Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T06:23:30.018Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) of Ethiopia. I. Distribution, ecology and host relationships of species infesting livestock

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

Rupert G. Pegram ,
Harry Hoogstraal  and
Hilda Y. Wassef
Rupert G. Pegram
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
Harry Hoogstraal
Affiliation:
Medical Zoology Department, United States Naval Medical Research Unit Number Three (NAMRU-3), American Embassy, Cairo, Egypt
Hilda Y. Wassef
Affiliation:
Medical Zoology Department, United States Naval Medical Research Unit Number Three (NAMRU-3), American Embassy, Cairo, Egypt
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In a survey of adult ticks infesting livestock in Ethiopia, 33 species and subspecies were identified. The distribution and abundance of each are discussed in relation to ecology (altitude, climate and vegetation). Amblyomma variegatum (F.) is the most widespread and abundant tick parasitising cattle. A. cohaerens Dön. is common on cattle in wetter western habitats but is replaced by A. gemma Dön. in drier eastern areas. A. lepidum Dön. occupies intermediate habitats. The distribution of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) is similar to that of A. variegatum. Hyalomma truncatum Koch and H. marginatum rufipes Koch are both common except in extremely arid and humid zones. H. anatolicum anatolicum Koch, H. anatolicum excavatum Koch, H. dromedarii Koch, H. erythraeum Tonelli-Rondelli, and H. impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke are usually associated with camels in semi-arid areas of eastern Ethiopia. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neum., R. sanguineus (Latr.) group and R. simus Koch do not display marked ecological preferences. East of the Rift Valley in semi-arid areas below 2000 m, R. pulchellus (Gerst.) is abundant on cattle and camels. R. longicoxatus Neum. and R. pravus Dön. inhabit drier localities, but R. lunulatus Neum. occurs only in wetter western areas. Species taken infrequently were A. nuttalli Dön., A. sparsum Neum., B. annulatus (Say), Haemaphysalis aciculifer Warb., H. leachii (Aud.), H. parmata Neum., H. spinulosa Neum., Hyalomma marginatum marginatum Koch, H. marginatum turanicum Pom., H. punt Hoogst., Kaiser & Pedersen, Ornithodoros savignyi (Aud.), R. longus Neum., R. muhsamae Morel & Vassiliades, and R. senegalensis Koch. The seasonal dynamics of the common species and observations on their relationships to tick-borne diseases of man and domestic animals are discussed.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 71 , Issue 2 , June 1981 , pp. 339 - 359
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anon. (1972). pp. 29–39 in A review of animal health and livestock productivity factors in Ethiopia, 1965–1971.—Addis Ababa, Imperial Ethiopian Government, Department of Veterinary Services.Google Scholar
Bergeon, P. (1968). Report on a veterinary parasitology survey in Ethiopia, 1965–1967. Rome, F.A.O. (no. TA2458 TE/AN/ETH.)Google Scholar
Bergeon, P. & Balis, J. (1974). Contribution à l'étude de la reparition des tiques en Ethiopie (enquete effectuée de 1965 à 1969).—Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 27, 285–299.Google Scholar
Bourn, D. (1978). Cattle, rainfall and tsetse in Africa.—J. Arid environ. 1, 4961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgdorfer, W., Schmidt, M. L. & Hoogstraal, H. (1973). Detection of Trypanosoma theileri in Ethiopian cattle ticks.—Acta trop. 30, 340–346.Google ScholarPubMed
Clifford, C. M. & Anastos, G. (1962). Ticks.—Explor. Parc Nat. Upemba (1946–1949), fasc. 66, 45 pp.Google Scholar
Cossins, N. J. (1971). No way to live. Report on the northeast rangelands development unit (NERDU).—Addis Ababa, Livestock and Meat Board.Google Scholar
Cossins, N. J. (1972). Pastorialism under pressure. Report on the Jig Jiga rangelands development unit (JIRDU).—Addis Ababa, Livestock and Meat Board.Google Scholar
Davis, F. G., Mungai, J. & Shaw, T. (1974). A Nairobi sheep disease vaccine.—Vet. Rec. 94, 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delpy, L. (1949). Essai critique de synonymie du genre Hyalomma C. L. Koch 1844 depuis Linné, 1758.—Annls Parasit. hum. camp. 24, 464–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelsten, R. M. (1975). The distribution and prevalence of Nairobi sheep disease and other tick-borne infections of sheep and goats in northern Somalia.—Trop. anim. Health & Prod. 7, 29–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferro-Luzzi, G. (1948). Studio sulle malattie del gruppo del dermotifo in Eritrea.—Boll. Soc. ital. Med. Ig. trop. Sez. Eritrea 8, 110–145.Google Scholar
Hoogstaal, H. (1953). On ticks (Ixodidae) of southern French Somaliland and the rediscovery of Rhipicephalus longicoxatus Neumann, 1905.—Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 46, 393—398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoogstraal, H. (1956). African Ixodoidea. I. Ticks of the Sudan (with special reference to Equatoria Province and with preliminary reviews of the genera Boophilus, Margaropus and Hyalomma).—1101 pp. Washington, D.C., Department of the Navy.Google Scholar
Hoogstraal, H. (1979). The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa.—J. Med. Entomol. 15, 307–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoogstraal, H. & Kaiser, M. N. (1959). Observations on Egyptian Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). 5. Biological notes and differences in identity of H. anatolicum and its subspecies anatolicum Koch and excavatum Koch among Russian and other workers. Identity of H. lusitanicum Koch.—Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 52, 243–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoogstraal, H., Kaiser, M. N. & Pedersen, E. C. (1969). Hyalomma (Hyalommina) punt n. sp., (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae), a relict parasite of domestic animals and gazelles in arid areas of northern Somali Republic.—Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 62, 415–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, M. N. & Hoogstraal, H. (1968). Redescription of Hyalomma (H.) erythraeum Tonelli-Rondelli (resurrected), description of the female and immature stages, and hosts and distribution in Ethiopia and Somali Republic.—Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 61, 1228–1235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karrar, G., Kaiser, M. N. & Hoogstraal, H. (1963). Ecology and host-relationships of ticks (Ixodoidea) infesting domestic animals in Kassala Province, Sudan, with special reference to Amblyomma lepidum Dönitz.—Bull. ent. Res. 54, 509–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karu, A. (1978). The environmental impact of agriculture in Ethiopia.—Environ. Conserv. 5, 213–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, E. A. (1934). A study of the ticks in Kenya Colony. The influence of natural conditions and other factors on their distribution and the incidence of tick-borne diseases. Part III. Investigations into the tick problem in the Masai Reserve.—Bull. Dep. Agric. Kenya no. 7, 67 pp.Google Scholar
Liebisch, A. & Zukari, M. (1978). Biological and ecological studies on ticks of the genera Boophilus, Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma in Syria.—pp. 150–162 in Wilde, J. K. H. (Ed.). Tick-borne diseases and their vectors.—573 pp. Univ. Edinburgh, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine.Google Scholar
MacLeod, J. (1970). Tick infestation patterns in the southern province of Zambia.—Bull. ent. Res. 60, 253–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLeod, J. & Mwanaumo, B. (1978). Ecological studies of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Zambia. IV. Some anomalous infestation patterns in the northern and eastern regions.—Bull. ent. Res. 68, 409–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morel, P. C. (1965). Description de Rhipicephalus cliffordi n. sp. d'Afrique occidentale (groupe de Rh. compositus; acariens, Ixodoidea).—Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 17, 637–654.Google Scholar
Morel, P. C. (1976). Étude sur les tiques d'Éthiopie (acariens, ixodides).—326 pp. Maisons-Alfort, France, Inst. d'Élev. Méd Vét. Pays Trop.Google Scholar
Morel, P. C. & Balis, J. (1976). Description de Rhipicephalus bergeoni n. sp. (acariens, Ixodida) des montagnes d'Éthiopie.—Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 29, 141–148.Google Scholar
Morel, P. C., Mouchet, J. & Rodhain, F. (1976). Description de Rhipicephalus camicasi n. sp. (Acariens, Ixodida) des steppes subdésertiques de la plaine Afar.—Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 29, 337–340.Google Scholar
Morel, P. C. & Rodhain, F. (1973 a). Contribution à la connaisance des tiques du sud de l'Éthiopie. Première partie.—Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 65, 725–732.Google Scholar
Morel, P. C. & Rodhain, F. (1973 b). Contribution a la connaissance des tiques (Ixodina) du sud de l'Éthiopie. Deuxième partie.—Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 66, 207–215.Google Scholar
Morel, P. C. & Vassiliades, G. (1963). Les Rhipicephalus du groupe sanguineus: espèces africaines (Acariens: Ixodoidea).—Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 15, 343–386(In English: NAMRU-3—T264.).Google Scholar
Morel, P. C. & Vassiliades, G. (1965). Description de Rhipicephalus muhsamae n.sp.de l'Ouest-Africain (groupe de Rh. simus; Acariens, Ixodoidea).—Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 17, 619–636.Google Scholar
Neumann, L. G. (1902). Note sur une collection d'ectoparasites recueillis en Abyssinie par M. le Baron C. von Erlanger.—Archs Parasit. 6, 293–294.Google Scholar
Neumann, L. G. (1922). Acariens. Ixodidae.—pp. 108–125in Voyage de, M. le BaronMaurice de Rothschild en Éthiopie et en Afrique orientale anglaise (1904–1905). Résultats scientifiques. Animaux articulés. Part 1.—pp. 1–482. Paris, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.Google Scholar
Niro, S. (1935). Gli ixodidi delle nostre colonie dell' Africa, Orientale. Distribuzione geografica.—Archo ital. Sci. med. colon. 16, 602–609.Google Scholar
Pavesi, P. (1883). Considerazioni sull' aracnofauna dell' Abissinia. Nota preventiva.—Re. 1st. lomb. Sci. Lett. s. 2 16, 496–501.Google Scholar
Pavesi, P. (1884). Spedizione Italiana nell' Africa equatoriale; resultati zoologici. Arachnidi del regno di Scioa.—Annali Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Giocomo Doria (1883–1884) 20, 90-–105.Google Scholar
Pegram, R. G. (1976). Ticks (Acarina, Ixodoidea) of the northern regions of the Somali Democratic Republic.—Bull. ent. Res. 66, 345–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pegram, R. G. & Tareke, F. (in press). Observations on the health of Afar livestock.—Ethiop. vet. Bull.Google Scholar
Pellegrini, D. (1950). La gastro-enterite emorragica delle pecore. Esperimenti di trasmissione col “ Rhipicephalus pulchellus ”.—Bolt. Soc. Ital. Med. Ig. Trop. Sez. Eritrea 10, 164–170.Google Scholar
Pichi-Sermolli, R. E. G. (1957). Una carta geobotanica dell' Africa orientale (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia).—Webbia 13, 15–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pocock, R. I. (1900). Chilopoda and Arachnida.—Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. pt. 1, 48–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, L. E. (1926). Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part IV. The genus Amblyomma.—302 pp. Cambridge, University Press.Google Scholar
Roetti, C. (1939). Gli ixodidi dello Scioa e del Gimma.—Riv. Biol. colon. 2, 185–192.Google Scholar
RVCERT (Royal Veterinary College Ethiopia Research Team) (1971). A veterinary survey of cattle and sheep in the Jijiga Awraja, Harar Province, Ethiopia, 1st July 1971–10th September 1971.—67 pp. London, Royal Veterinary College Ethiopia Research Team.Google Scholar
Sforza, M. (1947). Dermotifo in Eritrea. (Identificazione dei virus storico, murino e da zecche.)—Boll. Soc. ital. Med. Ig. trop. Sez. Eritrea 7, 430–463.Google Scholar
Smith, M. W. (1969). Variations in tick species and populations in the Bugisa district of Uganda. Part II. The effects of altitude, climate, vegetation and husbandry on tick species and populations.0Bull, epizoot. Dis. Afr. 17, 77–106.Google Scholar
Stella, E. (1938). Gli ixodidi dell'Africa Orientale Italiana.—Riv. Biol. colon. 1, 135–153.Google Scholar
Stella, E. (1939). Acarina, pt. II.—pp. 387–395 in Missione biologica nel paese dei Borana. Vol. III. Raccolte zoologiche.—Rome, Reale Accademia d'ltalia (1938).Google Scholar
Stella, E. (1940). Nuovi dati sugli ixodidi dell'Africa Orientale Italiana.—Riv. Biol. colon. 3, 431–435.Google Scholar
Stella, E. (1941). Acarina.—pp. 381–395 in Missione biologica Sagan-Omo. Rome, Reale Accademia d'Italia (1940).Google Scholar
Theiler, G. (1947). Ticks in the South African zoological survey collection. Part VI.—Little known African rhipicephalids.—Onderstepoort J. vet. Sci. Anim. Ind. 21, 253300.Google Scholar
Theiler, G. & Robinson, B. N. (1953). Ticks in the South African zoological survey collection. Part VII. Six lesser known African rhipicephalids.—Onderstepoort J. vet. Res. 26, 93–136.Google Scholar
Tonelli-Rondelli, M. (1930). Ixodoidea del Museo di Milano.—Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 69, 112–124.Google Scholar
Tonelli-Rondelli, M. (1932). Hyalomma nuovi delle colonie italiane.—Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 71, 119–125.Google Scholar
Walker, J. B. (1974). The ixodid ticks of Kenya. A review of present knowledge of their hosts and distribution.—220 pp. London, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology.Google Scholar
Wolde-Mariam, M. (1970). An atlas of Ethiopia.—84 pp. Asmara, Poligrafica P.L.C.Google Scholar
Wolde-Mariam, M. (1972). An introductory geography of Ethiopia.—215 pp. Addis Ababa, Berhanena Selam H.S.I. Printing Press.Google Scholar
Wood, O. L., Lee, V. H., Ash, J. S. & Casals, J. (1978). Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Thogoto, Dugbe, and Jos viruses isolated from ixodid ticks in Ethiopia.—Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 27, 600–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeoman, G. H. & Walker, J. B. (1967). The ixodid ticks of Tanzania. A study of the zoogeography of the Ixodidae of an East African country.—215 pp. London, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology.Google Scholar