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⁵ The authors themselves point to its atypical character: Cronje, and Ling, , Lonrho, p. 241.Google Scholar

⁶ The most important work for the present discussion is indeed Baran, Paul A., The Political Economy of Growth (Harmondsworth, Middx.: Penguin, 1973, original publication 1957)Google Scholar; but see also Baran, Paul A. and Sweezey, Paul M., Monopoly Capital (Harmondsworth, Middx.: Penguin, 1968, original publication 1966), pp. 178–214.Google Scholar

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⁹ Magdoff, , Age of Imperialism, pp. 15 and 21.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Frank, , Capitalism and Underdevelopment, pp. 16, 115 and 312.Google Scholar

¹² Frank, , Capitalism and Underdevelopment, p. 313.Google Scholar

¹³ Frank, , Capitalism and Underdevelopment, pp. 296ff.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Frank, , Capitalism and Underdevelopment, p. 9.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Frank, , Capitalism and Underdevelopment, p. 56Google Scholar, is especially emphatic on this point.

¹⁶ For an explicit rejection of normal social science see Frank, , Capitalism and Underdevelopment, p. xviii.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Magdoff, Age of Imperialism, p. 16.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Magdoff, , Age of Imperialism, p. 15.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Frank, , Capitalism and Underdevelopment, pp. 8–20 and 296ff.Google Scholar

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²³ Murray, Robin, Multinational Companies and Nation States (Nottingham: Spokesman Books, 1975)Google Scholar. For a different view see Warren, Bill, ‘How International is Capital?’Google Scholar, in Radice, , ed., International Firms and Modern Imperialism, pp. 135–40.Google Scholar

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²⁵ This summary draws on all three sources cited above. Global Reach contains a chapter, pp. 185–210, which qualifies the argument a little for poor countries.

²⁶ The books referred to are Ball, , ed., Global CompaniesGoogle Scholar; Gunnemann, , ed., The Nation-State and Transnational Corporations in ConflictGoogle Scholar; Curzon, Gerald and Curzon, Victoria, eds., The Multinational Enterprise in a Hostile World (London: Macmillan, 1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Gunnemann's volume contains an interesting set of exchanges between Muller and apologists for the multinationals, pp. 106–19.

²⁷ Maisonrouge, Jacques G., ‘How a Multinational Corporation Appears to its Managers’Google Scholar, in Ball, , ed., Global Companies, pp. 11–20Google Scholar. Barnet, and Muller, , Global Reach, pp. 45–71Google Scholar, have an acute and hostile account of this ideology.

²⁸ Maisonrouge, , ‘How a Multinational Corporation Appears to its Managers’, p. 12.Google Scholar

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³³ Tugendhat, , The Multinationals, pp. 200–16.Google Scholar

³⁴ Tugendhat, , The Multinationals, pp. 161–83Google Scholar. Eurodollars are dollars deposited in banks outside the United States; they can thus also exist in banks outside Europe. Eurobonds are long term loan issues sold on an international market.

³⁵ Tugendhat, , The Multinationals, p. 198.Google Scholar

³⁶ Tugendhat, , The Multinationals, pp. 254–64.Google Scholar

³⁷ Many examples can be found in Barnet, and Muller, , Global Reach, pp. 255–302Google Scholar; for Tugendhat, see The Multinationals, pp. 139 and 195.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Vernon, Raymond, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of US Enterprises (Harmondsworth, Middx.: Penguin, 1973, original publication 1971).Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ Vernon, , Sovereignty at Bay, pp. 36–45.Google Scholar

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⁴⁹ Moran, , Multinational Corporations and the Politics of Dependence, pp. 8–11 and 153 ff.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Sklar, Richard L., Corporate Power in an African State: The Political Impact of Multinational Mining Companies in Zambia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975).Google Scholar

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⁶⁰ Madelin, Henri, Oil and Politics (Farnborough, Hants.: Saxon House, 1975, translator Totman, Margaret).Google Scholar

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⁶² Choucri, Nazli, International Politics of Energy Interdependence: The Case of Petroleum (Farnborough, Hants.: Lexington Books, 1976).Google Scholar

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⁷⁰ Franko, Lawrence G., The European Multinationals (New York: Harper and Row, 1976)Google Scholar. Franko's book excludes consideration of British companies. Like Vernon's Sovereignty at Bay it is a product of the Comparative Multinational Enterprise Project co-ordinated from Harvard University by Vernon. Two other studies emanating from the project do look at the activities of multinationals outside the Third World, but largely through the eyes of economists: Brooke, Michael Z. and Remmers, H. Lee, The Strategy of Multinational Enterprise (London: Longman, 1970)Google Scholar; Robbins, Sidney M. and Stobaugh, Robert B., Money in the Multinational Enterprise (London: Longman, 1974).Google Scholar

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