Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T12:30:18.294Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Morphological and molecular identification of cryptic species in the Sergentomyia bailyi (Sinton, 1931) complex in Sri Lanka

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2016

T. Tharmatha ,
K. Gajapathy ,
R. Ramasamy  and
S.N. Surendran
T. Tharmatha
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
K. Gajapathy
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
R. Ramasamy
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, England
S.N. Surendran*
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
*
*Author for correspondence Phone: +94212222685 Fax: +94212222685 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The correct identification of sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis is important for controlling the disease. Genetic, particularly DNA sequence data, has lately become an important adjunct to the use of morphological criteria for this purpose. A recent DNA sequencing study revealed the presence of two cryptic species in the Sergentomyia bailyi species complex in India. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the presence of cryptic species in the Se. bailyi complex in Sri Lanka using morphological characteristics and DNA sequences from cytochrome c oxidase subunits. Sand flies were collected from leishmaniasis endemic and non-endemic dry zone districts of Sri Lanka. A total of 175 Se. bailyi specimens were initially screened for morphological variations and the identified samples formed two groups, tentatively termed as Se. bailyi species A and B, based on the relative length of the sensilla chaeticum and antennal flagellomere. DNA sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and subunit II (COII) genes of morphologically identified Se. bailyi species A and B were subsequently analyzed. The two species showed differences in the COI and COII gene sequences and were placed in two separate clades by phylogenetic analysis. An allele specific polymerase chain reaction assay based on sequence variation in the COI gene accurately differentiated species A and B. The study therefore describes the first morphological and genetic evidence for the presence of two cryptic species within the Se. bailyi complex in Sri Lanka and a DNA-based laboratory technique for differentiating them.

Keywords

antennal flagellomereCOICOIIcryptic speciessand flysensilla chaeticumSergentomyia bailyiSri Lanka
Type
Research Papers
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 107 , Issue 1 , February 2017 , pp. 58 - 65
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Athukorale, D.N., Seneviratne, J.K., Ihalamulla, R.L. & Premaratne, U.N. (1992) Locally acquired leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, 432–433.Google ScholarPubMed
Bates, P.A., Depaquit, J., Galati, E.A.B., Kamhawi, S., Maroli, M., McDowell, M.A., Picado, A., Ready, P.D., Salomón, O.D., Shaw, J.J., Traub-Cseko, Y.M. & Warburg, A. (2015) Recent advances in phlebotomine sand fly research related to leishmaniasis control. Parasites and Vectors 8, 131.Google Scholar
Campino, L., Cortes, S., Dionisio, L., Neto, L., Afonso, M.O. & Maia, C. (2013) The first detection of Leishmania major in naturally infected Sergentomyia minuta in Portugal. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 108, 516–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cazorlap, D. (2009) Multivariate morphometric differentiation between females of two cryptic species of Lutzomyia subgenus Helcocyrtomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae). Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 35, 197–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, F.H. & Paskewitz, S.M. (1996) A review of the use of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to differentiate among cryptic Anopheles species. Insect Molecular Biology 5, 1–9.Google Scholar
Danta-Torres, F., Latrofa, M.S. & Otranto, D. (2010) Occurrence and genetic variability of Phlebotomus papatasi in an urban area of southern Italy. Parasites and Vectors 3, 77.Google Scholar
Depaquit, J. (2014) Molecular systematics applied to Phlebotomine sandflies and perspectives. Infection Genetics and Evolution 28, 744–756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elnaiem, D.A., Hassan, H.K. & Ward, R.D. (1997) Phlebotomine sand flies in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in a border area of eastern Sudan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 91, 307–318.Google Scholar
Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783–791.Google Scholar
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3, 294–299.Google Scholar
Gajapathy, K. & Surendran, S.N. (2011) Morphometric description of Sandflies belong to Genus Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) (Diptera; Psychodidae; Phlebotominae) in Sri Lanka; evidence for the presence of Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) pondicherriensis & Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) dentata in the Country. Journal of Entomology 8, 512–529.Google Scholar
Gajapathy, K. & Surendran, S.N. (2012 a) Report of the presence of Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) salehi Mesghali in Sri Lanka: a potential cutaneous leishmaniasis vector. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 40, 169–173.Google Scholar
Gajapathy, K. & Surendran, S.N. (2012 b) Description of sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotaminae) species from Genus Sergentomyia (Franca and Parrot, 1920) in Sri Lanka. Journal of Entomology 9, 302–318.Google Scholar
Gajapathy, K., Peiris, L.B.S., Goodacre, S.L., Silva, A., Jude, P.J. & Surendran, S.N. (2013) Molecular identification of potential leishmaniasis vector species within the Phlebotomus (Euphlebotomus) argentipes species complex in Sri Lanka. Parasites and Vectors 6, 302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goswami, G., Raghavendra, K., Nanda, N., Gakhara, S.K. & Subbarao, S.K. (2005) PCR-RFLP of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II and ITS2 of ribosomal DNA: markers for the identification of members of the Anopheles culicifacies complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Tropica 95, 92–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ilango, K. (2000) Morphological characteristics of the antennal flagellum and its sensilla cheatica with character displacement in the sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti sensu lato (Diptera: Psychodidae). Journal of Bioscience 25, 163–172.Google Scholar
Ilango, K. (2010) A taxonomic reassessment of the Phlebotomus argentipes species complex (Diptera: Psychodidae:Phlebotaminae). Journal of Medical Entomology 47, 1–15.Google Scholar
Kanjanopas, K., Siripattanapipong, S., Ninsaeng, U., Hitakarun, A., Jitkaew, S., Kaewtaphaya, P., Tan-ariya, P., Mungthin, M., Charoenwong, C. & Leelayoova, S. (2013) Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) gemmea, a potential vector Leishmania siamensis in southern Thailand. BMC Infectious Diseases 13, 333.Google Scholar
Kumar, N.P., Srinivasan, R. & Jambulingam, P. (2012) DNA barcoding for identification of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in India. Molecular Ecology Resources 12, 414–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, R.P. (1993) Sandflies (Phlebotominae) pp. 78–119 in Lane, R.P. & Crosskey, R.W. (Eds) Medical Insects and Arachnids. London, UK, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Lane, R.P. & Fritz, G. (1986) The differentiation of the leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus papatasi from the suspected vector P. bergeroti (Diptera: Phlebotominae). Systematic Entomology 11, 439–445.Google Scholar
Lane, R.P. & Rahman, S.J. (1980) Variation in the ascoids of the sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes in a population from Patna, northern India. Journal of Communicable Diseases 124, 216–218.Google Scholar
Lewis, D.J. (1978) The Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Oriental region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 37, 217–343.Google Scholar
Librado, P. & Rozas, J. (2009) DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 25, 1451–1452.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, S., Hassan, M.Q., Ghosh, A., Gosh, K.N., Bhatacharya, A. & Adhya, S. (1997) Leishmania DNA in Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia species during a kala-azar epidemic. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 57, 423–425.Google Scholar
Nalugwa, A., Kristensen, T.K., Nyakaana, S. & Jørgensen, A. (2010) Mitochondrial DNA variations in sibling species of the Bulinus truncatus/tropicus complex in Lake Albert, Western Uganda. Zoological Studies 49, 515–522.Google Scholar
Ozbel, Y., Sanjoba, C., Alten, B., Asada, M., Depaquit, J., Matsumoto, Y., Demir, S., Siyambalagoda, R.R.M.L.R., Rajapakse, R.P.V.J. & Matsumoto, Y. (2011) Distribution and ecological aspects of sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) species in Sri Lanka. Journal of Vector Ecology 36, 77–86.Google Scholar
Premachandra, W.T.S.D., Senarath, D.P.C., De Silva, M.P.K.S.K. & Peiris, B.S.L. (2012) A study on phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Phlebotomidae) in Dickwella, southern Sri Lanka, an endemic focus for cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 32, 32–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadlova, J., Dvorak, V., Seblova, V., Warburg, A., Votypka, J. & Volf, P. (2013) Sergentomyia schwetzi is not a competent vector for Leishmania donovani and other Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. Parasites and Vectors 6, 186.Google Scholar
Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crepsi, B., Liu, H. & Flook, P. (1994) Evolution, weighting and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87, 651–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siriwardana, H.V.Y.D., Chandrawansa, P.H., Sirimanna, G. & Karunaweera, N.D. (2012) Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: a decade old story. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2, 2–12.Google Scholar
Surendran, S.N. & Ramasamy, R. (2010) The Anopheles culicifacies and An. subpictus species complexes in Sri Lanka and their implications for malaria control in the island. Tropical Medicine and Health 38, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surendran, S.N., Kajatheepan, A., Hawkes, N.J. & Ramasamy, R. (2005) First report on the presence of morphospecies A and B of Phlebotomus argentipes sensu lato (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sri Lanka – implications for leishmaniasis transmission. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 42, 155–158.Google Scholar
Surendran, S.N., Kajatheepan, A. & Ramasamy, R. (2007) Socio-environmental factors and sandfly prevalence in Delft Island, Sri Lanka – implications for leishmaniasis vector control. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 44, 65–68.Google Scholar
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30, 2725–2729.Google Scholar
Widaa, S.O., Ahmed, K.A., Bari, A.A.E., Ali, M.M., Ibrahim, M.A., Bashir, M.A., Mastour, A.H.A., Yagi, Z.A. & Hassan, M.M. (2012) Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in White Nile, Sudan. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 107, 470–475.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2007) Anopheline Species Complexes in South and South-east Asia. India, SEARO Technical Publication No. 57.Google Scholar
Yogeswari, S. & Srinivasan, R. (2016) A note on variations in morphological features of the Phlebotomine sand fly Sergentomyia bailyi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a population from Pondicherry UT, India. Journal of Medical Entomology 53, 712–716.Google Scholar