¹ See Bullock, Charles S. III and Brady, David W., ‘Party, Constituency, and Roll-Call Voting in the US Senate’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 8 (1983), 29–43Google Scholar; Froman, Lewis A. Jr, Congressmen and Their Constituencies (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1963)Google Scholar; MacRae, Duncan Jr, Dimensions of Congressional Voting (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1958)Google Scholar; Shannon, W. Wayne, Party, Constituency, and Congressional Voting (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968)Google Scholar; Truman, David B., The Congressional Party: A Case Study (New York: Wiley, 1959)Google Scholar; and Turner, Julius, Party and Constituency: Pressures on Congress, revised by Schneier, Edward V. Jr, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970; first published in 1957).Google Scholar

² See Cherryholmes, Cleo H. and Shapiro, Michael J., Representatives and Roll Calls: A Computer Simulation of Voting in the Eighty-eighth Congress (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969)Google Scholar; Clausen, Aage R., How Congressmen Decide: A Policy Focus (New York: St Martin's Press, 1973)Google Scholar; Jackson, John E., Constituencies and Leaders in Congress: Their Effects on Senate Voting Behavior (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kingdon, John W., Congressmen's Voting Decisions, 2nd edn (New York: Harper & Row, 1981)Google Scholar; Matthews, Donald R. and Stimson, James A., Yeas and Nays: Normal Decision-Making in the US House of Representatives (New York: Wiley, 1975)Google Scholar; and Mayhew, David R., Party Loyalty among Congressmen: The Difference between Democrats and Republicans 1947–1962 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ This kind of research is represented or evaluated in the following: Carson, Richard T. and Oppenheimer, Joe A., ‘A Method of Estimating the Personal Ideology of Representatives’, American Political Science Review, 78 (1984), 163–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Clausen, , How Congressmen Decide:Google ScholarClausen, Aage R. and Horn, Carl E. Van, ‘The Congressional Response to a Decade of Change: 1963–1972’, Journal of Politics, 29 (1977), 624–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Collie, Melissa P. and Brady, David W., ‘The Decline of Partisan Voting Coalitions in the House of Representatives’, in Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I., eds, Congress Reconsidered, 3rd edn (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1985), pp. 272–87Google Scholar; Elling, Richard C., ‘Ideological Change in the US Senate: Time and Electoral Responsiveness’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 7 (1982), 75–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kritzer, Herbert M., ‘Ideology and American Political Elites’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 42 (1978), 484–502CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Norpoth, Helmut, ‘Explaining Party Cohesion in Congress: The Case of Shared Policy Attitudes’, American Political Science Review, 70 (1976), 1156–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Poole, Keith T., ‘Dimensions of Interest Group Evaluation of the US Senate, 1969–1978’, American Journal of Political Science, 25 (1981), 49–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Poole, Keith T. and Daniels, R. Steven, ‘Ideology, Party, and Voting in the US Congress’, American Political Science Review, 79 (1985), 373–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Poole, Keith T. and Rosenthal, Howard, ‘The Polarization of American Polities’, Journal of Politics, 46 (1984), 1061–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar and ‘A Spatial Model for Legislative Roll Call Analysis’, American Journal of Political Science, 29 (1985), 357–84Google Scholar; Schneider, Jerrold E., Ideological Coalitions in Congress (West-port, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979)Google Scholar; Shaffer, William R., Party and Ideology in the United States Congress (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1980)Google Scholar and ‘Party and Ideology in the US House of Representatives’, Western Political Quarterly, 35 (1982), 92–106Google Scholar; Sinclair, Barbara, ‘Political Upheaval and Congressional Voting: The Effects of the 1960s on Voting Patterns in the House of Representatives’, Journal of Politics, 38 (1976), 326–45Google Scholar; and ‘From Party Voting to Regional Fragmentation: The House of Representatives, 1933–1956’, American Politics Quarterly, 6 (1978), 125–46Google Scholar; and ‘Coping with Uncertainty: Building Coalitions in the House and the Senate’, in Mann, Thomas E. and Ornstein, Norman J., eds, The New Congress (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1981), pp. 178–220Google Scholar; Smith, Steven S., ‘The Consistency and Ideological Structure of US Senate Voting Alignments, 1957–1976’, American Journal of Political Science, 25 (1981), 780–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Weisberg, Herbert F., ‘Evaluating Theories of Congressional Roll Call Voting’, American Journal of Political Science, 22 (1978), 554–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴ See Asher, Herbert B. and Weisberg, Herbert F., ‘Voting Change in Congress: Some Dynamic Perspectives on an Evolutionary Process’, American Journal of Political Science, 22 (1978), 391–425CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Clausen, and Van Horn, , ‘The Congressional Response to a Decade of Change’Google Scholar; and Sinclair, Barbara and Stanley, John, ‘Party Decomposition and Region: The House of Representatives, 1945–1970’, Western Political Quarterly, 27 (1974), 249–64.Google Scholar

⁵ See Lowell, A. Lawrence, ‘The Influence of Party upon Legislation in England and America’, Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1901, Vol. 1 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1902), pp. 321–544Google Scholar; Ozbudun, Ergun, Party Cohesion in Western Democracies: A Causal Analysis (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1970)Google Scholar; and Turner, revised by Schneier, , Party and Constituency, pp. 15–39.Google Scholar

⁶ See Brady, David W. and Althoff, Phillip, ‘Party Voting in the US House of Representatives, 1890–1910: Elements of a Responsible Party System’, Journal of Politics, 36 (1974), 753–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brady, David W., Cooper, Joseph and Hurley, Patricia A., ‘The Decline of Party in the US House of Representatives, 1887–1968’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 4 (1979), 381–407CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brady, David W. and Billing, John, ‘The Electoral Connection and the Decline of Partisanship in the 20th Century House of Representatives’, Congress & the Presidency, 11 (1984), 19–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Burnham, Walter Dean, ‘Insulation and Responsiveness in Congressional Elections’, Political Science Quarterly, 90 (1975), 411–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Clubb, Jerome M. and Traugott, Santa A., ‘Partisan Cleavage and Cohesion in the House of Repre-sentatives, 1861–1974’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 7 (1977), 375–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷ See Clubb, Jerome M. and Allen, Howard W., ‘Party Loyalty in the Progressive Years: The Senate, 1909–1915’, Journal of Politics, 29 (1967), 567–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Clubb, Jerome M., Flanigan, William H. and Zingale, Nancy H., Partisan Realignment: Voters, Parties, and Government in American History (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1980)Google Scholar; and Shade, William G., Hopper, Stanley D., Jacobson, David and Moiles, Stephen E., ‘Partisanship in the United States Senate: 1869–1901’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 4 (1973), 185–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ Clubb, , Flanigan, and Zingale, , Partisan Realignment, p. 245.Google Scholar

⁹ Also, see Brady, David W., ‘A Reevaluation of Realignments in American Politics: Evidence from the House of Representatives’, American Political Science Review, 79 (1985), 42–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ For example, Brady, and Ettling, , ‘The Electoral Connection’, pp. 25–8.Google Scholar

¹¹ See Cooper, Joseph and Brady, David W., ‘Institutional Context and Leadership Style: The House from Cannon to Rayburn’, American Political Science Review, 74 (1980), 411–25Google Scholar; and Jones, Charles O., ‘Joseph G. Cannon and Howard K. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives’. Journal of Politics, 39 (1968), 617–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹² See Brady, , Cooper, and Hurley, , ‘The Decline of Party’, pp. 391–4.Google Scholar

¹³ See Brady, and Ettling, , ‘The Electoral Connection’, pp. 28–31.Google Scholar

¹⁴ In MacRae, Duncan Jr., Issues and Parties in Legislative Voting: Methods of Statistical Analysis (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), pp. 200–7.Google Scholar

¹⁵ See Brady, , Cooper, and Hurley, , ‘The Decline of Party’, pp. 381–407.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Brady, , ‘A Reevaluation of Realignments’, p. 47.Google Scholar

¹⁷ E.g. Brady, David W. and Lynn, Naomi, ‘Switched Seat Congressional Districts: Their Effects on Party Voting and Public Policy’, American Journal of Political Science, 17 (1973), 528–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Clausen, , How Congressmen Decide, pp. 140–8Google Scholar; Fishel, Jeff, Party and Opposition: Congressional Challengers in American Politics (New York: David McKay, 1973)Google Scholar; and Weinbaum, Marvin G. and Judd, Dennis R., ‘In Search of a Mandated Congress’, Midwest Journal of Political Science, 14 (1970), 276–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ Ginsberg, Benjamin, ‘Critical Elections and the Substance of Party Conflict: 1844–1968’, American Journal of Political Science, 16 (1972), 603–25Google Scholar; and ‘Elections and Public Policy’, American Political Science Review, 70 (1976), 41–9Google Scholar; also, see Monroe, Alan D., ‘American Party Platforms and Public Opinion’, American Journal of Political Science, 27 (1983), 21–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁹ See Truman, , The Congressional Party, pp. 289–319.Google Scholar

²⁰ E. g. Kingdon, , Congressmen's Voting Decisions.Google Scholar

²¹ See Niemi, Richard G. and Weisberg, Herbert F., ‘The Effects of Group Size on Collective Decision Making’, in Niemi, Richard G. and Weisberg, Herbert F., eds, Probability Models of Collective Decision Making (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1972), pp. 125–48.Google Scholar

²² See Koehler, David H., ‘The Legislative Process and the Minimum Winning Coalition’Google Scholar, in Niemi, and Weisberg, , eds, Probability Models of Collective Decision Making, pp. 149–64Google Scholar; and Riker, William, The Theory of Political Coalitions (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1962).Google Scholar

²³ Matthews, and Stimson, , Yeas and Nays, p. 127.Google Scholar

²⁴ Sinclair, , ‘Coping with Uncertainty’, pp. 178–81Google Scholar, remarks about the impact of the Democratic majorities.

²⁵ Hinckley, Barbara, Coalitions in Politics (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), pp. 118–20.Google Scholar

²⁶ This is the approach employed successfully by Brady, , Cooper, and Hurley, , ‘The Decline of Party’, p. 389Google Scholar. On Republican regional homogeneity, see Sinclair, and Stanley, , ‘Party Decomposition and Region’, 249–64.Google Scholar

²⁷ See Fiorina, Morris P., Representatives, Roll Calls, and Constituencies (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1974).Google Scholar

²⁸ Sinclair, , ‘Coping with Uncertainty’, pp. 189–93.Google Scholar

²⁹ See Edwards, George C. III, Presidential Influence in Congress (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1980), pp. 58–85.Google Scholar

³⁰ For a unique discussion of such lags, see Shelley, Mack C. II, The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress (University, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1983), pp. 127–30.Google Scholar

³¹ See Hinckley, , Coalitions in Congress, p. 116Google Scholar and Shelley, , The Permanent Majority, pp. 128–9.Google Scholar

³² E.g. Sundquist, James L., The Decline and Resurgence of Congress (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1981), pp. 395–402Google Scholar and Smith, Steven S., ‘New Patterns of Decisionmaking in Congress’, in Chubb, John E. and Peterson, Paul E., eds, The New Direction in American Politics (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1985), pp. 203–33.Google Scholar

³³ Collie, and Brady, , ‘The Decline of Partisan Voting Coalitions in the House of Representatives’, p. 275.Google Scholar

³⁴ The analysis of these data was conducted by calculating the ordinary least squares (OLS) parameter estimates adjusted for autocorrelation in the series of observations. The method of estimation we used is the ‘two-step full transformation’ approach described in Gallant, A. R. and Goebel, J. J., ‘Nonlinear Regression with Autoregressive Errors’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 71 (1976), 961–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar. In accord with this method we first estimated the model with OLS; then we computed the autocovariances of the residuals from the OLS regression. Estimates of the autoregressive parameters were obtained, and the variables from the original data were transformed by the appropriate autoregressive model. Then, using the transformed data, the OLS regression was re-estimated. These procedures are implemented in the software package, SAS. This method is equivalent to what some refer to as ‘generalized least-squares’; see Ostrom, Charles W. Jr, Time Series Analysis: Regression Techniques (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1978).Google Scholar