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¹⁴ See the Appendix for a description of the survey.

¹⁵ Olson, Mancur Jr., The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965).Google Scholar

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³² The problem faced by presidents has been further aggravated in the 1970s and 1980s by the change in issues towards those which create many more enemies than potential supporters, such as energy or welfare reform. Light, Paul, The President's Agenda: Domestic Policy Choice from Kennedy to Carter (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), p. 206.Google Scholar

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³⁵ Hess, , Organizing the Presidency, p. 159Google Scholar. See also Wehr, Elizabeth, ‘Public Liaison Chief Dole Reaches to Outside Groups to Sell Reagan's Programs’, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, No. 39 (6 06 1981), 975–7.Google Scholar

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³⁷ Pika, , ‘Dealing with the People Divided’, pp. 15, 20Google Scholar. See also Keller, Bill, ‘Special Interest Lobbyists Cultivate the “Grass Roots” to Influence Capitol Hill’, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, No. 39 (12 09 1981), 1740–1.Google Scholar

³⁸ Lippman, Walter, Drift and Mastery (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1914).Google Scholar