Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T18:31:26.009Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Encarsia species (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of Australia and the Pacific Islands attacking Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) – a pictorial key and descriptions of four new species

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

S. Schmidt ,
I.D. Naumann  and
P.J. De Barro
S. Schmidt*
Affiliation:
Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
I.D. Naumann
Affiliation:
Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
P.J. De Barro
Affiliation:
CSIRO Entomology, PB 3, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia
*
*Fax: +61 (0)2 6246 4264 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

After the recent introduction of the pest whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B into Australia, research was undertaken to study the parasitoids of the long established native B. tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). The genus Encarsia species which are important biological control agents of whiteflies and hard scales. The taxonomy of the Encarsia species attacking B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum in Australia and the Pacific Islands is revised. DNA sequencing of the 28S D2 ribosomal DNA was used characterize species. Sixteen species are recognized, with 12 occurring in Australia, eight in the Pacific region, and four in both regions. All except one species (E. formosa Gahan) are new records for Australia. Four species are described as new from Australia: E. accenta & Naumann sp. n., E. adusta Schmidt & Naumann sp. n., E. oakeyensis Schmidt & Naumann sp. n., and E. ustulata Schmidt & Naumann sp. n. Diagnostic descriptions are given for all species and each species is illustrated. pictorial key is provided to allow the identification of species by non-specialists.

Type
Research Article
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 91 , Issue 5 , October 2001 , pp. 369 - 387
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ashmead, W.H. (1904) New generic names in the Chalcidoidea. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 6, 126.Google Scholar
Azim, M.N. & Shafee, S.A. (1980) Indian species of the genus Trichaporus Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 76, 335–338.Google Scholar
Babcock, C.S. & Heraty, J.M. (2000) Molecular markers distinguishing Encarsia formosa and Encarsia luteola (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93, 738–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babcock, C.S., Heraty, J.M., De Barro, P.J., Driver, F. & Schmidt, S. (2001) Preliminary phylogeny of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) based on morphology and 28S rDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18, 306–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chou, K.C., Su, Y.S., Chou, L.Y. & Ko, C.C. (1996) New records of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera) from Taiwan. Journal of Agricultural Research of China 45, 195–202.Google Scholar
Compere, H. (1936) Notes on the classification of the Aphelinidae with descriptions of new species. University of California, Publications in Entomology 6, 277–322.Google Scholar
DeBach, P. & Rose, M. (1981) A new genus and species of Aphelinidae with some synonymies, a rediagnosis of Aspidiotiphagus and a key to pentamerous and heteromerous Prospaltellinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83, 658–679.Google Scholar
De Barro, P.J. (1995) B. tabaci biotype B: a review of its biology, distribution and control. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Technical Paper 36, 58 pp.Google Scholar
De Barro, P.J. & Driver, F. (1997) Use of RAPD PCR to distinguish the B biotype from other biotypes of B. tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Australian Journal of Entomology 36, 149–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Barro, P.J., Liebregts, W. & Carver, M. (1998) Distribution and identity of biotypes of B. tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in member countries of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Australian Journal of Entomology 37, 214–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Santis, L. (1948) Estudio monográfico de los afelínidos de la República Argentina (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Revista del Museo de La Plata (Nueva Serie) 5, 23–280.Google Scholar
De Santis, L. (1981) Sobre dos especies de Encarsia (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) del Brasil parasitoides de Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Revista Brasiliana Entomologia 25, 37–39.Google Scholar
Dozier, H.L. (1937) Descriptions of miscellaneous chalcidoid parasites from Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 21, 121–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrière, C. (1965) Hymenoptera Aphelinidae d'Europe et du Bassin Mediterraneen. Faune de l'Europe et du Bassin Mediterraneen 1, 1–206.Google Scholar
Förster, A. (1878) Kleine Monographien parasitischer Hymenopteren. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalens 35, 41–82.Google Scholar
Gahan, A.B. (1924) Some new parasitic Hymenoptera with notes on several described forms. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 65, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gahan, A.B. (1927) Miscellaneous descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera with some synonymical notes. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 71, 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerling, D. (1986) Natural enemies of B. tabaci, biological characteristics and potential as biological control agents: a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 17, 99–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girault, A.A. (1908) Encarsia versicolor species novum, an eulophid parasite of the greenhouse whitefly, Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westwood. Psyche 15, 53–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girault, A.A. & Dodd, A.P. (1915) The cane grubs of Australia. Bulletin of the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, Queensland Division of Entomology 2, 1–60.Google Scholar
Goolsby, J.A., Legaspi, J.C. & Legaspi, B.C. (1996) Quarantine evaluation of exotic parasitoids of the sweetpotato whitefly, B. tabaci (Gennadius). Southwestern Entomologist 21, 13–21.Google Scholar
Goolsby, J.A., Ciomperlik, M.A., Legaspi, B.C., Legaspi, J.C. & Wendel, L.E. (1998) Laboratory and field evaluation of exotic parasitoids of B. tabaci (Gennadius) (Biotype B) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Biological Control 12, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunning, R.V., Byrne, F.J., Conde, B.D., Connelly, M.I., Hergstrom, K. & Devonshire, A.L. (1995) First report of B-biotype B. tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 34, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayat, M. (1986) Family Aphelinidae. in Subba-Rao, B.R. & Hayat, M. (Eds) The Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of India and the adjacent countries. Part 2. Oriental Insects 20, 143–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayat, M. (1989) A revision of the species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from India and the adjacent countries. Oriental Insects 23, 1–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayat, M. (1998) Aphelinidae of India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): a taxonomic revision. Memoirs on Entomology, International 13, 1–416.Google Scholar
Heraty, J.M. & Polaszek, A. (2000) Morphometric analysis and descriptions of selected species in the Encarsia strenua group (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 9, 142–169.Google Scholar
Howard, L.O. (1894) The hymenopterous parasites of the California red scale. Insect Life 6, 227–236.Google Scholar
Howard, L.O. (1894b) Two parasites of important scale insects. Insect Life 7, 508.Google Scholar
Howard, L.O. (1907) New genera and species of Aphelinidae with a revised table of genera. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Series 12, 69–88.Google Scholar
Huang, J. & Polaszek, A. (1998) A revision of the Chinese species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): parasitoids of whiteflies, scale insects and aphids (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae, Diaspididae, Aphidoidea). Journal of Natural History 32, 1825–1966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huldén, L. (1986) The whiteflies (Homoptera, Aleyrodoidea) and their parasites in Finland. Notulae Entomologicae 66, 1–40.Google Scholar
Ishii, T. (1938) Descriptions of six new species belonging to the Aphelinae from Japan. Kontyu 12, 27–32.Google Scholar
Jiang, Y. & Petzold, R. (1988) Schädlingsbekämpfung mit Insekten. Gesunde Pflanzen 40, 494–496.Google Scholar
Kirk, A.A. & Lacey, L.A. (1996) A systematic approach to foreign exploration for natural enemies of Bemisia and some current results. pp. 531–533 in Gerling, D. & Mayer, R.T. (Eds) Bemisia 1995: taxonomy, biology, damage control and management. Andover, Intercept Ltd.Google Scholar
Lacey, L.A., Fransen, J.J. & Carruthers, R. (1996) Global distribution of naturally occurring fungi of Bemisia, their biologies and use as biological control agents. pp. 401–433 in Gerling, D. & Mayer, R.T. (Eds) Bemisia 1995: taxonomy, biology, damage control and management. Andover, Intercept Ltd.Google Scholar
Legaspi, J.C., Legaspi, B.C., Carruthers, R.I., Goolsby, J., Jones, W.A., Kirk, A.A., Moomaw, C., Poprawski, T.J., Ruiz, R.A., Talekar, N.S. & Vacek, D. (1996) Foreign exploration for natural enemies of B. tabaci from southeast Asia. Subtropical Plant Science 48, 43–48.Google Scholar
Liao, D.X., Li, Pang, X.L., X.F. & Chen, T.L. (1987) Economic insect fauna of China 34. Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea (1). 241 pp. Beijing, China, Science Press.Google Scholar
Liu, T.-X. & Stansly, P.A. (1996) Pupal orientation and emergence of some aphelinid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 89, 385–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez-Avila, A. (1987) Two new species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from Pakistan, associated with the cotton whitefly, B. tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 77, 25–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J.H. (1987) An identification guide to common whitefly pests of the world (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Tropical Pest Management 33, 298–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J.H. (1999) The whitefly fauna of Australia (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae). A taxonomic account and identification guide. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Technical Paper 38, 197 pp.Google Scholar
Masi, L. (1909) Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei Chaldididi italiani. Bolletino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 4, 3–37.Google Scholar
Nguyen, R. & Hamon, A.B. (1989) Dialeurodes kirkalkyi (Kotinsky), in Florida (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae: Aleyrodinae). Entomology Circular (Gainesville, Florida Department of Agriculture) 323, 2 pp.Google Scholar
Nikol'skaya, M.N. & Yasnosh, V.A. (1966) Afelinidy Europeiskoi chasti SSSR i Kaukaza (Chalcidoidea. Aphelinidae) [Aphelinids of the European Part of the USSR and the Caucasus]. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 91, 1–296 (in Russian with English summary).Google Scholar
Nordlund, D.A. & Legaspi, J.C. (1996) Whitefly predators and their potential for use in biological control, pp. 499–513 in Gerling, D. & Mayer, R.T. (Eds) Bemisia 1995: taxonomy, biology, damage control and management. Andover, Intercept Ltd.Google Scholar
Noyes, J.S. (1982) Collecting and preserving chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of Natural History 16, 315–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noyes, J.S. (1998) Catalogue of the Chalcidoidea of the World. CD-ROM. Expert Center for Taxonomic Information, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Osborne, L.S., Hoelmer, K. & Gerling, D. (1990) Prospects for biological control of Bemisia tabaci. SROP/WPRS Bulletin XIII, 153–160.Google Scholar
Peck, O. (1951) Superfamily Chalcidoidea. pp. 410–594 in Muesebeck, C.F.W., Krombein, K.V. & Townes, H.K. (Eds) Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico. Synoptic catalog. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Monograph 2, 1420 pp.Google Scholar
Polaszek, A., Evans, G.A. & Bennett, F.D. (1992) Encarsia parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): a preliminary guide to identification. Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, 375–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polaszek, A., Abd-Rabou, S. & Huang, J. (1999) The Egyptian species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) – a preliminary review. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden 73(6), 131–163.Google Scholar
Ren, H. (1988) Chalcidoid parasites and their host associations in Guangdong, China (parasitic Hymenoptera), pp. 395–398 in Gupta, V.K. (Ed.) Advances in parasitic Hymenoptera research. Leiden and New York.Google Scholar
Rivnay, T. & Gerling, D. (1987) Aphelinidae parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Israel, with description of three new species. Entomophaga 32, 463–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandhu, G.S. (1994) Report on vegetable pest survey consultancy. 3 pp. Kiribati.Google Scholar
Schauff, M.E., Evans, G.A. & Heraty, J.M. (1996) A pictorial guide to the species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitic on whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98, 1–35.Google Scholar
Shafee, S.A. (1973) Indian species of the genus Prospaltella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from Pakistan. Journal of Entomological Research 6, 157–158.Google Scholar
Silvestri, F. (1931) Descrizione di una nuova specie di Prospaltella della Somalia. Bolletino della Società Entomologica Italiana 63, 20–22.Google Scholar
Timberlake, P.H. (1926) New species of Hawaiian chalcid-flies (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 6, 305–320.Google Scholar
Trjapitzin, V.A., Myartseva, S.N. & Yasnosh, V.A. (1996) Parasites of whiteflies (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. Entomological Reviews 76, 51–74.Google Scholar
Viggiani, G. (1982) New species and host records of African aphelinids (researches on Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea LXX). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 45, 27–32.Google Scholar
Viggiani, G. (1985) Notes on a few Aphelinidae, with descriptions of five new species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Bolletino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’, Portici 42, 81–94.Google Scholar
Viggiani, G. (1985) Additional notes and illustrations on some species of aphelinids described by A.A. Girault and A.P. Dodd in the genera Coccophagus Westwood, Encarsia Först. and Prospaltella Ashm. (Hym.: Chalcidoidea). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’, Portici 42, 233–255.Google Scholar
Viggiani, G. (1987) New species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’, Portici 44, 33–44.Google Scholar
Viggiani, G. (1987) La specie italiane del genre Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri‘, Portici 44, 121–180.Google Scholar
Viggiani, G. (1989) New species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’, Portici 44, 207–213.Google Scholar
Viggiani, G. (1993) New species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies, from Hawaii and Yemen. Redia 76, 121–127.Google Scholar
Viggiani, G. & Mazzone, P. (1979) Contributi alla conoscenza morfo-biologica delle specie del complesso Encarsia Förster – Prospaltella Ashmead (Hym. Aphelinidae). 1. Un commento sull'attuale stato, con proposte sinonimiche e descrizione di Encarsia silvestrii n.sp., parasita di Bemisia citricola Gom. Men. (Hom. Aleyrodidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’, Portici 36, 42–50.Google Scholar
Viggiani, G. & Mazzone, P. (1980) Le specie paleartiche di Encarsia del gruppo lutea Masi (Hym., Aphelinidae), con descrizione di due nuove specie. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’, Portici 37, 51–57.Google Scholar
Viggiani, G. & Ren, H. (1993) New species and records of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from China. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’, Portici 43, 25–31.Google Scholar
Wilson, F. (1960) A review of the biological control of insects and weeds in Australia and Australian New Guinea. Technical Communication 1. CAB, Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
Yasnosh, V.A. (1989) Species of the genus Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) – parasites of aleyrodids in the USSR. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, Leningrad 191, 109–121.Google Scholar