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⁴ A similar line of argument has been taken by Nove, Alec, ‘Socialism, Centralized Planning, and the One Party State’ in Rigby, T. H., Brown, Archie and Reddaway, Peter, eds, Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR (New York: St Martin's Press, 1980), pp. 77–97.Google Scholar

⁵ See Dallin, Alexander and Breslauer, George, ‘Political Terror in the Post-Mobilization Stage’, in Johnson, Chalmers, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1970), pp. 191–215.Google Scholar A summary of Soviet thinking on the sources of higher productivity can be found in Kukushkin, M., ed., Razvitoi Sotsializm i proizvodstvo material-'nykh blag (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1975)Google Scholar; Logvinov, L. D., ‘Obespechenie vysokoi effektivnosti obshchestvennogo proizvodstva-zadachi ekonomicheskoi politiki KPSS’ in Voprosy ekono-micheskoi politiki KPSS na sovremennom etape (Moscow: Politizdat, 1971), pp. 179–90.Google Scholar

⁶ Breslauer, George, ‘Khrushchev Revisited’, Problems of Communism, xxv (1976), 18–33Google Scholar; and Bunce, Valerie, Do New Leaders Make a Difference? (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981), Chap. 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷ Corporatism is a term which refers to a type of interest intermediation process and therefore to certain policy outcomes. In corporatism, as opposed to pluralism and syndicalism, there is an activist state, concerned with social consensus and growth through a consensual planning process. Towards this end, the state incorporates functionally-based groups, such as labour and those who manage capital, into the economic decision-making process. The by-products of such a system include an expanding welfare state which co-opts the support of labour, investment priorities palatable to capital, and social harmony. Thus, corporatism is a broad, highly generalized descriptive term for political economies that share the following traits: (1) a concern with growth, consensual decision processes, and the nature of policy outcomes rather than (as in the case of pluralist systems) policy processes; (2) centralization of power in the executive, economic planning, and highly-articulated bureaucratic structures; (3) a state actively involved in the creation of hierarchically-organized, functionally-based interests and the admission of these interests into the policy process; (4) a form of interest intermediation that emphasizes on functional, as opposed to attitudinal, group concerns; and (5) policy priorities which recognize the need to co-opt labour, yet attract the support of capital and generate investment for growth. For more detailed discussions, see Schmitter, Philippe and Lehmbruch, Gerhard, eds, Trends Towards Corporatist Inter-Mediation (Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications, 1979).Google Scholar

⁸ The description above fits in well with the arguments presented by Kukushkin, M. S., ed., Razvitoi sotsializm: proizvodstvo material'nykh blag (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1975)Google Scholar and Kelley, Donald, ‘The Soviet Image of the Future’, in Wesson, Robert, ed., The Soviet Union: Problems and Prospects (Stanford, California: Hoover Institution, 1979)Google Scholar; Evans, Alfred, ‘Developed Socialism in Soviet Ideology’, Soviet Studies, XXIX (1979), 409–28.Google Scholar

⁹ In particular, see Breslauer, George, Patterns of Leadership in the Soviet Union Since Stalin, unpublished manuscript (Berkeley, Calif: 1981)Google Scholar; Hough, Jerry, ‘The Brezhnev Era: The Man and the System’, Problems of Communism, XXV (1976), 1–17.Google Scholar

¹⁰ For a summary of the 1965 plenum, see Volkov, I. M., ‘Novy etap v razvitii sel'skogo khoziaistva SSSR’, Istoria SSSR, XXII (1975), 3–21.Google Scholar

¹¹ Brezhnev, Leonid, Leninskim kursom, I (Moscow: Politizdat, 1970), pp. 4–5.Google Scholar Evidence on the socio-economic impact of these concerns can be found in McAuley, Alastair, Economic Welfare in the Soviet Union (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979)Google Scholar; Bunce, , Do New Leaders Make a Difference?, pp. 167–9Google Scholar; Connor, Walter, Socialism, Work and Equality (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979).Google Scholar

¹² A similar argument has been made by Breslauer, George, ‘Political Succession and the Soviet Policy Agenda’, Problems of Communism, XXIX (1980), 34–52.Google Scholar

¹³ For evidence on this point, see Bunce, , Do New Leaders Make a Difference?, Chap. 5.Google Scholar

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¹⁶ Bush, Keith, ‘Soviet Agriculture: Ten Years Under New Management’, Radio Liberty Research Paper, 1974.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ ‘Fingers’ is the term used by Charles Lindblom to describe the strength of markets as opposed to the brute strength – the ‘thumbs’ – of planning. See Politics and Markets (New York: Basic Books, 1977).Google Scholar

¹⁹ See Nove, Alec, ‘The Soviet Economy: Problems and Prospects’, New Left Review, XXXVIII (1980), 3–19.Google Scholar A similar argument has been made for Yugoslavia: see Comisso, Ellen, Workers Control Under Plan and Market (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979).Google Scholar

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²³ This is summarized by Home, Robert, ‘Détente “Myths” and Soviet Foreign Policy’, in Potichnyj, Peter and Shapiro, Jane, eds, From the Cold War to Détente (New York: Praeger, 1976), pp. 99–121Google Scholar; Vernon, Graham, ‘Controlled Conflict: Soviet Perceptions of Peaceful Coexistence’, Orbis, XXIII (1979), 271–98Google Scholar; Husband, William, ‘Soviet Perceptions of U.S. “Position of Strength” Diplomacy in the 1970s’, World Politics, XXXI (1979), 495–517CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Griffiths, Franklyn, ‘Images, Politics and Learning in Soviet Behavior towards the United States’, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1972.Google Scholar

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²⁵ This is not to suggest that these needs were uni-directional. American business in the early stages of détente, for example, was very interested in penetrating such a large, untapped market, and political détente was appealing as well. See Bell, Coral, ‘Soviet–American Strategic Balance, the Western Alliance, and East–West Relations’Google Scholar, in Bornstein, et al. , eds, East–West Relations, pp. 11–30.Google Scholar

²⁶ Bornstein, Morris, ‘Soviet–East European Economic Relations’Google Scholar, in Bornstein, et al. , eds, East–West Relations, pp. 105–26Google Scholar; Vanous, Jan and Marrese, Michael, Implicit Subsidies and Non-Market Benefits in Soviet Trade with Eastern Europe (Berkeley, California: Institute of International Studies, 1982).Google Scholar

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