. & Ho, S.H. (1995) In-vitro inhibition of esterase-activity in Liposcelis bostrychophila Bad and L. entomophila (End) (Psocoptera, Liposcelididae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 110, 121–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, X.C., Schuler, M.A. & Berenbaum, M.R. (2007) Molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to synthetic and natural xenobiotics. Annual Review of Entomology 52, 231–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorini, I. & Galley, D.J. (1998) Relative effectiveness of topical, filter paper and grain applications of deltamethrin, and associated behaviour of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) strains. Journal of Stored Products Research 34, 377–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorini, I. & Galley, D.J. (1999) Deltamethrin resistance in Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), a pest of stored grain in Brazil. Journal of Stored Products Research 35, 37–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez-Torres, D., Chandre, F., Williamson, M.S., Darriet, F., Bergé, J.B., Devonshire, A.L., Guillet, P., Pasteur, N. & Pauron, D. (1998) Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. Insect Molecular and Biology 7, 179–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mbata, G.N., Phillips, T.W. & Payton, M.E. (2009) Effects of cowpea varietal susceptibility and low pressure on the mortality of life stages of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 45, 232–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meikle, W.G., Adda, C., Azoma, K., Borgemeister, C., Degbey, P., Djomamou, B. & Markham, R.H. (1998) The effects of maize variety on the density of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in post-harvest stores in Benin Republic. Journal of Stored Products Research 34, 45–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, K.A. (1983) Resistance to the fumigant hydrogen phosphide in some stored-product species associated with repeated inadequate treatments. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie 4, 98–101.Google Scholar
Monro, H.A.U. (1964) Insect resistance to fumigants. Pest Control 32, 1–4.Google Scholar
Moores, G.D., Denholm, I. & Devonshire, A.L. (1998) Association between biochemical markers and insecticide resistance in the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 62, 164–171.Google Scholar
Navarro, S., Carmi, Y., Kashanchi, Y. & Shaaya, E. (1986) Malathion resistance of stored-product insects in Israel. Phytoparasitica 14, 273–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ofuya, T.I. & Credland, P.F. (1995) Responses of three populations of the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), to seed resistance in selected varieties of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Journal of Stored Products Research 31, 17–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppert, B., Ellis, R.T. & Babcock, J. (2010) Effects of Cry1F and Cry34Ab1/35Ab1 on storage pests. Journal of Stored Products Research 46, 143–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papachristos, D.P. & Stamopoulos, D.C. (2003) Selection of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) for resistance to lavender essential oil vapour. Journal of Stored Products Research 39, 433–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, N.J. & Kamble, S.T. (1998) Comparison of esterases between life stages and sexes of resistant and susceptible strains of German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 91, 1051–1057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkin, E.A. (1956) Stored Product Entomology. Annual Review of Entomology 1, 223–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perez-Mendoza, J. (1999) Survey of insecticide resistance in Mexican populations of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 35, 107–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, T.W. & Throne, J.E. (2010) Biorational approaches to managing stored-product insects. Annual Review of Entomology 55, 375–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pimentel, M.A.G., Faroni, L.R.D., Guedes, R.N.C., Sousa, A.H. & Totola, M.R. (2009) Phosphine resistance in Brazilian populations of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 45, 71–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prabhakaran, S.K. & Kamble, S.T. (1996) Biochemical characterization and purification of esterases from three strains of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Archives in Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 31, 73–86.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prates, H.T., Santos, J.P., Waquil, J.M., Fabris, J.D., Oliveira, A.B. & Foster, J.E. (1998) Insecticidal activity of monoterpenes against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Journal of Stored Products Research 34, 243–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, S.J. (2003) A new measure of uptake: desorption of unreacted phosphine from susceptible and resistant strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 39, 507–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, S.J. & Reuss, R. (2004) Scrubbing carbon dioxide prevents overestimation of insect mortality in long-duration static phosphine toxicity assays. Journal of Stored Products Research 40, 233–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raffa, K.F. & Priester, T.M. (1985) Synergists as research tools and control agents in agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 2, 27–45.Google Scholar
Rajendran, S. & Muralidharan, N. (2001) Performance of phosphine in fumigation of bagged paddy rice in indoor and outdoor stores. Journal of Stored Products Research 37, 351–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regnault-Roger, C., Hamraoui, A., Holeman, M., Theron, E. & Pinel, R. (1993) Insecticidal effect of essential oils from mediterranean plants upon Acanthoscelides Obtectus say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), a pest of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Chemical Ecology 19, 1233–1244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribeiro, B.M., Guedes, R.N.C., Oliveira, E.E. & Santos, J.P. (2003) Insecticide resistance and synergism in Brazilian populations of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 39, 21–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, P.J. & Coats, J.R. (1994a) Insecticidal properties of monoterpenoid derivatives to the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Pesticide Science 41, 195–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, P.J. & Coats, J.R. (1994b) Insecticidal properties of several monoterpenoids to the house fly (Diptera, Muscidae), red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 87, 1172–1179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rigaux, M., Haubruge, E. & Fields, P.G. (2001) Mechanisms for tolerance to diatomaceous earth between strains of Tribolium castaneum. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 101, 33–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, M.F. & Byrne, O. (1988) Plant-Insect coevolution and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Journal of Chemical Ecology 14, 1965–1975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saim, N. & Meloan, C.E. (1986) Compounds from leaves of bay (Laurus nobilis L.) as repellents for Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) when added to wheat flour. Journal of Stored Products Research 22, 141–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawicki, R.M. & Denholm, I. (1984) Adaptation of Insects to Insecticides. Ciba Foundation Symposia 102, 152–162.Google ScholarPubMed
Saxena, R.C., Dixit, D.P. & Harshan, V. (1992) Insecticidal action of Lantana camara against Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 28, 279–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scharf, M.E., Hemingway, J., Reid, B.L., Small, G.J. & Bennett, G.W. (1996) Toxicological and biochemical characterization of insecticide resistance in a field-collected strain of Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 89, 322–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scharf, M.E., Hemingway, J., Small, G.J. & Bennett, G.W. (1997) Examination of esterases from insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 27, 489–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlipalius, D.I., Cheng, Q., Reilly, P.E.B., Collins, P.J. & Ebert, P.R. (2002) Genetic linkage analysis of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica identifies two loci that confer high-level resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Genetics 161, 773–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmale, I., Wackers, F.L., Cardona, C. & Dorn, S. (2003) Combining parasitoids and plant resistance for the control of the bruchid Acanthoscelides obtectus in stored beans. Journal of Stored Products Research 39, 401–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaaya, E., Ravid, U., Paster, N., Juven, B., Zisman, U. & Pissarev, V. (1991) Fumigant toxicity of essential oils against 4 major stored-product insects. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17, 499–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaaya, E., Kostjukovski, M., Eilberg, J. & Sukprakarn, C. (1997) Plant oils as fumigants and contact insecticides for the control of stored-product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research 33, 7–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silim Nahdy, M., Silim, S.N. & Ellis, R.H. (1999) Some aspects of pod characteristics predisposing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) to infestation by Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). Journal of Stored Products Research 35, 47–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soares, E.L., Freitas, C.D.T., Oliveira, J.S., Sousa, P.A.S., Sales, M.P., Barreto-Soderland, D.M. & Bloomquist, J.R. (1990) Molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance. pp. 58–96in Rousch, R.T. & Tabashnik, B.E. (Eds) Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods. NY, USA, Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Soares, E.L., Freitas, C.D.T., Oliveira, J.S., Sousa, P.A.S., Sales, M.P., Barreto-Filho, J.D.M., Bandeira, G.P. & Ramos, M.V. (2007) Characterization and insecticidal properties of globulins and albumins from Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemao) Ducke seeds towards Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 43, 459–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soderstrom, E.L., Brandl, D.G. & Mackey, B.E. (1990) Responses of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) life stages to high carbon dioxide or low oxygen atmospheres. Journal of Economic Entomology 83, 472–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sousa, A.H., Faroni, L.R.D., Pimentel, M.A.G. & Guedes, R.N.C. (2009) Developmental and population growth rates of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of stored-product insect pests. Journal of Stored Products Research 45, 241–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southwell, I.A., Maddox, C.D.A. & Zalucki, M.P. (1995) Metabolism of 1,8-cineole in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia and Melaleuca linariifolia) by pyrgo beetle (Paropsisterna tigrina). Journal of Chemical Ecology 21, 439–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sparks, T.C., Lockwood, J.A., Byford, R.L., Graves, J.B. & Leonard, B.R. (1989) The role of behaviour in insecticide resistance. Pesticide Science 26, 383–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srivastava, J.L. (1980) Pesticide residue in food grains and pest resistance to pesticides. Bulletin of Grain Technology 18, 65–76.Google Scholar
Stamopoulos, D.C. (1991) Effects of four essential oil vapours on the oviposition and fecundity of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae): laboratory evaluation. Journal of Stored Products Research 27, 199–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subramanyam, B., Harein, P.K. & Cutkomp, L.K. (1989) Organo-Phosphate resistance in adults of red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and sawtoothed grain beetle (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) infesting barley stored on farms in Minnesota. Journal of Economic Entomology 82, 989–995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Throne, J.E., Doehlert, D.C. & McMullen, M.S. (2003) Susceptibility of commercial oat cultivars to Cryptolestes pusillus and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. Journal of Stored Products Research 39, 213–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toews, M.D., Campbell, J.F. & Arthur, F.H. (2005) Monitoring Tribolium castaneum (Coleptera: Tenebrionidae) in pilot-scale warehouses treated with residual applications of (S)-hydroprenre and cyfluthrin. Journal of Economic Entomology 98, 1391–1398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trematerra, P. & Pavan, G. (1995) Ultrasound production in the courtship behavior of Ephestia cautella (Walk), E. kuehniella and Plodia interpunctella (HB) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 31, 43–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tripathi, A., Prajapati, V., Aggarwal, K. & Kumar, S. (2001) Toxicity, feeding deterrence, and effect of activity of 1,8-cineole from Artemisia annua on progeny production of Tribolium castanaeum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 94, 979–983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tripathi, A., Prajapati, V., Aggarwal, K., Khanuja, S. & Kumar, S. (2000) Repellency and toxicity of oil from Artemisia annua to certain stored-product beetles. Journal of Economic Entomology 93, 43–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tripathi, A., Prajapati, V., Khanuja, S. & Kumar, S. (2003) Effect of d-limonene on three stored-product beetles. Journal of Economic Entomology 96, 990–995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tripathi, A., Prajapati, V., Ahmad, A., Aggarwal, K. & Khanuja, S. (2004) Piperitenone oxide as toxic, repellent, and reproduction retardant toward malarial vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera : Anophelinae). Journal of Medical Entomology 41, 691–698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tubiello, F.N., Soussana, J.F. & Howden, S.M. (2007) Crop and pasture response to climate change. PNAS U.S.A. 104, 19686–19690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, B.D., Maude-Roxby, H. & Pike, V. (1991) Control of the domestic insect pest Liposcelis bostrychophila (Badonnel) (Psocoptera): an experimental evaluation of the efficiency of some insecticides. International Pest Control 33, 153–157.Google Scholar
Tyler, P.S., Taylor, R.W.D. & Rees, D.P. (1983) Insect resistance to phosphine fumigation in food warehouses in Bangladesh. International Pest Control 25, 10–13.Google Scholar
Upitis, R., Monro, H.A.U. & Bond, E.J. (1973) Some aspects of inheritance of tolerance to methyl bromide by Sitophilus granarius (L.). Journal of Stored Products Research 9, 13–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velten, G., Rott, A.S., Cardona, C. & Dorn, S. (2007) The inhibitory effect of the natural seed storage protein arcelin on the development of Acanthoscelides obtectus. Journal of Stored Products Research 43, 550–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vontas, J.G., Small, G.J. & Hemingway, J. (2001) Glutathione S-transferases as antioxidant defence agents confer pyrethroid resistance in Nilaparvata lugens. Biochemical Journal 357, 65–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, D., Collins, P.J. & Gao, X. (2006) Optimising indoor phosphine fumigation of paddy rice bag-stacks under sheeting for control of resistant insects. Journal of Stored Products Research 42, 207–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J., Zhao, Z. & Tsai, J.H. (2000) Resistance and some enzyme activities in Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) in relation to carbon dioxide enriched atmospheres. Journal of Stored Products Research 36, 297–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, S., Yin, X., Tang, J. & Hansen, J.D. (2004) Thermal resistance of different life stages of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 40, 565–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, S., Johnson, J.A., Tang, J. & Yin, X. (2005) Heating condition effects on thermal resistance of fifth-instar Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 469–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, E. & Barson, G. (1996) A laboratory assessment of the behavioural responses of three strains of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) to three insecticides and the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Journal of Stored Products Research 32, 59–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welling, W. & De Vries, J.W. (1985) Synergism of organophosphorus insecticides by diethylmaleate and related compounds in house flies. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 23, 358–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, N.D.G. & Bell, R.J. (1988) Inheritance of malathion resistance in a strain of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and effects of resistance genotypes on fecundity and larval survival in malathion treated wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 81, 381–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, N.D.G. & Bell, R.J. (1990) Relative fitness of a malathion-resistant strain of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) when development and oviposition occur in malathion treated and untreated wheat kernels. Journal of Stored Products Research 26, 23–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiting, D.C., Foster, S.P., Heuvel, J. & van den Maindonald, J.H. (1992) Comparative mortality responses of four tortricid (Lepidoptera) species to a low oxygen-controlled atmosphere. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 2305–2309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wildey, K.B. (1987) Repellency of insecticide formulations to Rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium casfaneum). pp. 187–196in Lawson, T.J. (Ed.) Stored Products Pest Control. Proceedings of the Symposium of the British Crop Protection Council, Reading, UK.Google Scholar
Wool, D. & Front, L. (2003) Esterase variation in Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): genetic analysis of interstrain crosses in relation to malathion resistance. Journal of Stored Products Research 39, 237–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, D.X., Scharf, M.E., Neal, J.J., Suiter, D.R. & Bennett, G.W. (1998) Mechanisms of fenvalerate resistance in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 61, 53–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, X., Wang, S., Tang, J. & Hansen, J.D. (2006) Thermal resistance of fifth-instar Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as affected by pretreatment conditioning. Journal of Stored Products Research 42, 75–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, S.J. (1996) Insect glutathione S-Transferases. Zoological Studies 35, 9–19.Google Scholar
Yu, S.J. (2002) Biochemical characteristics of microsomal and cytosolic glutathione S-transferases in larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Pesticide Biochemistry and physiology 72, 100–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, S.J. & Nguyen, S.N. (1996) Insecticide susceptibility and detoxication enzyme activities in permethrin-selected diamondback moths. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 56, 69–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zettler, J.L. (1990) Phosphine resistance in stored product insects in the United States. pp. 1041–1049 in Proceedings of the Fifth International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection. 9–14 September 1990, Bordeaux, France.Google Scholar