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³⁰ Leichter, , A Comparative Approach to Policy Analysis, p. 272.Google Scholar Similar evidence of Germany's pioneering role in welfare policy is provided in Heclo, Hugh, Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974)Google Scholar; and Kuhnle, Stein, ‘The Growth of Social Insurance Programs in Scandinavia: Outside Influences and Internal Forces’, in Flora, Peter and Heidenheimer, Arnold, eds, The Development of Welfare Slates in Europe and America (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1981).Google Scholar

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³⁷ See Heclo, Hugh, ‘Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment’, in King, Anthony, ed., The New American Political System (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1978)Google Scholar; and Ripley, Randall B. and Franklin, Grace A., Congress, the Bureaucracy, and Public Policy (Chicago: Dorsey Press, 1987).Google Scholar The classic work in the international relations field on transnational networks is Keohane, Robert and Nye, Joseph, Power and Interdependence (Boston, Mass.: Little Brown, 1977).Google Scholar

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⁴³ An enormous literature could be cited. Probably the two pioneering works are: Mitrany, David, A Working Peace System (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1943)Google Scholar; and Haas, Ernst B., Beyond the Nation-State (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1964).Google Scholar A useful literature review of different theories of European integration is provided in Taylor, Paul, The Limits of European Integration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983).Google Scholar

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⁶³ Although there is now a burgeoning literature which applies state-centred approaches to many cases, the central theoretical works remain Evans, Peter B., Rueschemeyer, Dietrich and Skocpol, Theda, eds, Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Nordlinger, Eric A., On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).Google Scholar Useful reviews are found in: Krasner, Stephen D., ‘Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics’, Comparative Politics, 16 (1984), 223–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Almond, Gabriel A., ‘The Return to the State’, American Political Science Review, 82 (1988), 853–901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁶⁶ Skocpol, Theda, ‘Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research’Google Scholar, in Evans, et al. , Bringing the State Back In, pp. 3–37, at p. 21.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Skocpol too concludes that ‘the value of Nordlinger's book lies … in the researchable hypotheses about variations in state autonomy that one might derive from the typologies it offers’ (Skocpol, , ‘Bringing the State Back In’, p. 31).Google Scholar