Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T11:00:07.609Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The dynamics of the adult population of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) within the Sudan Gezira in relation to cropping pattern and pest control on cotton

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

Clive P. Topper
Clive P. Topper
Affiliation:
Ecological Physics Research Group, Cranfield Institute of Technology, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A method is presented for quantifying moth area densities in individual crops and average densities over the total crop area. Mortality within the total Heliothis armigera (Hübner) adult population as a result of insecticide applications against larvae on cotton in the Sudan Gezira was found to be very substantial for males and virgin and inseminated females. The level of adult mortality which was previously unknown, was shown to be an important factor in Heliothis control. The relative importance of alternative host crops as source sites of adults which infest cotton was demonstrated. Initially, larval populations built up in groundnut fields between July and early September. Females emerging from groundnut fields colonized sorghum in late August and early September and cotton slightly later. Larval densities found in groundnut and sorghum fields correlated strongly with the average densities of virgin females found 12 days later. Groundnuts provided the most important source of adults. The virgin female population was in turn highly correlated with the remainder of the adult population (males and inseminated females), demonstrating that H. armigera adults attacking cotton within the Gezira are locally produced. Adults were attracted to sorghum in large numbers for feeding and oviposition, but survival there of older larvae (fourth to sixth instars) to the adult stage was only 25% of that in groundnuts. The implications for pest management are discussed.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 77 , Issue 3 , September 1987 , pp. 525 - 539
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allan, W. N. & Smith, R. J. (1948). Irrigation in the Sudan.—pp. 593–632in Tothill, J. D. (Ed.). Agriculture in the Sudan.—974 pp. London, Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Balla, A. N. (1970). American bollworm in the Gezira and Managil.—pp. 281–292in Siddig, M. A. & Hughes, L. C. (Eds.). Cotton growth in the Gezira environment.—318 pp. Wad Medani, Sudan, Agric. Res. Corp.Google Scholar
Balla, A. N. (1982). Progress in research and development for Heliothis management in the Sudan.—pp. 363–368in Reed, W. & Kumble, V. (Eds.). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Heliothis Management, ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India, 15–20 November 1981.—418 pp. Patancheru, A.P., India, Int. Crops Res. Inst. Semi-Arid Tropics.Google Scholar
Bowden, J. (1973). Migration of pests in the tropics.—Meded. Fac. Landb. Rijksuniv. Gent 38, 785–796.Google Scholar
Coaker, T. H. (1959). Investigations on Heliothis armigera (Hb.) in Uganda.—Bull. ent. Res. 50, 487–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doggett, H. (1964). A note on the incidence of American bollworm Heliothis armigera (Hub.) (Noctuidae) in sorghum.—E. Afr. agric. For. J. 29, 348–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doutt, R. L. & Smith, R. F. (1971). The pesticide syndrome—diagnosis and suggested prophylaxis.—pp. 3–15in Huffaker, C. B. (Ed.). Biological control.—511 pp. New York, Plenum Press.Google Scholar
El Tigani, M. & El Tagib, M. (1978). Development of crop protection in the Sudan, with special reference to applications of ULV and water based insecticides.—pp. 149–163in Proceedings of Fourth Scientific Conference on Chemicalisation of Plant Production in the Tropics and Subtropics. Vol. 2, part 1.—237 pp. Leipzig, German Democratic Republic, Inst. trop. Landw. Karl-Marx Univ.Google Scholar
Evans, D. E. (1964). Status of American bollworm on cotton at Sennar, Sudan.—Emp. Cott. Grow. Rev. 41, 202–209.Google Scholar
Eveleens, K. G. (1983). Cotton-insect control in the Sudan Gezira: analysis of a crisis.—Crop Protection 2, 273–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveleens, K. G. & Abdel Rahman, A. A. (1980). The cotton whitefly problem: can the tide be turned? Working paper No. 5, prepared for the 44th meeting of the National Pests and Diseases Committee, Khartoum, Sudan, 17 November 1980.Google Scholar
FAO/UNEP (1980). Special considerations on current situation in Sudanese Cotton production.—pp. 10–12in Report of the ninth session of the FAO/UNEP panel of experts on integrated pest control, held in Wad Medani, Sudan, 9–13 December 1979.—53 pp. (Meeting report AGP: 1980/M/S).Google Scholar
Gameel, O. I. (1969). Studies on whitefly parasites Encarsia lutea Masi and Eretmocerus mundus Mercet Hymenoptera Aphelinidae.—Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 79, 65–77.Google Scholar
Haggis, M. J. (1981). Spatial and temporal changes in the distribution of eggs of Heliothis armiger (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton in the Sudan Gezira.—Bull. ent. Res. 71, 183–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hackett, D. S. & Gatehouse, A. G. (1982). Studies on the biology of Heliothis spp. in Sudan.—pp. 29–38in Reed, W. & Kumble, V. (Eds.). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Heliothis Management, ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India, 15–20 November 1981.—418 pp. Patancheru, India, Int. Crops Res. Inst. Semi-Arid Tropics.Google Scholar
Hassan, H. M. (1970). Progress in chemical control of pests of cotton in the Gezira.—pp. 232–246in Siddig, M. A. & Hughes, L. C. (Eds.). Cotton growth in the Gezira environment.—318 pp. Wad Medani, Sudan, Agric. Res. Corp.Google Scholar
Hillhouse, T. L. & Pitre, H. N. (1974). Comparison of sampling techniques to obtain measurements of insect populations on soybeans.—J. econ. Ent. 67, 411–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, R. J. V. (1973). Insect mobility and the philosophy of crop protection with reference to the Sudan Gezira.—Pest Artic. & News Summ. 19, 62–70.Google Scholar
Joyce, R. J. V. (1975). Sequential aerial spraying of cotton at ULV rates in the Sudan Gezira as a contribution to synchronised chemical applications over the area occupied by the pest population.—pp. 47–54in Proceedings of the Fifth International Agricultural Aviation Congress, 22nd-25th September 1975, National Agriculture Centre, Warwickshire, England.—403 pp. The Hague, Netherlands, Int. Agric. Aviat. Cent.Google Scholar
Joyce, R. J. V. (1976). Insect flight in relation to problems of pest control.—pp. 135–155in Rainey, R. C. (Ed.). Insect flight.—287 pp. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific (Symp. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. no. 7).Google Scholar
Lindquist, D. A. & Bull, D. L. (1967). Fate of 3-hydroxy-N-methyl-cis-crotonamide dimethyl phosphate in cotton plants.—J. agric. Fd Chem. 15, 267–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, G. A. (1972). Molasses-insecticide sprays for Heliothis control in Malawi.—14 pp. Agric. Res. Coun. Malawi (Occ. Rep. no. 1).Google Scholar
Parsons, F. S. (1937). The constitution of nectar secreted by the extra-floral glands of cotton—a natural food of the bollworm moth, Heliothis armigera Hubn.—Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 12, 151–154.Google Scholar
Pearson, E. O. (1958). The insect pests of cotton in tropical Africa.—355 pp. London, Emp. Cott. Growing Corp. and Commonw. Inst. Ent.Google Scholar
Phillips, J. R. & Lincoln, C. (1968). Improved bollworm control with molasses-insecticide sprays.—Arkans. Fm Res. 17, 12.Google Scholar
Roome, R. E. (1971). Field studies of the biology of Heliothis armigera (Hb.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Botswana.—pp. 32–46in Matthews, G. A. (Ed.). Cotton insect control. Proceedings of the Cotton Insect Control Conference held at Mount Soche Hotel, Blantyre, Malawi, March 24–27 1971.—287 pp. Thondwe, Malawi, Agric. Res. Coun. Malawi.Google Scholar
Roome, R. E. (1975). The control of Heliothis on subsistence crops in Botswana.—Meded. Fac. Landb. Rijksuniv. Gent 40, 267–282.Google Scholar
Schaefer, G. W. (1976). Radar observations of insect flight.—pp. 157–197in Rainey, R. C. (Ed.). Insect flight.—287 pp. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific (Symp. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. no. 7).Google Scholar
Stadelbacher, E. A., Furr, R. E. & Laster, M. L. (1972). Bollworms and tobacco budworms: mortality of adults exposed to insecticides on cotton.—J. econ. Ent. 65, 1682–1683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, W. (1965). Heliothis armigera (Hb.) (Noctuidae) in western Tanganyika. II.—Ecology and natural and chemical control.—Bull. ent. Res. 56, 127–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topper, C. P. (1981). The behaviour and population dynamics of Heliothis armigera (Hb) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Sudan Gezira.—300 pp. Ph.D. thesis, Cranfield Inst. Technol., Bedford, UK.Google Scholar
Topper, C. P. (1987). Nocturnal behaviour of adults of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Sudan Gezira and pest control implications.—Bull. ent. Res. 77, 541–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tunstall, J. P. (1968). Preliminary trial of the addition of molasses to insecticides.—Cott. Grow. Rev. 45, 198–206.Google Scholar
Turner, S. (1980). The Gezira scheme: restructuring the future.—Sudanow Magazine, Khartoum 1980 (March), 33–46.Google Scholar