Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T05:57:55.379Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Anopheline Mosquitos of the Sudan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

D. J. Lewis
Affiliation:
Scientific Staff, Medical Research Council.

Extract

The distribution of 29 species and three varieties of Anopheles in the Sudan is shown on maps. Notes are given on each one with particular reference to distribution. Reasons are given for regarding A. rupicolus Lewis as a synonym or local form of A. rhodesiensis Theo. The former spread of A. gambiae Giles into the Palaearctic Region in Egypt is discussed, and notes are given on its distribution in the Wadi Halfa area.

The general distribution of the Sudan Anophelines is discussed.

Notes are given on malaria and on Wuchereria bancrofti.

Type
Research Paper
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1956

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, P. H. (1948). The Culicidae (Diptera) of Darfur Province …Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., (B) 17, pp. 3748.Google Scholar
American Geographical Society. (1951). Atlas of distribution of diseases. Plate 3. Distribution of malaria vectors.—Geogr. Rev., 41, no. 4, maps.Google Scholar
Balfour, A. (1904 a). General routine work.—1st Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 4957.Google Scholar
Balfour, A. (1904 b). Notes on the tropical diseases common in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan …J. trop. Med., 7, pp. 115120.Google Scholar
Barber, M. A. & Rice, J. B. (1937). A survey of malaria in Egypt.—Amer. J. trop. Med., 17, pp. 413436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baz, I. I. (1950). Dixa aestivalis in Egypt.—J. R. Egypt, med. Ass., 33, pp. 10211028.Google ScholarPubMed
Boyd, M. F. Ed. (1949). Malariology.—2 vols. Philadelphia, Pa., Saunders.Google Scholar
Bray, W. (1904). The southern Sudan—its climate and diseases.—J. R. Army med. Cps, 3, pp. 369387.Google Scholar
Brumpt, E. (1949). Précis de parasitologie.—6th edn. 2 vols. Paris, Masson.Google Scholar
Busvine, J. R. (1948). Recent mosquito eradication campaigns.—Nature. Lond., 161, pp. 189191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buxton, P. A. (1933). The effect of climatic conditions upon populations of insects.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 26, pp. 325364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buxton, P. A. (1944). Rough notes: Anopheles mosquitoes and malaria in Arabia.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 38, pp. 205214.Google Scholar
Causey, O. R., Deane, L. M. & Deane, M. P. (1943). Ecology of Anopheles gambiae in Brazil.—Amer. J. trop. Med., 23, pp. 7394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crispin, E. S. (1907). Port Sudan: its climate and sanitation.—J. trop. Med. Hyg., 10, pp. 329330.Google Scholar
Cruickshank, A. (1936). Tropical diseases of the southern Sudan: their distribution and significance.—E. Afr. med. J., 13, pp. 172177.Google Scholar
De Burca, B. & Shah, I. A. (1943). The Anopheline mosquitoes of Eritrea and their relation to malaria transmission.—J. Malar. Inst. India, 5, pp. 235245.Google Scholar
De Meillon, B. (1947). The Anophelini of the Ethiopian geographical region.—Publ. S. Afr. Inst. med. Res., no. 49, 272 pp.Google Scholar
De Meillon, B. (1949). Eradication of the vectors of insect-borne diseases of man.—J. R. sanit. Inst., 69, pp. 177183.Google ScholarPubMed
De Meillon, B. (1951). Species and varieties of malaria vectors in Africa and their bionomics.—Bull. World Hlth Org., 4, pp. 419441.Google Scholar
Edwards, F. W. (1941). Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. III. Culicine adults and pupae.—499 pp. London, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).Google Scholar
Edwards, J. C. (1949). Aedes aegypti and mosquito control measures in Port Sudan.—J. R. sanit. Inst., 69, pp. 718720.Google Scholar
Egypt. Anti-Malaria Commission. (1919). Preliminary report of the Anti-malaria Commission.—55 pp. Cairo, Govt. Press.Google Scholar
Egypt. Ministry Of Public Health. (1950). Report on Anopheles gambiae in Egypt 1942–1945. [In Arabic.]—166 pp. Cairo, Govt. Press.Google Scholar
Ensor, H. (1909). Report on investigations carried out in the Bahr-el-Ghazal Province on behalf of the Sudan Sleeping Sickness Commission, 1907–1908.—J. R. Army med. Cps, 12, pp. 376401.Google Scholar
Evans, A. M. (1938). Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. II. Anophelini, adults and early stages.—404 pp. London, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).Google Scholar
Farid, M. (1940). Malaria infection in Anopheles sergenti in Egypt.—Riv. Malariol., 19, pp. 159161.Google Scholar
Findlay, G. M. (1946). The internal combustion engine and the spread of disease.—Brit. med. J., no. 4486, pp. 979982.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Findlay, G. M., Kirk, R. & MacCallum, F. O. (1941). Yellow fever and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: distribution of immune bodies to yellow fever.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 35, pp. 121139.Google Scholar
Garrett-Jones, C. (1950). A dispersion of mosquitoes bv wind.—Nature, Lond., 165, p. 285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelfand, H. M. (1947). Natural malaria infection in Anopheles rufipes (Gough).—J. trop. Med. Hyg., 50, pp. 159160.Google ScholarPubMed
Gleichen, A. E. W. (1897). Report on the Nile and country between Dongola, Suakin, Kassala and Omdurrnan.—London, War Office.Google Scholar
Greene, H. (1954). Movements of subsoil water near Debeira.—2nd Congr. int. Comm. Irrig. Drainage, no. 4, pp. 4550. New Delhi.Google Scholar
Hawking, F. (1940). Distribution of filariasis in Tanganyika Territory, East Africa.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 34, pp. 107119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrard, C., Peel, E. & Wanson, M. (1946). Quelques localisations de Wuchereria bancrofti Cobbold au Congo Beige …Rec. Trav. Sci. méd. Congo belge, no. 5, pp. 212232;Google Scholar
Holstein, M. (1950). Un nouveau vecteur du paludisme en A.O.F. Anopheles rufipes (Gough 1910).—Bull. Soc. Path, exot., 43, pp. 140143.Google Scholar
Holstein, M. H. (1951). Note sur l'épidémiologie du paludisme en Afrique-Occidentale Française.—Bull. World Hlth Org., 4, pp. 463473.Google Scholar
Horgan, E. S. [1945]. Report on the Stack Medical Research Laboratories for the year 1944.—Rep. Sudan med. Serv. 1944, pp. 3543.Google Scholar
Khalil, M. (1936). The Research Institute and the Endemic Diseases Hospital, Egypt. Fourth annual report, 1934.Google Scholar
King, H. H. (1908). Report on economic entomology.—3rd Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 201248.Google Scholar
King, H. H. (1911). Report of the Entomological Section …4th Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., (B), pp. 95150.Google Scholar
Knight, K. L. (1953). The mosquitoes of the Yemen (Diptera, Culicidae).—Proc. ent. Soc. Wash., 55, pp. 212234.Google Scholar
Leeson, H. S. (1937). The mosquitos of the funestus series in East Africa.—Bull. ent. Res., 28, pp. 587603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lega, G., Raffaele, G. & Canalis, A. (1937). Missione dell' Istituto di Malariologia nell' Africa Orientale Italiana. Relazione.—Riv. Malariol., 16, pp. 325387.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. J. (1944). Observations on Anopheles gambiae and other mosquitoes at Wadi Haifa.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 38, pp. 215229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. J. (1945). Observations on the distribution and taxonomy of Culicidae (Diptera) in the Sudan.—Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 95, pp. 124.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. J. (1948 a). The mosquitos of the Jebel Auliya reservoir on the White Nile.—Bull. ent. Res., 39, pp. 133157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. J. (1948 b). Early references to malaria near Dongola.—Sudan Notes, 29, pp. 218220.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. J. (1949). The extermination of Anopheles gambiae in the Wadi Haifa area.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 42, pp. 393402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. J. (1955). The Aédes mosquitoes of the Sudan.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 49, pp. 164173.Google Scholar
Macan, T. T. (1942). A key to the Anopheline mosquitoes of the Mediterranean Region and the lands adjoining the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.—J. R. Army med. Cps, 79, pp. 111.Google Scholar
MacMichael, H. A. (1927). Notes on Gabel Haraza.—Sudan Notes, 10, pp. 6167.Google Scholar
Madwar, S. (1936). A preliminary note on Anopheles pharoensis in relation to malaria in Egypt.—J. Egypt, med. Ass., 19, pp. 616617.Google Scholar
Mara, L. (1950). Studio sull' epidemiologia malarica del comprensorio agricolo di Tessenei.—Riv. Malariol., 29, pp. 149.Google ScholarPubMed
Muirhead-Thomson, R. C. (1954). Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti in a West African village.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 48, pp. 208225.Google Scholar
Nalder, L. F. (1936). Equatoria Province handbook. Vol. I. Mongalla.—168 pp. Khartoum.Google Scholar
Salem, H. H. (1938). The mosquito fauna of Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) with a description of two new species.—Publ. Fac. Med. Egypt. Univ., no. 16, 31 pp.Google Scholar
SirShousha, A. T. (1948). Species-eradication. The eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Upper Egypt 1942–1945.—Bull. World Hlth Org., 1, pp. 309352.Google Scholar
Soper, F. L. (1948). Species sanitation as applied to the eradication of (a) an invading or (b) an indigenous species.—Proc. 4th int. Congr. trop. Med. 1948, 1, pp. 850857.Google Scholar
Soper, F. L. & Wilson, D. B. (1943). Anopheles gambiae in Brazil 1930 to 1940.—262 pp. New York, Rockefeller Foundation.Google Scholar
Sudan, . (1932). Report on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan in 1931.—London, H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Theobald, F. V. (1906). Report on economic entomology.—2nd Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 6796.Google Scholar
Trapido, H. (1953). Biological considerations.—In Logan, J. A. & others, The Sardinian project, pp. 353374. Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar
Waterfield, N. E. (1918). Two cases of filariasis.—Brit. med. J., no. 2976, p. 54.Google Scholar
Wenyon, C. M. (1908). Report of travelling pathologist and protozoologist.—3rd Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 121168.Google Scholar
Woodman, H. M. (1936). Filariasis.—Rep. Sudan med. Serv. 1935, pp. 6768.Google Scholar
Woodman, H. M. (1948). Filariasis in the southern Sudan.—E. Afr. med. J., 25, pp. 95104.Google ScholarPubMed
Woodman, H. M. (1949). Filaria in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 42, pp. 543558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodman, H. M. & Bokhari, A. (1941). Studies on Loa loa and the first report of Wuchereria bancrofti in the Sudan.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 35, pp. 7792.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (1951). Expert Committee on Malaria. Report on the fourth session.—Tech. Rep. World Hlth Org., no. 39, 30 pp.Google Scholar