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¹⁸ The percentages of 14–18 year olds attending school full time in 1928–30 were 33 per cent in the US, 14 per cent in Sweden, 16 per cent in Germany, and 16 per cent in England. In the US four-fifths of secondary pupils were in general secondary schools; in Europe two-thirds or more were attending vocational-type schools. Hans, N., ‘Comparative Educational Statistics’, The Yearbook of Education: 1934 (London: Evans, 1935), pp. 172–3, 180–3.Google Scholar

¹⁹ The enrolment in all secondary schools per 10,000 of population was, according to the sources utilized by Banks, as follows: Banks, Arthur S., ed., Cross-Polity Times-Series Data (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971)Google Scholar, Segment Six.

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²² Hans, , ‘Comparative Educational Statistics’, p. 171.Google Scholar The US, in increasing its secondary teaching force tenfold between 1890 and the 1920s, added more teachers at this level than Germany had teaching at all levels in 1895. US education's share of all public social welfare expenditures climbed steadily to a peak of 56.8 per cent in 1929. Its share of GNP first climbed slowly (1913 – 1.3 per cent), more quickly in the 1920s (1929 – 2.4 per cent), and then quickly again from 1947 (1966 – 4.7 per cent).

²³ A possibly suggestive interview was with a Chicago teamster in 1900, ‘who had encouraged his daughter's ambitions to become a school teacher only to find his own self-respect jeopardized: he was forced first to rent a new flat and buy new furniture; he was then expected to entertain his daughter's status-conscious, white-collar friends; what is more, as a result of his added expenses, the father was forced to send out his younger children to supplement his now inadequate wages; finally, his teacher-daughter threatened, at every sign of opposition from her father, to leave her home for more congenial surroundings.’ White, Dana F., ‘Education in the Turn-of-the-Century City: the Search for Control’, Urban Education, IV (1969), p. 178Google Scholar; Havighurst, Robert J. and Neugarten, Bernice L., Society and Education (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1957), pp. 358–60.Google Scholar

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⁷⁷ Thus compulsory school attendance laws were introduced in Massachusetts in 1854, but not until 1920 in Mississippi.

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⁹⁶ Between 1906 and 1930 the number of medical schools was reduced from 162 to 76, and the doctor ratio from 157 to 126 per 100,000 population. The number of medical graduates was smaller in 1950 than it had been in 1904.

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