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Measuring Media Freedom: An Item Response Theory Analysis of Existing Indicators

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 June 2020

Jonathan A. Solis Open the ORCID record for Jonathan A. Solis [Opens in a new window]  and
Philip D. Waggoner Open the ORCID record for Philip D. Waggoner [Opens in a new window]
Jonathan A. Solis*
Affiliation:
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
Philip D. Waggoner
Affiliation:
University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

The media's ability to freely gather and disseminate information remains a critical aspect of democracy. Studies link media freedom to other concepts including human rights, corruption, democratic peace and conflict, natural resource wealth, political knowledge and foreign aid. However, media freedom's many facets make it difficult for any single index to fully capture. To develop a more robust measure, this article treats media freedom as a latent variable and analyzes ten extant indicators by fitting an item response theory model. Utilizing a Bayesian approach, the model generates time-series, cross-sectional data on a bounded, unidimensional scale from 0 to 1 that measures media freedom in 197 countries from 1948 to 2017. After numerous validity checks, the authors utilize their new Media System Freedom data to replicate Egorov, Guriev and Sonin's (2009) analysis of media freedom and natural resource wealth. The findings indicate that the published results do not hold once the more robust measure is included.

Keywords

media freedommeasurementitem response theory (IRT) modellatent variable analysiscomparative analysispolitical communication
Type
Article
Information
British Journal of Political Science , Volume 51 , Issue 4 , October 2021 , pp. 1685 - 1704
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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