Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T18:06:51.101Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Resource allocation and bionomics of indigenous and exotic Cotesia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) species reared on Sesamia calamistis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 February 2008

Y. Hailemichael ,
F. Schulthess ,
J. Smith JR ,
W. Overholt  and
A. Chabi-Olaye
Y. Hailemichael
Affiliation:
Biological Control Center of Africa, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932 Tripostal, Cotonou, Republic of Benin Biological Control Laboratory, Department of Entomoloy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
F. Schulthess
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
J. Smith JR
Affiliation:
Biological Control Laboratory, Department of Entomoloy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
W. Overholt
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
A. Chabi-Olaye*
Affiliation:
Biological Control Center of Africa, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932 Tripostal, Cotonou, Republic of Benin
*
*Author for correspondence Fax: +229 21350556 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The braconid larval parasitoids Cotesia chilonis (Matsumura), C. flavipes Cameron and a strain of Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) from coastal Kenya, reared at the International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, were introduced at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in the Republic of Benin for suitability testing on West African stemborers prior to release. C. chilonis was originally collected in Japan while C. flavipes was imported into Kenya from Pakistan. The host species used was the noctuid Sesamia calamistis (Hampson), the most important noctuid maize pest in the region. All three Cotesia species attacked and successfully developed in 2nd to 6th larval instar of S. calamistis but parasitoid-induced mortality was highest on second instars. On most instars, C. sesamiae and C. flavipes produced larger broods than C. chilonis. Larvae parasitized by C. sesamiae developed to the 6th instar and attained an average larval weight of 353 mg, while larvae parasitized by C. chilonis only molted to the 4th instar and attained a maximum weight of 107 mg. The lower developmental threshold estimated from the non-linear regression of temperature on developmental rate was 15.9, 15.9 and 14.9°C for C. chilonis, C. sesamiae and C. flavipes, respectively, while the maximum temperature was 34.2, 35.2 and 33.8°C, respectively. A maximum of four ovipositions were observed per female during a life span ranging from 1.3 days for C. chilonis and C. flavipes to 1.6 days for C. sesamiae. The largest adult progeny, intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rates were recorded at 28°C for all species. However, across temperatures, C. flavipes yielded the highest number of offspring, followed by C. sesamiae and C. chilonis. The sex ratios did not vary significantly with species and temperature. Thus, the reproductive potentials of C. sesamiae and C. flavipes were greater than that of C. chilonis.

Keywords

Cotesia speciesSesamia calamistisresource allocationbionomicgrowth indexWest Africa
Type
Research Paper
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 98 , Issue 4 , August 2008 , pp. 405 - 415
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alleyne, M. & Beckage, N.E. (1997) Parasitism-induced effects on host growth and metabolic efficiency in tobacco hornworm larvae parasitized by Cotesia congregata. Journal of Insect Physiology 43, 407–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckage, N.E. & Gelman, D.B. (2004) Wasp parasitoid disruption of host development: implications for new biologically based strategies for insect control. Annual Review of Entomology 49, 299–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckage, N.E., Tan, F., Schleifer, K.W., Lane, R.D. & Cherubin, L.L. (1994) Characterization and biological effects of Cotesia congregata polydnavirus on host larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26, 165–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonato, O. & Schulthess, F. (1999) Selecting a character for identifying larval instars of the stemborers Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) and Eldana saccharina Walker (Pyralidae) on maize. Insect Science and its Application 2, 101–103.Google Scholar
Bosque-Pérez, N.A. & Dabrowski, Z.T. (1989) Mass rearing of the maize stem borers Sesamia calamistis and Eldana saccharina at IITA. pp. 22–26in Towards Insect Resistant Maize for the Third World. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Methodologies for Developing Host Plant Resistance to Maize Insects. CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico.Google Scholar
Bosque-Pérez, N.A. & Mareck, J.H. (1991) Effect of the stemborer Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on the yield of maize. Bulletin of Entomological Research 81, 243–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosque-Pérez, N.A. & Schulthess, F. (1998) Maize: West and Central Africa. pp. 11–24in Polaszek, A. (Ed.) African Cereal Stem Borer. Economic Importance, Taxonomy, Natural Enemies and Control. The ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (CTA). Wallingford, UK, CAB International.Google Scholar
Bosque-Pérez, N.A., Ubeku, J.A. & Polaszek, A. (1994) Survey for parasites of Sesamia calamistis (Lep: Noctuidae) and Eldana saccharina (Lep: Pyralidae) in southwestern Nigeria. Entomophaga 39, 367–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boultreau, M. (1986) The genetic and coevolutionary interactions between parasitoids and their hosts. pp. 169–200in Waage, J. & Greathead, D.J. (Eds) Insect Parasitoids. London, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, A., Frazer, B.D., Gilbert, N., Gutierrez, A.P. & Mackauer, M. (1974) Temperature requirements of some aphids and their parasites. Journal of Applied Ecology 11, 431–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardwell, K., Schulthess, F., Ndemah, R. & Ngoko, Z. (1997) A systems approach to assess crop health and maize yield losses due to pests and diseases in Cameroon. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment 65, 33–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chabi-Olaye, A., Nolte, C., Schulthess, F. & Borgemeister, C. (2005a) Relationships of intercropped maize, stem borer damage to maize yield and land-use efficiency in the humid forest of Cameroon. Bulletin of Entomological Research 95, 417–427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chabi-Olaye, A., Nolte, C., Schulthess, F. & Borgemeister, C. (2005b) Effects of grain legumes and cover crops on maize yield and plant damage by Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the humid forest of southern Cameroon. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 108, 17–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charnov, E.L. (1982) The Theory of Sex Allocation. 355 pp. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Charnov, E.L. & Skinner, W. (1988) Clutch size in parasitoids: the egg production rate as a constraint. Evolutionary Ecology 2, 167–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charnov, E.L., Los-den Hartogh, R.L., Jones, W.T. & van den Assem, J. (1981) Sex ratio evolution in a variable environment. Nature 289, 27–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chinwada, P., Overholt, W.A., Omwega, C.O. & Mueke, J.M. (2003) Geographic differences in host acceptance and suitability of two Cotesia sesamiae populations in Zimbabwe. Biological Control 28, 354–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conlong, D.E. (2001) Indigenous African parasitoids of Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists Association 74, 201–211.Google Scholar
Dixon, A.F.G. (1987) Pathenogenetic reproduction and the rate of increase in aphids. pp. 269–285in Minks, A.K. & Harrewijn, P. (Eds) Aphids, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Ltd.Google Scholar
Doutt, R.L. & DeBach, P. (1964) Some biological control concepts and questions. pp. 118–142in DeBach, P. (Ed.) Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. London, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Gitau, A.C.W. (2006) Geographic variation in development of Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Kenya: Co-evolutionary genetics and role of Polydnaviruses. pp. 114–130. PhD thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Godfray, H.C.J. (1994) Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. 488 pp. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greathead, D.J. (1971) A review of biological control in the Ethiopian region. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Technical Communication No. 5, 162 pp. Farnham Royal, UK, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau.Google Scholar
Greathead, D.J., Cock, M.J.W. & Girling, D.J. (1986) Draft report on a consultancy for IITA to assess the potential for biological control of the pests of the African food crops: maize, sorghum, rice, plantain, cowpea, sweet potato and cassava. London, CAB International Institute of Biological Control.Google Scholar
Hailemichael, Y. (1998) Comparative evaluation of Cotesia chilonis, Cotesia flavipes and Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as potential biological control agents against gramineous stemborers in West Africa. PhD dissertation, Texas A&M University, USA.Google Scholar
Harvey, J.A., Harvey, I.F. & Thompson, D.J. (1994) Flexible larval feeding allows use of a range of host sizes by a parasitoid wasp. Ecology 75, 1420–1428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hokkanen, H.M.T. & Pimentel, D. (1984) New association in biological control: theory and practice. Canadian Entomoigist 121, 829–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulting, F.L., Orr, D.B. & Obrycki, J.J. (1990). A computer programme for calculation and statistical comparison of intrinsic rates of increase and associated life-table parameters. Florida Entomologist 73, 601–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, N., Sétamou, M., Ngi-Song, A.J. & Omwega, C.O. (2004) Performance of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in parsitizing Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) as affected by temperature and host stage. Biological Control 31, 155–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, N., Zhou, G, Overholt, W.A. & Schulthess, F. (2006) The synchrony of the stemborer and parasitoid populations of coastal Kenya. Annals de la Societé Entomologique de France 42, 381–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kajita, H. & Drake, E.F. (1969) Biology of Apanteles chilonis and A. flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasites of Chilo suppressalis. Mushi 42, 163–179.Google Scholar
Kfir, R. (1995) Parasitoids of the African stemborer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in South Africa. African Entomology 2, 67–68.Google Scholar
Kfir, R. (1998) Maize and grain sorghum: Southern Africa, in African cereal stemborers: Economic Importance. pp. 29–38in Polaszek, A. (Ed.) African Cereal Stem Borer. Economic Importance, Taxonomy, Natural Enemies and Control. The ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (CTA). Wallingford, UK, CAB International.Google Scholar
Kfir, R. & Bell, R.A. (1993) Intraseasonal changes in populations of the African stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its parasitoids in Natal, South Africa. Journal of African Zoology 107, 543–553.Google Scholar
King, B.H. (1987) Offspring sex ratios among parasitoid wasps. Quarterly Review of Biology 62, 367–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lactin, D.J., Holliday, N.J., Johnson, D.L. & Craigen, R. (1995) Improved rate model of temperature-dependent development by arthropods. Environmental Entomology 24, 68–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logan, J.A., Wolikind, B.J. & Hoyt, S.C. (1976) An analytic model for description of temperature dependent rate phenomena in arthropods, (Tetranychus mcdanieli), apple pests. Environmental Entomology 5, 1133–1140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, J.S., Ingersoll, C.G., McDonald, L.L. & Boyce, M.S. (1986) Estimating uncertainty in population growth rates: jackknife vs. bootstrap techniques. Ecology 67, 1156–1166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mochiah, M.B., Ngi-Song, A.J., Overholt, W.A. & Stouthamer, R. (2002) Variation in encapsulation sensitivity of Cotesia sesamiae biotypes to Busseola fusca. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 105, 111–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohyuddin, A.I. (1991) Utilization of natural enemies for the control of insect pests of sugar-cane. Insect Science and its Application 12, 19–26.Google Scholar
Mohyuddin, A.I., Inayatullah, I. & King, E.G. (1981) Host selection and strain ocurrence in Apanteles flavipes Cameron (Hym: Braconidae) and its bearing on biological control by graminaceous stemborers (Lep: Pyralidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 71, 575–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyal, P. (1998) Infestation patterns and parasitism of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the Ivory Coast. African Entomology 6, 289–296.Google Scholar
Ndemah, R., Schulthess, F., Poehling, H.-M. & Borgemeister, C. (2001) Natural enemies of lepidopterous borers on maize and elephant grass in the forest zone of Cameroon with special reference to Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 91, 205–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ngi-Song, A.J., Overholt, W.A. & Ayertey, J.N. (1995) Suitability of African gramineous stemborers for development of Cotesia flavipes and Cotesia sesamiae (Hym: Braconidae). Environmental Entomology 24, 978–984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ngi-Song, A.J., Overholt, W.A. & Stouthamer, R. (1998) Suitability of Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for the development of two populations of Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Kenya. Biological Control 12, 208–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okech, S.H.O. & Overholt, W.A. (1996) Comparative biology of Cotesia chilonis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on selected African gramineous stemborers. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6, 595–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overholt, W.A., Ochieng, J.O., Lammers, P. & Ogedah, K. (1994) Rearing and field release methods for Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of tropical gramineous stem borers. Insect Science and its Application 15, 253–259.Google Scholar
Päts, P. & Ekbom, B. (1992) Infestation and dispersal of early instars of Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lep.; Pyralidae) at different densities. Environmental Entomology 21, 1110–1113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, V.P. (1965) Natural enemies of rice stem-borers and allied species in various parts of the world and possibilities of their use in biological control of rice stem-borers in Asia. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin 6, 1–68.Google Scholar
Salt, G. (1940) Experimental studies in inset parasitism. The effects of different hosts on parasite Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hym: Chalcidoidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 15, 81–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAS Institute (1989) The SAS system for windows, version 6.12. Cary, NC, SAS Institute Inc.Google Scholar
Schulthess, F., Bosque-Perez, N.A., Chabi-Olaye, A., Gounou, S., Ndemah, R. & Goergen, G. (1997a) Exchange of natural enemies of lepidopteran cereal stemborers between African regions. Insect Science and its Application 17, 97–108.Google Scholar
Schulthess, F., Neuenschwander, P. & Gounou, P. (1997b) Multitrophic level interactions in the cassava, Manihot esculenta, system in the subhumid tropics of West Africa with special reference to the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti, and its parasitic wasp Aponanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 66, 211–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sequeira, R. & Mackauer, M. (1992) Nutritional ecology of an insect host-parasitoid association: the pea aphid–Aphidius ervi system. Ecology 73, 183–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sétamou, M., Schulthess, F., Bosque-Pérez, N.A. & Thomas-Odjo, A. (1993) Effect of nitrogen and silica on the bionomics of Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, 405–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sétamou, M., Schulthess, F., Bosque-Pérez, N.A. & Thomas-Odjo, A. (1995) The effect of stem and cob borers on maize subjected to different nitrogen treatments with special reference to Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 77, 205–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sétamou, M., Schulthess, F., Poehling, H.-M. & Borgemeister, C. (2000) Monitoring and modeling of field infestation and damage by the maize ear borer Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Benin, West Africa. Journal of Economic Entomology 93, 650–657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanower, T.G., Schulthess, F. & Bosque-Perez, N.A. (1993) Development and fecundity of Sesamia calamistis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, 237–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokal, R.R. & Rolf, F.J. (1995) Biometry: The Principles and Statistics in Biological Research. 3rd edn.887 pp. San Francisco, CA, Freeman.Google Scholar
van Alphen, J.J.M. & Drijver, R.A.B. (1982) Host selection by Asobara tabida Nees (Braconidae: Alysiinae) a larval parasitoid of fruit inhabiting Drosophila species. I. Host stage selection with Drosophila melanogaster as host. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 32, 215–231.Google Scholar
Vinson, S.B. & Iwantsch, G.F. (1980) Host suitability for insect parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology 25, 397–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waage, J.K. & Godfray, H.C. (1985) Reproductive strategies and population ecology of insect parasitoids. pp. 449–470in Sibly, R. & Smith, R. (Eds) Behavioral Ecology. Ecological Consequences of Adaptive Behaviour. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Waage, J.K. & Greathead, D.J. (1988) Biological control: challenges and opportunities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 318, 111–128.Google Scholar
Wellings, P.W., Morton, R. & Hart, P.J. (1986) Primary sex ratio and differential, survivorship in solitary haplo-diploid parasitoids. Ecological Entomology 11, 341–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, G., Overholt, W.A. & Kimani-Nnjogu, S.W. (2003) Species richness and parasitism in an assemblage of parasitoids attacking maize stem borers in coastal Kenya. Ecological Entomology 28, 109–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar