¹ Lasswell, Harold, Politics: Who Gets What, When, How (Cleveland, Ohio: Meridian, 1958: first published, 1936), p. 7.Google Scholar (Henceforth described as Politics: Who Gets What.)

² Brodbeck, Arthur J., ‘Scientific Heroism from a Standpoint within Social Psychology’ in Rogow, Arnold, ed., Politics, Personality, and Social Science in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Honor of Harold D. Lasswell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), pp. 225–61, at p. 233.Google Scholar

³ See the bibliography arranged chronologically in Marvick, Dwaine, ed., Harold D. Lasswell on Political Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977).Google Scholar

⁴ In particular, I intend largely to ignore Lasswell, Harold D. and Kaplan, Abraham, Power and Society (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1950)Google Scholar, and Rogow, Arnold A. and Lasswell, Harold D., Power, Corruption and Rectitude (Engelwood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963).Google Scholar Although the former is a fascinating presentation of an analytic system and the latter a useful examination of a general proposition about power, neither contributes markedly to the line of Lasswell's analysis I pursue in this paper.

⁵ Lasswell, Harold D., Psychopathology and Politics (New York: Viking, 1960: first published, 1930). (Henceforth described as Psychopathology.)Google Scholar

⁶ Seeley, John, The Americanization of the Unconscious (New York: International Universities Press, 1957).Google Scholar

⁷ Psychopathology, pp. 75–6.Google Scholar

⁸ Lasswell, Harold, Power and Personality (New York: Viking, 1962Google Scholar: first published 1948), p. 160. (Henceforth described as Power and Personality.)

⁹ Power and Personality, pp. 40–1.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Power and Personality, Chap. 4.

¹¹ Power and Personality, Chap. 4 and p. 62.Google Scholar

¹² Greenstein, Fred I., ‘Introduction’ to Lasswell, Harold D., Psychopalhology and Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Phoenix edn, 1977), pp. xv–xvi.Google Scholar

¹³ Lasswell, and Kaplan, , Power and Society.Google Scholar

¹⁴ At this point Lasswell's analysis resembles the ‘end of ideology’ school of American democratic thought of the 1950s.

¹⁵ Psychopathology, Chap. 4.

¹⁶ Lasswell, Harold, ‘Political Constitution and Character’Google Scholar in Marvick, , Harold D. Lasswell on Political Sociology, pp. 319–37.Google Scholar (Henceforth described as ‘Political Constitution and Character’.)

¹⁷ ‘Political Constitution and Character’, p. 321.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Lasswell, Harold D., ‘Democratic Character’, in Political Writings of Harold D. Lasswell (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1951).Google Scholar See for an explanation Greenstein, Fred I., ‘Harold D. Lasswell's Concept of Democratic Character’, in Greenstein, Fred I. and Lerner, Michael, eds., A Source Book for the Study of Personality and Politics (Chicago: Markham, 1971), pp. 527–38.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Power and Personality, pp. 32–3.Google Scholar

²⁰ Lasswell, Harold D., ‘Introduction: The Study of Political Elites’, in Lasswell, Harold D. and Lerner, Daniel, eds., World Revolutionary Elites (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965), pp. 3–29, at p. 6.Google Scholar

²¹ Power and Personality, p. 94.Google Scholar

²² Psychopathology, p. 303.Google Scholar

²³ Sniderman, Paul, Personality and Democratic Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974)Google Scholar; see the note on Sniderman in Greenstein, 's ‘Introduction’ to Psychopathology and Politics (Phoenix edn), p. XV, fn. 4.Google Scholar

²⁴ Alexander, and George, Juliette, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House (New York: Dover, 1964).Google Scholar

²⁵ Power and Personality, p. 164.Google Scholar

²⁶ On the latter subject, see Greenstein, Fred I., ‘Private Disorder and the Public Order: A Proposal for Collaboration between Psychoanalysts and Political Scientists’, in Greenstein and Lerner, A Source Book for the Study of Personality and Politics, pp. 263–77.Google Scholar

²⁷ Power and Personality, p. 44.Google Scholar

²⁸ Power and Personality, p. 76.Google Scholar

²⁹ Politics: Who Gets What, p. 22.Google Scholar

³⁰ For a stimulating adaptation to this problem, see Little, Graham, Faces on the Campus: A Psycho-Social Study (Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1975).Google Scholar

³¹ Psychopathology, ‘Afterthought’.

³² An instructive case is that of interpreting the Rorschach test. For reviews, see Buros, Oscar, ed. Personality: Tests and Review (Highland Park, N.J.: Gryphon, 1970), pp. 894–910.Google Scholar

³³ Lasswell, Harold D., The Signature of Power; Buildings, Communication, and Policy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1979).Google Scholar (Henceforth described as The Signature of Power.)

³⁴ The Signature of Power, pp. 5–7, 34.Google Scholar

³⁵ The Signature of Power, pp. 11–12.Google Scholar

³⁶ Note the resemblance of this argument to Durkheim, Emile, Professional Ethics and Civic Morals (London: Routledge and Regan Paul, 1957).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁷ The Signature of Power, pp. 64–5.Google Scholar Compare with Mumford, Lewis, From the Ground Up (New York: Harvest, 1956), pp. 52–61.Google Scholar

³⁸ Eliade, Mircea, The Sacred and the Profane (New York: Harvest, 1959).Google Scholar

³⁹ Namenwirth, J. Zvi and Lasswell, Harold, The Changing Language of American falues: A Computer Study of Selected Party Platforms (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1970). (Henceforth described as The Changing Language.)Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Psychopathology p. 173.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Psychopathology p. 175.Google Scholar

⁴² Psychopathology p. 184.Google Scholar

⁴³ Psychopathology p. 185.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Lasswell, Harold D., World Politics and Personal Insecurity (New York: Free Press, 1965: first published 1935), pp. 76–7 ff.Google Scholar (Henceforth described as World Politics and Personal Insecurity.)

⁴⁵ World Politics and Personal Insecurity.

⁴⁶ Power and Personality, p. 130.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Power and Personality.

⁴⁸ Power and Personality, p. 192.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Politics: Who Gets What, pp. 42 ff.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Politics: Who Gets What, pp. 80 ff.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Politics: Who Gets What.

⁵² Politics: Who Gets What.

⁵³ Politics: Who Gels What.

⁵⁴ Politics: Who Gets What, p. 83.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ See, for example, Skidmore, Felicity and Plotnick, Robert, Progress Against Poverty: A Review of the 1964–74 Decade (New York: Academic Press, 1975).Google Scholar

⁵⁶ World Politics and Personal Insecurity, pp. 29–30.Google Scholar For comparison, see Edelman, Murray, The Symbolic Uses of Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964).Google Scholar

⁵⁷ For an example, see Wright, James D., The Dissent of the Government (New York: Academic Press, 1976).Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Thus, for example, people have trouble relating government action to the causes of inflation or in blaming government for inflation. See Peretz, Paul, ‘The Political Economy of Inflation’ (unpublished dissertation. University of Chicago, 1978).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Lasswell, Harold D., ‘Style in Political Communication’Google Scholar, in Marvick, , Harold D. Lasswell on Political Sociology, pp. 245–57.Google Scholar (Henceforth described as ‘Style in Political Communication’.)

⁶⁰ ‘Style in Political Communication’.

⁶¹ ‘Style in Political Communication’, p. 246.Google Scholar

⁶² World Politics and Personal Insecurity, p. 104.Google Scholar

⁶³ World Politics and Personal Insecurity, pp. 153–5.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ World Politics and Personal Insecurity, p. 165.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ World Politics and Personal Insecurity, and The Changing Language.

⁶⁶ World Politics and Personal Insecurity, Chap. VI.

⁶⁷ World Politics and Personal Insecurity, p. 215.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ For elucidation, see Eulau, Heinz, ‘Elite Analysis and Democratic Theory: The Contribution of Harold D. Lasswell’, in Eulau, Heinz and Czudnowski, Moshe, eds., Elite Recruitment in Democratic Politics (New York: Wiley, 1976), pp. 7–29.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Lasswell, Harold D., ‘Introduction: The Study of Political Elites’, in Lasswell, and Lerner, , eds., World Revolutionary Elites (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965), p. 4.Google Scholar (Henceforth described as World Revolutionary Elites.)

⁷⁰ World Revolutionary Elites, p. 12.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Lasswell, Harold D., Lerner, Daniel, and Rothwell, C. Easton, The Comparative Study of Elites (Stanford. Calif.: Hoover Institute Studies, 1952), p. 6.Google Scholar

⁷² Politics: Who Gets What, p. 13.Google Scholar

⁷³ World Revolutionary Elites, p. 24.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ World Revolutionary Elites, p. 16.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ For examples, see Marvick, , Harold D. Lasswell on Political Sociology, pp. 337–97.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Marvick, , Harold D. Lasswell on Political Sociology, pp. 45–6.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Marvick, , Harold D. Lasswell on Political Sociology, pp. 165–77.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Lasswell, Harold D. and Blumenstock, Dorothy, World Revolutionary Propaganda: A Chicago Study (New York, Knopf, 1939), p. 356.Google Scholar (Henceforth described as World Revolutionary Propaganda.)

⁷⁹ World Revolutionary Propaganda, p. 354.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Politics: Who Gets What, p. 125.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Lasswell, Harold D., Democracy Through Public Opinion (Menasha, Wise.: Banta, 1941), p. 175.Google Scholar (Henceforth described as Democracy Through Public Opinion.)

⁸² Lasswell, Harold D., ‘Skill Politics and Skill Revolution’Google Scholar, in Marvick, , Harold D. Lasswell on Political Sociology, pp. 152–65.Google Scholar

⁸³ Eulau, Heinz, ‘Skill Revolution and Consultati ve Commonwealth’, American Political Science Review, LXVII (1973), 168–92.Google Scholar Eulau was much influenced by Lasswell, as he acknowledges in the following essays: Eulau, Heinz, ‘The Maddening Methods of Harold D. Lasswell: Some Philosophical Underpinnings’Google Scholar, in Rogow, , Politics, Personality and Social Science, pp. 15–41Google Scholar; and Eulau, , ‘H. D. Lasswell's Developmental Analysis’, Western Political Quarterly, XI (1958), 229–42.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Democracy Through Public Opinion, pp. 65–6.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Democracy Through Public Opinion, p. 70.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Veblen, Thorstein, The Engineers and the Price System (New York: Viking, 1954).Google Scholar I have been much influenced in this attempt to tie Lasswell to Progressivism by Featherstone, Joseph, ‘John Dewey and David Reisman: From the Lost Individual to the Lonely Crowd’, in Gans, Herbert et al. , eds., On the Making of Americans: Essays in Honor of David Reisman (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), pp. 3–41.Google Scholar Others have noted Lasswell's intellectual indebtedness to pragmatism and to the philosophy of Whitehead, but my essay differs in its attention to Progressivism and the ‘myth’ of social science. See Eulau, , ‘The Maddening Methods’Google Scholar and Marvick, , ‘Introduction’Google Scholar, in Marvick, , ed., Harold D. Lasswell on Political Sociology.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Featherstone, , ‘John Dewey and David Reisman’.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Bell, Daniel, The Coming of Post Industrial Society (New York: Basic Books, 1973).Google Scholar

⁸⁹ World Revolutionary Elites, p. 9.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Lasswell, Harold D., The World Revolution of our Time (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1951).Google Scholar (Henceforth described as World Revolution of our Time.)

⁹¹ Lasswell, Harold D., Propaganda Technique in the World War (New York: Knopf, 1927), p. 222.Google Scholar (Henceforth described as Propaganda Technique.)

⁹² y Gasset, Jose Ortega, The Revolt of the Masses (New York: Norton, 1957)Google Scholar; Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: Free Press, 1964), pp. 353–74.Google Scholar

⁹³ Arora, Satish K. and Lasswell, Harold D., Political Communication: The Public Language of Political Elites in India and the United States (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969), p. 227.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Democracy Through Public Opinion, pp. 86–7.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Democracy Through Public Opinion, pp. 40–1.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Marvick, , ‘Introduction’, p. 50.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Propaganda Technique, Chap. II.

⁹⁸ Perhaps it is this tone – more than substance – that so influenced Robert Horwitz's attack in ‘Scientific Propaganda: Harold D. Lasswell’, in Storing, Herbert, ed., Essays on the Scientific Study of Politics (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962), pp. 225–305.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ World Revolutionary Propaganda.

¹⁰⁰ World Revolutionary Propaganda, Chap. 2.

¹⁰¹ World Revolutionary Propaganda, 109 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁰² World Revolutionary Propaganda, Chaps. 6–7.

¹⁰³ World Revolutionary Propaganda, Chap. 9.

¹⁰⁴ World Revolutionary Propaganda, Part 4.

¹⁰⁵ Lasswell, Harold, Leites, Nathan and Associates, The Language of Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965), p. 175.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Politics: Who Gets What, p. 42.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Propaganda Technique, p. 198.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ World Revolutionary Propaganda, pp. 333 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ World Revolutionary Propaganda, pp. 333 ff.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ World Revolutionary Propaganda, Chap. 9.

¹¹¹ World Revolutionary Propaganda, pp. 314–15.Google Scholar

¹¹² World Revolutionary Propaganda, pp. 314–15.Google Scholar

¹¹³ World Revolutionary Propaganda, p. 15.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ World Revolutionary Propaganda, p. 319.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ World Revolutionary Propaganda, p. 347.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ World Revolutionary Propaganda, p. 339.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ World Revolutionary Propaganda, p. 15.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Politics: Who Gets What, p. 31.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ World Revolution of Our Time, pp. 30–1.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ Propaganda Technique, p. 189.Google Scholar

¹²¹ Lasswell, Harold D., National Security and Individual Freedom (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950).Google Scholar (Henceforth described as National Security.)

¹²² National Security, p. 58 ff.Google Scholar

¹²³ National Security, p. 151.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ National Security, Chap. 4 ff.

¹²⁵ I will not spend much time discussing the programmatic statements on the policy sciences, but simply refer the reader to the following sources: Lerner, Daniel and Lasswell, Harold D., eds., The Policy Sciences (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1951)Google Scholar; Lasswell, Harold D., The Future of Political Science (New York: Atherton, 1963)Google Scholar; and Lasswell, Harold D., A Pre-View of Policy Sciences (New York: Elsevier, 1971).Google Scholar (Henceforth described as A Pre- View of Policy Sciences.) Of these statements, the last is clearly the most difficult and abstract.

¹²⁶ Power and Personality, Chap. 6.

¹²⁷ A Pre-View of Policy Sciences, Chap. 6.

¹²⁸ World Politics and Personal Insecurity, pp. 153–4.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ For example, Power and Personality, pp. 186–7.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ A Pre-View of Policy Sciences and Lasswell, Harold, The Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis (College Park, Md.: University of Maryland Press, 1956).Google Scholar

¹³¹ Politics and Personality, p. 169.Google Scholar These were to be periodic measurements of psychological well-being among American children and infants.

¹³² Power and Personality, pp. 186–7 ff.Google Scholar

¹³³ Power and Personality, pp. 199–200.Google Scholar

¹³⁴ The Future of Political Science, Chap. 5.

¹³⁵ Dobyns, Henry, Doughty, Paul and Lasswell, Harold D., eds., Peasants, Power and Applied Social Change (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1964).Google Scholar Lasswell's contributions are Chaps. 7 and 8. (Henceforth described as Peasants.)

¹³⁶ Rubenstein, Robert and Lasswell, Harold, The Sharing of Power in a Psychiatric Hospital (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966).Google Scholar Henceforth described as The Sharing of Power in a Psychiatric Hospital.

¹³⁷ The Future of Political Science, pp. 125–42.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ The RADIR series with Daniel Lerner incorporates this work, but the idea had germinated in the 1930s. See World Politics and Personal Insecurity, pp. 153–4.Google Scholar

¹³⁹ World Politics and Personal Insecurity, pp. 153–4.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ Russett, Bruce et al. , World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1964).Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ For a considerable elaboration on this framework, see A Pre-View of Policy Sciences.

¹⁴² Peasants, Chap. 7.

¹⁴³ Peasants, pp. 152–5.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ Peasants, Chap. 3.

¹⁴⁵ Jones, Maxwell, The Therapeutic Community: A New Treatment Method in Psychiatry (New York: Basic Books, 1953).Google Scholar Jones's work had considerable impact in Britain as well as America. In Britain it laid the theoretical foundations for R. D. Laing's innovative therapeutic techniques.

¹⁴⁶ The Sharing of Power in a Psychiatric Hospital, p. 201.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ The Sharing of Power in a Psychiatric Hospital, Chap. 11.

¹⁴⁸ Lasswell himself notes this in The Sharing of Power in a Psychiatric Hospital, p. 280.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ Featherstone, , ‘John Dewey and David Reisman’.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ Edelman, Murray, Politics as Symbolic Action (Chicago: Markham, 1971)Google Scholar, and Bennett, W. Lance, The Political Mind and the Political Environment (Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1975).Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, The New Presidential Elite (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1976).Google Scholar

¹⁵² Lindblom, Charles and Cohen, David, Usable Knowledge (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979)Google Scholar and Wildavsky, Aaron, Speaking Truth to Power (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1979).Google Scholar