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Molecular markers in entomology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

H.D. Loxdale  and
G. Lushai
H.D. Loxdale*
Affiliation:
Entomology and Nematology Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
G. Lushai
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, Biodiversity and Ecology Division, Southampton University, Basset Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK
*
*Fax: 01582 760981 E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

A diverse range of novel molecular (DNA) markers are now available for entomological investigations. Both DNA and protein markers have revolutionized the biological sciences and have enhanced many fields of study, especially ecology. Relative to DNA markers, allozymes are cheap, often much quicker to isolate and develop, even from minute insects (aphids, thrips, parasitic wasps, etc.), and subsequently easy to use. They display single or multi-locus banding patterns of a generally easily interpretable Mendelian nature, and the statistics for their analysis are well established. DNA markers are also suitable for use with small amounts of insect material and can be used with stored, dry or old samples. They have an expanding range of applications, many involving intra- and interspecific discriminations. Like allozymes, they can be single or multilocus, whilst methods for their statistical analysis have recently been published. However, they can be considerably more expensive than allozymes, require more complex preparatory protocols, expensive equipment, may involve lengthy development procedures (e.g. isolating cloned oligonucleotides to develop primers to detect microsatellite regions) and some have complex multi-locus banding patterns which may be of a non-Mendelian nature (e.g. RAPDs, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA), and are in some cases, not easily repeatable. In this review, we hope to inform the general reader about the methodology and scope of the main molecular markers commonly in use, along with brief details of some other techniques which show great promise for entomological studies. Thereafter, we discuss their applications including suitability for particular studies, the methods used to load and run samples, subsequent band detection, band scoring and interpretation, the reliability of particular techniques, the issues of safety involved, cost effectiveness and the statistical analyses utilized.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 88 , Issue 6 , December 1998 , pp. 577 - 600
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1998

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