¹ For a discussion of these methodologies, see the following works: Rose, Arnold, The Power Structure (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967)Google Scholar; Polsby, Nelson, ‘Three Problems in the Analysis of Community Power’, American Sociological Review, XXIV (1959), 796–803CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Walton, John, ‘Discipline Method and Community Power’, American Sociological Review, XXXI (1966), 684–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wolfinger, Raymond, ‘Reputation and Reality in the Study of Community Power’, American Sociological Review, xxv (1960), 634–44Google Scholar; Bachrach, Peter and Baratz, Morton, ‘Two Faces of Power’, American Political Science Review, LVII (1962), 947–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and ‘Decisions and Non-Decisions’, American Political Science Review, LVII (1963), 632–42Google Scholar; Dahl, Robert, ‘A Critique of the Ruling Elite Model’, American Political Science Review, LII (1958), 463–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

² Rose, The Power Structure includes a case history of the Medicare issue, while Wright Mills, C., Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956)Google Scholar gives only five decisions to illustrate his ‘power elite’ thesis. Aaronovitch, Sam, The Ruling Class (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1961)Google Scholar cites the outcome of two issues to illustrate his argument that the finance capitalists rule politically.

³ The sociology of leadership method has been utilized in the following studies: Aaronovitch, The Ruling Class; Mills, Power Elite; Guttsman, Wilhelm, The British Political Elite (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1963)Google Scholar; Porter, John, The Vertical Mosaic (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966)Google Scholar; Sweezy, Paul, ‘Power Elite or Ruling Class’, Monthly Review, VII (1956), 148–54Google Scholar; William Domhoff, G., Who Rules America? (Englewood: Prentice-Hall, 1967).Google Scholar The only systematic study of national power not using this method was by Hunter, Floyd, Top Leadership USA (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959)Google Scholar who relied upon the reputational method.

⁴ Bachrach, and Baratz, , ‘Two Faces of Power’, p. 948.Google Scholar

⁵ Dahl, , ‘A Critique of the Ruling Elite Model’, p. 466.Google Scholar

⁶ Bachrach, and Baratz, , ‘Two Faces of Power’, p. 948.Google Scholar

⁷ Polsby, ‘Three Problems in the Analysis of Community Power’.

⁸ Domhoff, , Who Rules America? pp. 7, 145.Google Scholar

⁹ Polsby, ‘Three Problems in the Analysis of Community Power’.

¹⁰ The following is a list of the major sources for the issues. Some issues were reconstructed from such sources as newspaper and magazine accounts. For a fuller description of the history of the issues, data sources and methodology see the author's Ph.D. dissertation ‘The Power Structure of Britain’, Brown University, 1970.Google ScholarBarnett, Malcolm, The Politics of Legislation (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969)Google Scholar; Beloff, Nora, The General Says No (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963)Google Scholar; Beveridge, Janet, Beveridge and His Plan (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1954)Google Scholar; Butt, Ronald, The Power of Parliament (London: Constable, 1969)Google Scholar; Cantril, Hadley, Public Opinion 1935-1946 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951)Google Scholar; Christoph, James, Capital Punishment and British Politics (London: Allen and Unwin,1962)Google Scholar; Dent, H. C., The Education Act (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1944)Google Scholar: Education in Transition (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1948)Google Scholar: Growth in English Education (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954)Google Scholar; Driver, Christopher, The Disarmers (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1964)Google Scholar; Eckstein, Harry, The English Health Service (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958)Google Scholar; Epstein, Leon, British Politics in the Suez Crisis (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964)Google Scholar; Epstein, Leon D., Britain:Uneasy Ally (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954)Google Scholar; Ford, A. W., The Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1954)Google Scholar; Foot, Paul, Immigration and Race in British Politics (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965)Google Scholar; Hanser, Charles, Guide to Decision: The Royal Commission (Tofowa: Bedminster Press, 1965)Google Scholar; Kazamias, Andreas, Politics, Society and Secondary Education in England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966)Google Scholar; Lieber, R. J., British Politics and European Unity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970)Google Scholar; Mcgregor, O. R., Divorce in England (London: Heinemann, 1957)Google Scholar; Martin, Laurence, ‘The Market for Strategic Ideas in Britain: The Sandys Era’, American Political Science Review, LXI (1962), 23–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Meehan, Eugene, The British Left Wing and Foreign Policy (New Brunswick: University of Rutgers Press, 1960)Google Scholar; Mosley, Leonard, The Last Days of the British Raj (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962)Google Scholar; Parkinson, Michael , Labour Party and Secondary Education 1918–65 (London: Routledge, 1970)Google Scholar; Paulu, Burton, British Broadcasting (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1956)Google Scholar; Ross, George, The Nationalization of Steel (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1965)Google Scholar; Richards, Peter, Parliament and Foreign Affairs (London: Allen and Unwin, 1967)Google Scholar; Steel, David, No Entry (London: Gollancz, 1969)Google Scholar; Snyder, William, The Politics of British Defense Policy 1945–62 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1964)Google Scholar; Waltz, K. N., Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967)Google Scholar; Wilson, H. H., Pressure Group: The Campaign for Commercial Television (London: Seeker and Warburg, 1961)Google Scholar; Windlesham, Lord, Communication and Political Power (London: Cape, 1966).Google Scholar

¹¹ Jackson, Robert, Rebels and Whips (London: Macmillan, 1968).Google Scholar

¹² For a general overview of this debate, see Rose, , The Power Structure, pp. 1–39.Google Scholar As examples of elitist models, see Mills, Power Elite; Domhoff, Who Rules America?; Guttsman, British Political Elite; and Aaronovitch, The Ruling Class.

¹³ Keller, Suzanne, Beyond the Ruling Class (New York: Random House, 1963)Google Scholar; Riesman, David, The Lonely Crowd (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960)Google Scholar; Dahl, ‘A Critique of the Ruling Elite Model’.

¹⁴ Rose, The Power Structure; Galbraith, John, American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (London: Hamilton, 1952).Google Scholar

¹³ Kornhauser, W. A., The Politics of Mass Society (Glencoe: Free Press, 1959).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Crenson, Mathew, Unpolitics of Pollution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971). PP. 179–82.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Rose, , The Power Structure, p. 5.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Butler, David and Stokes, Donald, Political Change in Britain (London: Macmillan, 1969), pp. 174–92.Google Scholar

¹⁹ As Butler and Stokes point out the overall stability of public opinion may hide large movements of individuals in opposite directions (Political Change in Britain, pp. 176–7), but from a majoritarian democratic viewpoint, or from the perspective of the politician this is irrelevant if there are always more people on a given side.

²⁰ The sources for each issue are, in order, Epstein, , British Politics in the Suez Crisis, pp. 141–5Google Scholar; Rose, Richard, Influencing Voters (London: Faber, 1967) p. 184Google Scholar; Gallup Political Index (October 1962, April 1963, July 1964, August 1964); Gallup Political Index (January 1964, February 1964, March 1964, June 1964); Windlesham, , Communication and Political Power, p. 158Google Scholar; Eckstein, , The English Health Service, p. 144Google Scholar; Barnett, , Politics of Legislation, p. 116Google Scholar; Christoph, , Capital Punishment and British Politics, p. 117Google Scholar; Paulu, , British Broadcasting, pp. 375–80Google Scholar; Hanser, . Guide to Decision, p. 103Google Scholar; Gallup Political Index (November 1961, December 1961).

²¹ Snyder, , Politics of British Defense Policy, pp. 57–62.Google Scholar

²² Harrison, Tom, ‘British Opinion Moves Toward a New Synthesis’, Public Opinion Quarterly, IX (1947–1948), 327–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²³ Cantril, , Public Opinion, p. 276.Google Scholar

²⁴ Harrison, , ‘British Opinion’, p. 339.Google Scholar

²⁵ Snyder, , Politics of British Defense Policy, pp. 54–7.Google Scholar

²⁶ Cantril, , Public Opinion, p. 187.Google Scholar

²⁷ Cantril, , Public Opinion, p. 327.Google Scholar

²⁸ Cantril, , Public Opinion, p. 399.Google Scholar

²⁹ Beveridge, , Beveridge and his Plan; Cantril, Public Opinion, p. 362.Google Scholar

³⁰ Parkinson, , Labour Party and Secondary Education, p. 81.Google Scholar

³¹ Windlesham, , Communication and Political Power, p. 155.Google Scholar

³² Epstein, , British Politics in the Suez Crisis, p. 169.Google Scholar

³³ The claim of The Times to be the paper of ‘Top people’ is substantiated by a survey done in September 1963 by Research Services Ltd. called Britain Today which showed that 70 per cent of a Who's Who sample read The Times, 43 per cent read the Daily Telegraph, while the Guardian ranked below both the Mail and the Express, being read by only 19 per cent. Of course, not all Times readers are ‘Top people’, and in fact IPA National Readership surveys showed that in 1970 less than half the readers of The Times fell into the highest socio-economic AB category.

³⁴ For The Times, the effort involved in examining all the letters was found to be too prohibitive, and so only the month most likely to generate correspondence (e.g. following the introduction of legislation, etc.) was considered. Another cause of omissions is the fact that the indexing of correspondence is highly variable even within a single journal, and some references may have been thereby overlooked. Since the correspondence is not related to specific questions, as in the case of public opinion polls, it was necessary to use a rather open-ended classification scheme. Thus letters on Commonwealth immigration were coded ‘pro’ or ‘anti’ immigrant rather than specifically on their attitudes on the Commonwealth Immigration Bill.

³⁵ Epstein, , British Politics in the Suez Crisis, p. 167–70.Google Scholar

³⁶ Abrams, Mark, ‘British Elite Attitudes to the European Common Market’, Public Opinion Quarterly, XXIX (1965), 236–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁷ Foot, , Immigration and Race in British Politics, p. 55–6.Google Scholar

³⁸ Steel, , No Entry, p. 39.Google Scholar

³⁹ Wilson, , Pressure Group, p. 114.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Lipset, Seymour, Political Man (Garden City: Doubleday, 1960), pp. 101–2.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Finer, S. E., Anonymous Empire (London: Pall Mall Press, 1966), p. 11.Google Scholar

⁴² Such as the fact that the Archbishop of York sent out a rather ambiguous diocesan letter against Steel Nationalization, that the TUC condemned the race riots in Notting Hill, or that USDAW was for Resale Price Maintenance. These and other casual involvements or statements of mild preference indicate only marginal concern by interest groups.

⁴³ The problem of discovering what a group ‘really’ wants is increased by the existence of two distinct bargaining strategies. On the one hand a group may make exaggerated demands in the hope that it will thereby have some room for manoeuvre. Alternatively, a group may adopt a ‘realistic’ position and simply ask for what it thinks it is likely to be able to achieve given the existence of countervailing interests, even although it would actually like more. In this paper since no attempt has been made to consider a group's demands in detail, this problem is not so significant as the general position of a group on an issue is less ambiguous than such details.

⁴⁴ Beloff, The General Says No.

⁴⁵ In the eight issues with good case histories the average number of organizational involvements in each issue is thirty-five as compared with an average of twenty-seven for the other twelve issues.

⁴⁶ E.g. Barnett, The Politics of Legislation; Lieber, British Politics and European Unity.

⁴⁷ Richards, , Parliament and Foreign Affairs, p. 129.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Beer, Samuel, Modern British Politics (London: Faber, 1965).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Keller, Beyond the Ruling Class.

⁵⁰ Bachrach and Baratz, ‘Two Faces of Power’.

⁵¹ Merelman, Richard, ‘On the Neo-elitist Critique of Community Power’, American Political Science Review, LXII (1968), 451–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵² For example Aaronovitch, , The Ruling Class, pp. 134, 160–1.Google Scholar