Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-s22k5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-06T05:05:15.605Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Synthesis of milk protein and opportunities for nutritional manipulation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2018

J.C. MacRae ,
B.J. Bequette  and
L.A. Crompton
J.C. MacRae
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, U.K.
B.J. Bequette
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, U.K.
L.A. Crompton
Affiliation:
University of Reading, Reading, U.K.
Get access

Abstract

Dietary manipulation of milk fat content and/or fatty acid composition is becoming a feasible, and for certain niche–markets, attractive means of boosting the nutritive value and acceptability of milk and its secondary products. However it is not yet possible to indicate equivalent ways of manipulating milk protein content and/or composition. This paper will consider current knowledge on milk protein biosynthesis and the opportunities for nutritional manipulation. Recent infusion studies which have linked changes in mammary amino acid metabolism with changes in milk protein content will be examined in an attempt to elucidate key features of the metabolic regulation of the dairy cow which need to be addressed if the British consumer is to have the choice of higher protein (possibly designer protein) milk products. This review will (in part) utilise data from a joint project at the Rowett Institute and Reading University funded by a consortium comprising government (MAFF, BBSRC and SOAEFD) and agribusiness (MDC, Purina Mills and Hendrix).

Type
Opportunities for nutritional manipulation of milk composition
Information
BSAP Occasional Publication , Volume 25: Milk Composition , 2000 , pp. 179 - 199
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agricultural and Food Research Council. 1993. Energy and Protein Requirements of Ruminants. An Advisory Manual Prepared by the AFRC Technical Committee of Responses to Nutrients. CABI, Wallingford, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Aikman, P.C., Reynolds, C.K., Lupoli, B., Humphries, D.J., Sutton, J.D., France, J., Beever, D.E. and MacRae, J.C. 1999. Milk protein response to abomasal and mesenteric vein infusions of essential amino acids in dairy cows fed low protein concentrates. Journal of Animal Science (In press).Google Scholar
Aschaffenburg, R. and Drewry, J. 1955. Occurrence of different β-lactoglobulins in cows milk. Nature 176: 218–219.Google Scholar
Aston, K., Thomas, C., Daley, S.R. and Sutton, J.D. 1994. Milk production from grass silage diets: effects of the composition of supplementary concentrates. Animal Science 59: 335–344.Google Scholar
Baumrucker, C.R. 1985. Amino acid transport systems in bovine mammary tissue. Journal of Dairy Science 68: 2436–2451.Google Scholar
Eigel, W.N., Butler, G.E., Ernstrom, C.A., Farrell , H.M., Harwalkar, V.R., Genness, R. and Whitney, R.M. 1984. Nomenclature of proteins of cows milk – 5th Revision. Journal of Dairy Science 67: 1599–1631.Google Scholar
Garlick, P.J. and Grant, I. 1988. Amino acid infusion increases the sensitivity of muscle protein synthesis in vivo to insulin. Biochemical Journal 254: 579–584.Google Scholar
Georges, M., Neilsen, D., McKinnon, M., Mishra, A., Okimoto, R., Pasquinto, A.T., Sergent, L.S., Sorensen, A., Steele, M.R., Zhao, X., Womack, J.E. and Hoeschele, I. 1995. Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling milk production in dairy cows by exploiting progeny testing. Genetics 139: 907–920.Google Scholar
Gibb, M.J., Irvings, W.E., Dhanoa, M.S. and Sutton, J.D. 1992. Changes in body components of autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows over the first 29 weeks of lactation. Animal Production 55: 339–360.Google Scholar
Griniri, J.M., McGuire, M.A., Dwyer, D.A., Bauman, D.E. and Palmquist, D.L. 1997b. The role of insulin in the regulation of milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 1076–1084.Google Scholar
Griniri, J.M., McGuire, M.A., Dwyer, D.A., Bauman, D.E., Barbano, D.M. and House, W.A. 1997a. The role of insulin in the regulation of milk protein synthesis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 2361–2371.Google Scholar
Guinard, J. and Rulquin, H. 1994a. Effect of graded levels of duodenal infusions of casein on mammary uptake in lactating cows. 2. Individual amino acids. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 3304–3315.Google Scholar
Guinard, J. and Rulquin, H. 1994b. Effects of graded amounts of duodenal infusions of lysine on the mammary uptake of major milk precursors in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 3565–3576.Google Scholar
Guinard, J. and Rulquin, H. 1995. Effects of graded amounts of duodenal infusions of methionine on the mammary uptake of major milk precursors in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 78: 2196–2207.Google Scholar
Iiboshi, Y., Papst, P.J., Kawasome, H., Hosoi, H., Abraham, R.T., Houghton, P.J. and Terada, N. 1999. Amino acid-dependent control of p70S6k. Involvement in tRNA aminoacylation in the regulation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 1092–1099.Google Scholar
Jimenez-Flores, R. and Richardson, T. 1988. Genetic engineering of the caseins to modify the behaviour of milk during processing: a review. Journal of Dairy Science 71: 2640–2654.Google Scholar
Kennelly, J.J. and Glimm, D.R. 1998. The biological potential to alter the composition of milk. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78: 23–56.Google Scholar
Kimball, S.R., Antonetti, D.A., Brawley, R.M. and Jefferson, L.S. 1991. Mechanism of inhibition of peptide chain initiation by amino acid deprivation in perfused rat liver. Regulation involving inhibition of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha phosphatase activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266: 1969–1976.Google Scholar
Komaragiri, M.V.S. and R.A., Erdman. 1997. Factors affecting body tissue mobilization in early lactation dairy cows. 1. Effect of dietary protein on mobilization of body fat and protein. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 929–937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lapierre, H., Bernier, J.F., Dubreuil, P., Reynolds, C.K., Farmer, C., Ouellet, D.R. and Lobley, G.E. 1999. The effect of intake on protein metabolism across splanchnic tissues in growing beef steers. British Journal of Nutrition 81: 457–466.Google Scholar
Lemosquet, S., Rideau, N. and Rulquin, H. 1997. Insulin response to amino acid and glucose intravenous infusions in dairy cows: synergistic effect. Hormone Metabolism Research 29: 556–560.Google Scholar
Lonnerdal, B. and Iyer, S. 1995. Lactoferrin-molecular structure and biological function. Annuals Reviews of Nutrition 15: 93–110.Google Scholar
Mackle, T.R., Dwyer, D.A., Ingvartsen, K.L., Chouinard, P.Y., Lynch, J.M., Barbano, D.M. and Bauman, D.E. 1999. Effects of insulin and amino acids on milk protein concentration and yield from dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 82: 1512–1524.Google Scholar
Marziali, A.S. and Ng-Kwai-Hang, K.F. 1986. Relationships between milk protein polymorphisms and cheese yielding capacity. Journal of Dairy Science 69: 1193–1201.Google Scholar
McGuire, M.A., Bauman, D.E., Dwyer, D.A. and Cohick, W.S. 1995. Nutritional modulation of somatotropin/insulin-like growth factor system: response to feed deprivation in lactating cows. Journal of Nutrition 125: 493–502.Google Scholar
McIntosh, G.H., Regester, G.O., Le Leu, R.K., Royle, P.J. and Smithers, G.W. 1995. Dairy proteins protect against dimethylhydrosine-induced intestinal cancers in rats. Journal of Nutrition 125: 809.Google Scholar
Meijer, A.J., Blommaart, E.F.C., Dubbelhuis, P.F. and van Sluijters, D.A. 1999. Regulation of hepatic nitrogen metabolism. In Protein metabolism and nutrition, (ed Lobley, G.E., White, A. and MacRae, J.C.) pp. 155–175. EAAP Publication No. 96, Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Mepham, T.B., Gage, P. and Mercier, J.C. 1982. Biosynthesis of milk proteins. In Developments in dairy chemistry, Volume 1, (ed Fox, P.F.) pp. 115. Applied Science Publications, New York.Google Scholar
Metcalf, J.A., Crompton, L.A., Backwell, F.R.C., Bequette, B.J., Lomax, M.A., Sutton, J.D., MacRae, J.C. and Beever, D.E. 1996c. The response of dairy cows to intravascular administration of two mixtures of amino acids. Animal Science 62: 643A.Google Scholar
Metcalf, J.A., Crompton, L.A., Wray-Cahen, D., Lomax, M.A., Bequette, B.J., MacRae, J.C., Backwell, F.R.C., Lobley, G.E., Sutton, J.D. and Beever, D.E. 1996b. Responses in milk constituent secretion to intravascular administration of two mixtures of amino acids in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 1425–1429.Google Scholar
Metcalf, J.A., Wray-Cahen, D., Chettle, E.E., Sutton, J.D., Beever, D.E., Crompton, L.A., MacRae, J.C., Bequette, B.J. and Backwell, F.R.C. 1996d. The effect of dietary crude protein as protected soybean meal on mammary metabolism in the lactating dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 603–611.Google Scholar
Metcalf, J.A., Wray-Cahen, D., Chettle, E.E., Sutton, J.D., Beever, D.E., Crompton, L.A., MacRae, J.C., Bequette, B.J. and Backwell, F.R.C. 1996a. The effect of increasing levels of dietary crude protein as protected soya on mammary metabolism in the lactating dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 603–611.Google Scholar
Metcalf, J.M., Beever, D.E., Sutton, J.D., Wray-Cahen, D.W., Evans, R.T., Humphries, D.J., Backwell, F.R.C., Bequette, B.J. and MacRae, J.C. 1994. The effect of supplementary protein on in vivo metabolism of the mammary gland in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 1816–1827.Google Scholar
Millar, I.D., Barber, M.C., Lomax, M.A., Travers, M.T. and Shennan, D.B. 1997. Mammary protein synthesis is acutely regulated by the cellular hydration state. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 230: 351–355.Google Scholar
Murray, J.D. and Maga, E.A. 1999. Changing the composition and properties of milk. In Transgenic animals in agriculture, (ed Murray, J.D., Anderson, G.B., Aberbauer, A.M. and McGloughlin, M.M.) pp. 193–208. CABI International.Google Scholar
National Research Council. 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 6th Revised Edition: National Academy of Science, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ng-Kwai-Hang, K.F. 1993. Genetic variants of milk proteins and cheese yield. Proceedings of the IDF Seminar: Cheese Yield and Factors Affecting its Control pp. 160–166. Cork, Ireland 9402.Google Scholar
Ng-Kwai-Hang, K.F. 1998. Genetic polymorphism of milk proteins: relationships with production traits, milk composition and technological properties. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78: 131–147.Google Scholar
Ng-Kwai-Hang, K.F., Hayes, J.F., Moxley, J.E. and Monardes, H.G. 1986. Relationships between milk protein polymorphisms and major milk constituents in Holstein-Friesian cows. Journal of Dairy Science 69: 22–26.Google Scholar
Ng-Kwai-Hang, K.F., Hayes, J.F., Moxley, J.E. and Monardes, H.G. 1987. Variation in milk protein concentration associated with genetic polymorphism and environmental factors. Journal of Dairy Science 70: 563–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paleyanda, R.K., Velander, W.H., Lee, T.K., Scandella, D.H., Gwazdauskas, F.C., Knight, J.M., Hoyer, L.W., Drohan, W.N. and Lubon, H. 1997. Transgenic pigs produce fetal human factor VIII in milk. Nature Biotechnology 15: 971–975.Google Scholar
Papiz, M.Z., Soya, L., Eliopousos, E.E., North, A.C.T., Finlay, J.B.C., Siraprasadarao, R., Jones, T.A., Newcomer, M.E. and Kraulis, P.J. 1986. The structure of β-lactoglobulin and its similarities to plasma retinol-binding protein. Nature 324: 383.Google Scholar
Patti, M-E., Brambilla, E., Luzi, L., Landaker, E.J. and Kahn, C.R. 1998. Bidirectional modulation of insulin action by amino acids. Journal of Clinical Investigation 101: 1519–1529.Google Scholar
Phipps, R.H., Sutton, J.D. and Jones, B.A. 1995. Forage mixtures for dairy cows: the effect on dry matter intake and milk production of incorporating either fermented or urea treated whole crop wheat, brewers’ grains, fodder beet or maize silage into diets based on grass silage. Animal Science 61: 491–496.Google Scholar
Reynolds, C., Crompton, L., Firth, K., Beever, D., Sutton, J., Lomax, M., Wray-Cahen, D., Metcalf, J., Chettle, E., Bequette, B., Backwell, C., Lobley, G. and MacRae, J. 1995. Splanchnic and milk protein responses to mesenteric vein infusion of 3 mixtures of amino acids in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 73: 274.Google Scholar
Reynolds, C.K., Lupoli, B., Aikman, P.C., Humphries, D.J., Crompton, L.A., Sutton, J.D., France, J., Beever, D.E. and MacRae, J.C. 1999. Effect of abomasal casein or essential amino acid infusions on splanchnic metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science (In press).Google Scholar
Robinson, P.H., Gill, M. and Kennelly, J.J. 1997. Influence of time of feeding a protein meal on ruminal fermentation and forestomach digestion in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 1366–1373.Google Scholar
Rogers, Q.R. 1976. The nutritional and metabolic effects of amino acid imbalances. p. 279. In Protein metabolism and nutrition, (ed Cole, D.J.A., Boormann, K.N., Buttery, P.J., Lewis, D., Neale, R.J. and Swan, H.). Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Rulquin, H. and Vertie, R. 1993. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition pp. 57–77. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham.Google Scholar
Schmidt, D.G. 1982. Association of casein and casein micelle structure. In Developments in dairy chemistry Volume 1, (ed Fox, P.F.) pp. 61. Applied Science Publications, New York.Google Scholar
Schnieke, A.E., Kind, A.G., Ritchie, W.A., Mycock, K., Scott, A.R., Ritchie, M., Wilmut, I., Coleman, A. and Campbell, K.H. 1997. Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts. Science 278: 2130–2133.Google Scholar
Shennan, D.B., Millar, I.D. and Calvert, D.T. 1997. Mammary–tissue amino acid transport systems. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56: 177–191.Google Scholar
Shotwell, M.A., Kilberg, M.S. and Oxender, D.L. 1983. The regulation of neutral amino acid transport in mammalian cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 737: 267–284.Google Scholar
Smoler, E., Beever, D.E., Lomax, M.A., Humphries, D.J., Perrot, G. and Waters, J. 1995. The effect of changing the carbohydrate composition of the concentrate component of the diet of grass silage fed cows on milk yield and composition. Animal Science 60: 556A.Google Scholar
Soulier, S., Lepourry, L., Stinnakre, M.G., Mercier, J.C. and Vilotte, J.L. 1997. Expression of a bovine α-lactalbumin transgene in α-lactalbumin-deficient mice can rescue lactation. In vivo relationship between the bovine α-lactalbumin expression content and milk composition. Journal of Dairy Science 64: 145–148.Google Scholar
Stacey, A., Schnieke, A., Kerr, M., Scott, A., McKee, C., Cottingham, I., Binas, B., Wilde, C. and Colman, A. 1995. Lactation is disrupted by α-lactalbumin deficiency and can be restored by human α-lactalbumin gene replacement in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 92: 2835–2839.Google Scholar
Sutton, J.D., Aston, K., Beever, D.E. and Dhanoa, M.S. 1996. Milk production from grass silage diets: effects of high-protein concentrates for lactating heifers and cows on intake, milk production and milk nitrogen fractions. Animal Science 62: 207–215.Google Scholar
Sutton, J.D., Hart, I.C., Morant, S.V., Schuller, E. and Simmonds, A.D. 1988. Feeding frequency for lactating cows: diurnal patterns of hormones and metabolites in peripheral blood in relation to milk-fat concentration. British Journal of Nutrition 60: 265–274.Google Scholar
Taylor, P.M. and Brameld, J.M. 1999. Mechanisms and regulation of transcription and translation. In Protein metabolism and nutrition, (ed Lobley, G.E., White, A. and MacRae, J.C.) pp. 25–50. EAAP Publication No. 96, Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Travers, M.T., Barber, M.C., Tonner, E., Quarrie, L., Wilde, C.J. and Flint, D.J. 1996. The role of prolactin and growth hormone in the regulation of casein gene expression and mammary cell survival: relationships to milk synthesis and secretion. Endocrinology 137: 153–159.Google Scholar
Wall, R.J., Kerr, D.E. and Bondioli, K.R. 1997. Transgenic dairy cattle: genetic engineering on a large scale. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 2213–2224.Google Scholar
Whitelaw, F.G., Milne, J.S., Ørskov, E.R. and Smith, J.S. 1986. The nitrogen and energy metabolism of lactating cows given abomasal infusions of casein. British Journal of Nutrition 55: 537–556.Google Scholar
Wilmut, I., Archibald, A.L., McClenaghan, M., Simons, J.P., Whitelaw, C.B.A. and Clark, A.J. 1991. Production of pharmaceutical proteins in milk. Experientia 47: 905–912.Google Scholar
Xu, S., Harrison, J.H., Chalupa, W., Sniffen, C., Julien, W., Sato, H., Fujiedo, T., Watanabe, K., Ueda, T. and Suzuki, H. 1998. The effect of ruminal bypass lysine and methionine on milk yield and composition of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 81: 1062–1077.Google Scholar