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The Distribution and Migrations of Locusta in Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

Z. V. Waloff
Z. V. Waloff
Affiliation:
Imperial Institute of Entomology.
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Extract

1. From the study of the historical records of European invasions by Locusta from the 14th century to the present day, it is concluded that the subspecies concerned was L. m. migratoria originating in the West Pontian outbreak area. This area formerly comprised the lower courses of rivers draining into the Black Sea from the Danube to the Dniepr inclusive, and is now confined to the delta of the Danube. From here swarms migrated into central Europe and the eastern part of the north European plain. The northern part of the plain, the British Isles and Fenno-Scandia, lie on the outskirts of the invasion area, and as a rule were only reached by small detachments from swarms. The decline of the West Pontian outbreak centres was accompanied by the gradual decline of the area subject to invasions by large swarms, but during outbreaks small groups and separate individuals of ph. gregaria continue to reach the further limits of the invasion area.

2. The distances covered within a single generation by swarms of L. m. migratoria in temperate Europe (up to 1,600 miles) were comparable in extent to those traversed by L. m. migratorioides in tropical Africa.

3. Long-range migrations to the extreme limits of the invasion area are not confined to L. m. migratoria ph. gregaria but occur also in ph. solitaria. This is shown by the arrival of individuals of this phase in the British Isles during theperiod when the West Pontian outbreak areas are in a quiescent state. From this and from literature data on other locust species it is concluded that long-range migration is a regular seasonal phenomenon in swarming acrididae, independent of the presence of large numbers or the phase.

4. The late summer immigration of L. m. migratoria into the British Isles may be a part of a more general east to west movement of flying insects which may occur in Europe at that season.

5. It is probable that L. m. migratoria sometimes oviposit in the British Isles, for they may arrive in a mature state, or during exceptionally hot summers in southeastern England they may reach sexual maturity after arrival. The eggs, however, are apparently unable to survive winter conditions.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 31 , Issue 3 , November 1940 , pp. 211 - 246
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1940

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