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Gramsci's Patrimony

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2009

Joseph V. Femia
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Type
Review Article
Information
British Journal of Political Science , Volume 13 , Issue 3 , July 1983 , pp. 327 - 364
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

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References

1 Gouldner, Alvin W., The Two Marxisms: Contradictions and Anomalies in the Development of Theory (London: Macmillan, 1980), p. 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Gouldner, , The Two Marxisms, p. 130.Google Scholar

3 Kolakowski, Leszek, ‘Antonio Gramsci: Communist Revisionism’, in Main Currents of Marxism, Vol. III (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1978), p. 226.Google Scholar

4 Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (hereafter abbreviated to SPN), edited and translated by Hoare, Quintin and Smith, Geoffrey Nowell (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971), p. 384.Google Scholar Whenever possible, quotations from Gramsci's writings will be taken from existing English translations. Much of his work, however, has not yet been translated.

5 Il materialismo storico e la filosofia di Benedetto Croce (hereafter MS), Volume I, Quaderni del carcere (Turin: Einaudi, 1948), p. 250.Google Scholar

6 MS, p. 199.Google Scholar

7 In Il Grido del Popolo, 29 01 1916Google Scholar; Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Political Writings (1910–1920) (hereafter SPW I), translated and edited by Hoare, Quintin and Mathews, John (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1977), pp. 11–13.Google Scholar

8 History, Philosophy and Culture in the Young Gramsci (hereafter HPC), edited by Cavalcanti, Pedro and Piccone, Paul (St Louis: Telos Press. 1975), pp. 41–2.Google Scholar

9 See Adamson, Walter L., Hegemony and Revolution: Antonio Gramsd's Political and Cultural Theory (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1980), pp. 33–4, 253.Google Scholar

10 SPW I, pp. 34–5.Google Scholar

11 ‘Our Marx’, Il Grido del Popolo, 4 05 1918Google Scholar; HPC, p. 10.Google Scholar

12 ‘Mysteries of Poetry and Culture’, Il Grido del Popolo, 19 10 1918Google Scholar; HPC, p. 18.Google Scholar

13 ‘The Conquest of the State’, L'Ordine Nuovo, 12 07 1919Google Scholar; SPW I, p. 75.Google Scholar

14 In an article of 29 January 1918 (‘Achille Loria e il socialismo’, in Avanti!), Gramsci referred to Labriola in glowing terms. The article is reprinted in Scritti giovanili, 1914–1918 (Turin: Einaudi, 1958), pp. 162–3.Google Scholar On 5 January 1918, he published a short excerpt from Labriola's main work, Essays on the Materialist Conception of History, in Il Grido del Popolo. Much later, in the Notebooks, Gramsci praises Labriola as ‘the only man who has attempted to build up the philosophy of praxis (Marxism) scientifically’. (SPN, p. 387.)Google Scholar

15 MS, p. 200.Google Scholar

16 MS, pp. 179–80.Google Scholar

17 MS, pp. 201–2.Google Scholar

18 MS, p. 199.Google Scholar

19 SPN, p. 371.Google Scholar

20 MS, p. 233.Google Scholar

21 SPN, p. 356Google Scholar; MS, pp. 215–17, 190–1, 204, 237.Google Scholar

22 SPN, p. 352.Google Scholar

23 SPN, p. 355.Google Scholar

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26 SPN, pp. 467, 34.Google Scholar

27 SPN, p. 346.Google Scholar

28 SPN, p. 467.Google Scholar

29 SPN, p. 375.Google Scholar

30 SPN, p. 456.Google Scholar

31 SPN p 371.Google Scholar

32 SPN, p. 465.Google Scholar

33 SPN, p. 345Google Scholar; MS, pp. 55–6.Google Scholar

34 SPN, pp. 426, 438–9, 442Google Scholar; MS, p. 56.Google Scholar

35 SPN, p. 407.Google Scholar

36 SPN, p. 168.Google Scholar

37 MS, pp. 236–7.Google Scholar

38 MS, p. 230.Google Scholar

39 MS, p. 237.Google Scholar

40 SPN, pp. 139–40, my emphasis.Google Scholar

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43 MS, p. 230.Google Scholar

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46 SPN, p. 139, my emphasis.Google Scholar

47 SPN.

48 SPN, p. 168.Google Scholar

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50 SPN, p. 168.Google Scholar

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56 ‘Political Capacity’, Avanti!, 24 09 1920Google Scholar (SPW I, p. 348)Google Scholar; and SPN, p. 178Google Scholar. See, also, MS, pp. 211–15, 272–3.Google Scholar

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59 ‘Against Pessimism’, L'Ordine Nuovo, 15 03 1924Google Scholar; Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Political Writings (1921–1926) (hereafter SPW II), translated and edited by Hoare, Quintin (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1978), p. 213.Google Scholar

60 Labriola, Antonio, Essays on the Materialist Conception of History, translated by Kerr, C. H. (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1908), p. 124Google Scholar. Labriola, too, criticized those who interpret Marxism as a ‘final’ rationalization and schematization of history; ‘our doctrine cannot serve to represent the whole history of the human race in a unified perspective … Our doctrine does not pretend to be the intellectual vision of a great plan or of a design’ (Essays on the Materialist Conception of History, p. 135)Google Scholar. Yet, he believed that communism ‘must inevitably happen by the immanent necessity of history’ (p. 244). On this point, then, Gramsci parted company with his mentor.

61 SPN, p. 465.Google Scholar

62 SPN, pp. 336–7, 342.Google Scholar

63 SPN, p. 428.Google Scholar

64 SPN; see, also, Letteratura e vita nazionale, Vol. 5, Quaderni del carcere (Turin: Einaudi, 1950), p. 6.Google Scholar

65 SPN, pp. 200–1.Google Scholar

66 SPN, pp. 410–12, 428.Google Scholar

67 Letter from prison to his sister-in-law, 30 May 1932; Letters from Prison by Antonio Gramsci, selected and translated by Lawner, Lynne (New York: Harper and Row, 1973), pp. 239–41.Google Scholar

68 Lukács, Georg, History and Class Consciousness, translated by Livingstone, R. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971), pp. 177–8, 197–8.Google Scholar

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70 SPN, pp. 428–9.Google Scholar

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73 SPN, pp. 396, 393.Google Scholar

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76 SPN, pp. 201, 404–7Google Scholar; PP, p. 201.Google Scholar

77 SPN, pp. 133, 360, 355.Google Scholar

78 SPN, pp. 172–3.Google Scholar

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80 SPN, pp. 371, 417.Google Scholar

81 SPN, p. 436.Google Scholar

82 SPN, p. 445.Google Scholar

83 SPN, p. 348.Google Scholar

84 SPN, p. 341.Google Scholar

85 SPN, p. 369.Google Scholar

86 SPN, p. 436.Google Scholar

87 MS, pp. 55–6.Google Scholar

88 SPN, pp. 138, 405.Google Scholar

89 SPN, p. 407.Google Scholar

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91 SPN, p. 465.Google Scholar

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95 SPN, p. 12.Google Scholar

96 SPN.

97 SPN, pp. 226, 227–8, 238, 243.Google Scholar

98 SPN, p. 263Google Scholar; see pp. 239, 244 as well.

99 SPN, pp. 60–1.Google Scholar

100 SPN, pp. 326–7.Google Scholar

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102 SPN, pp. 333, 327.Google Scholar

103 SPN, p. 238.Google Scholar

104 SPN, p. 243.Google Scholar

105 SPN, p. 235.Google Scholar

106 SPN, p. 238.Google Scholar

107 MS, p. 236Google Scholar; SPN, p. 57.Google Scholar

108 See, e.g. Tamburrano, Giuseppe, Antonio Gramsci: la vita, il pensiero, l'azione (Bari: Laterza 1963), pp. 257–9, 267, 284–97.Google Scholar

109 SPN, pp. 192–3, 221Google Scholar; MS, p. 159Google Scholar; PP, p. 158.Google Scholar

110 SPN, p. 243.Google Scholar

111 SPN, p. 185, my emphasis.Google Scholar

112 MS, pp. 184, 219–22.Google Scholar

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114 SPN, p. 198Google Scholar; see pp. 84–5 as well.

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116 ‘Workers' Democracy’ (21 01 1919)Google Scholar in SPW I, pp. 65–8Google Scholar; ‘The Conquest of the State’ (12 07 1919)Google Scholar in SPW I, pp. 73–8Google Scholar; ‘Unions and Councils’ (11 10 1919)Google Scholar in SPW I, pp. 98–102.Google Scholar

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119 ‘Political Capacity’ (24 09 1920)Google Scholar, SPW I, p. 348.Google Scholar

120 Letter to Togliatti, (9 02 1924)Google Scholar in SPW II, pp. 197–8.Google Scholar

121 ‘Lyons Theses’ (01 1926)Google Scholar in SPW II, p. 360.Google Scholar

122 Handwritten notes, in SPW II, p. 154.Google Scholar

123 PCI statement (1925)Google Scholar, in SPW II, p. 290Google Scholar; ‘Lyons Theses’. SPW II, pp. 364–5.Google Scholar

124 SPN, p. 5.Google Scholar

125 SPN, p. 97.Google Scholar

126 SPN, pp. 6–7.Google Scholar

127 SPN, pp. 125–33.Google Scholar

128 SPN, pp. 152–3.Google Scholar

129 SPN, p. 421.Google Scholar

130 SPN, p. 200.Google Scholar

131 Note sul Machiavelli, sulla politica, e sullo stato moderno (hereafter Mach.) Vol. 4, Quaderni del carcere (Turin: Einaudi, 1949), p. 113.Google Scholar

132 SPN, p. 350.Google Scholar

133 Mach., p. 157.Google Scholar

134 SPN, pp. 188–90.Google Scholar

135 SPN, pp. 116–17, my emphasis.Google Scholar

136 SPN, pp. 40, 186, 193–4.Google Scholar

137 SPN, pp. 260, 263, 382.Google Scholar

138 Mach., pp. 150–1.Google Scholar

139 PP, p. 65.Google Scholar

140 Bates, Thomas R., ‘Antonio Gramsci and the Bolshevization of the PCI’, Journal of Contemporary History, XI (07 1976), p. 116.Google Scholar

141 Mach., p. 134.Google Scholar

142 Therborn, Goran, Science, Class and Society (London: New Left Books, 1976), p. 38.Google Scholar

143 There is no space here to give details of the various findings. For such details, see my Gramsci's Political Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), Chapter 7.Google Scholar

144 SPN, p. 333.Google Scholar

145 SPN, p. 311.Google Scholar

146 PP, p. 158.Google Scholar

147 Gli intellettuali e l'organizzazione della cultura, Vol. 2, Quaderni del carcere (Turin: Einaudi, 1949), p. 124.Google Scholar

148 SPN, p. 341.Google Scholar

149 SPN, p. 346.Google Scholar

150 SPN, p. 348.Google Scholar

151 SPN, p. 369.Google Scholar

152 SPN, p. 341.Google Scholar

153 Unlike most Marxists of his time, Gramsci defended the merits of formal logic. See PP, pp. 162–3Google Scholar; and MS, pp. 59–62.Google Scholar

154 Interview with Pellicani, Luciano, Il Popolo, 20 02 1977Google Scholar; reprinted in Oltre Gramsci, edited by Belci, Corrado (Rome: Cinque Lune, 1977), pp. 138–9Google Scholar. The quotations are taken from Pellicani, but he speaks for many who reject Gramsci's patrimony. See, also, Pellicani, L., Gramsci e la questione comunista (Florence: Vallecchi, 1976).Google Scholar